开头:坚决不restate原文,除非我疯了。开头和结尾做到三句话收拾。Thesis必须出现在开头段最后一句。具体下面总结。
正文就写三段,必须按照the line of reasoning来写,不质疑作者的任何论据本身,段落TS必须在第一、二句,然后利用我自己总结的what-how-why形式写下去,最后最好总结。结尾段重新说明原A有问题,注意开始不要写in conclusion.然后提出改进建议。
二、 我自己的写作套路总结:
(一) 开头段:
方式1:(正规模式)
1.(第一句)This plausible argument (cites several evidence and quotes a study/survey ) to make/makes a conclusion/concludes/claims/asserts that ……(这里改写作者的结论,改写的办法是替换动词,变换句式,或者简单句变复杂句等等)
2.(第二句)However, after scrutinizing these evidence and the reasoning of the author/after careful refection, this argument is neither logical nor practical.
3.(第三句)本句根据题目的不同直接点出作者的结论上的严重问题.就是作者的证据不能直接证明作者的结论.
举例1:我的烂文Argument200:
This plausible argument recommends a new advertising policy to attract patients. However, the conclusion that this new policy would be effective by focusing on male consumer and giving the first priority to reducing pain based on the statistics mentioned should be evaluated more closely.
举例2:我的烂文Argument105:
This seemingly sound argument draws conclusion that people can be kept from colds by communicate more often with other people. Based on dubious evidence and illogical reasoning, this claim is far from perfect.
方式2:(发挥模式)
根据题目的具体特点,首先叙述一句废话(和题目的背景相关,涉及到作者的论述的背景)
第二句急转直下,说明作者的论述存在问题:But the author ignores/lacks some important evidence(or: the author fails to establish……/the author fails to persuade readers that……).如果需要的话,写一句:which I will discuss in the following aspects.
举例:还是我的烂文Argument2:
It is common that homeowners concern about their property values and selling their houses at an appropriate price is the most important factor in determining whether to sell and to whom they sell. But the experience from Brookville seven years ago may not be suitable and accurate for the author to make the recommendation that a similar policy should be promoted. Besides these logical flaws, the author also overlooks other factors that might also be significant.
方式3:(超人模式)
这个估计我是不可能在考场用到了,不过总结一下,因为是自己最喜欢的开头.
1.开始第一句直接用一个短句说明作者有问题:This argument is not logical/The author makes a illogical argument.
2.接下来是一个比较长的复合句,直接尽量把作者的原文的论据,推理,结论都包括进去.
举例:
(1)(F官方范文)By making a comparison of the region of Forestville, the town with the higher speed limit and therefore automobile accidents, with the region of Elmsford, an area of a lower speed limit and subsequently fewer accidents, the argument for reducing Forestville's speed limits in order to decrease accidents seems logical.
(2)(自己的拙文:Argument175)However, no real cause and effect relationship is established between lack of diving training and the increase of teenage accidents, if there is such an increase.
3.下面可以简要列举出作者的三个主要问题.
First……second……finally……
(二) 正文段:
开头的结构指示句和TS
1. 首段:
(1)To begin with……
(2)In the first place……
(3)The major problem in the argument is ……
(4)First……
2.次段:
(1)Moreover/furthermore
(2)Also……
(3)A subtler problem, but important as well, is that……
(4)Second……
3.末段:
(1)In addition
(2)Finally
(3)Before the final conclusion, it is also vital to point out another flaw concerning……
(4)Third
下面总结一种更常见的方式,按照the line of reasoning 来的比较舒服:
1. When it is true that …… the author can not conclude that……
2. Even if/though …… (上一点即使成立),结论still can not result from……
3. If we concede that …… (第二点也成立),the final conclusion that……is still questionable/doubtable.
正文段落TS,和进一步指出作者问题的句子
除了上面的比较稳当的句子(也比较死板)其实可以直接把作者的问题指出来.就作为开始句,或者放在上面那些句子后边承接.
作者的论断怎么样存在问题
作者忽略他因:
1. It is entirely possible that……
2. It is completely possible that……
3. It is equally possible that
4. Some other factors such as……has to be considers/has to be taken into consideration.
5. Carefully reflection reminds me of another possibility that……
6. Another possibility might be that……
作者因果错误:
1. There is no real cause and effect relationship between the two events, happening at the same time can be an coincidence.
2. The arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between the fact that…… and the claim that……. This argument is unacceptable unless there is compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events. Perhaps, for example……resulted from……
3. The arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between A and B. It is highly possible that other factors contribute to B. For instance, B might resulted from C. It is also likely that D caused B. Lacking evidence that links A to B, it is presumptuous (冒昧的,武断的) that A was responsible for B.
4. The author fails to account for other possible causes of B. B might have been due to(由于) C/D. Without ruling out these and other alternative explanations for B, the author cannot reasonably infer based on……
5. It is true that there is a correlation(相互关系) between A and B, but the evidence in the argument is far from enough to establish a cause and effect relation between the two/them
作者盲目推广:
1. Even if it is true that…… we can not conclude that it will be successful throughout the country.
2. We need to consider other factors before reach the claim that it will be profitable.
3. The author has to consider/take into account the negative effect of……
4. Without a careful and scientific cost-benefit analysis, it is not fair to conclude that……
作者调查有误:
1.From the survey quoted(引用) in the argument, however, we find no sign of such procedures(过程) for random sampling, and have good reason to doubt if the sample is representative to reflect the general attitudes of all respondents as a whole.
2.Unless the surveyor sampled a sufficient(足够的) number of workers(填入调查涉及的对象) and did so/it randomly across the entire workforce (spectrum)(填入调查对象所属的大类), the survey’s result is not reliable to gauge(vt.测量) the interest of the workers generally. The number of respondents (1200)(填入参加调查的人的数目) (in) itself does not ensure representativeness. For example/for instance, if the sample include only managers(填入只代表一部分的群体), then the result would no doubt suggest a much higher level of interest than the average level among all workers(填入取样片面所产生的不具代表性的结果). Or if (提出样本数量可能较少), 1200 would account for a little percentage, which would renders(=to cause to be or become) the result of the survey meaningless(无意义).’
作者的部分和整体:
1. One problem of the argument is that the author simply assumes that nationwide characteristics of…… applies (equally ) to…… However, it is not always the case.
2. The overall trends in整体 may differ a lot in certain 部分.
3. Nationwide survey may not reflect conditions in specific areas.
作者的错误类比:
1.A and B,although shares some common characteristics, might be totally different in other aspects. For example……
2.It is clear that A and B differ from each other in the following aspects.
3.The author assumes that A is similar to B, however,……
作者的论断为什么存在问题
(1) The author neglects other factors in making his conclusion.
(2) A survey with a fairly small sample can never be persuasive.
(3) Without ruling out the possibility that…… we can not safely reach the conclusion that……
总结句.
(1) Therefore, the notion/claim/assertion that…… has to be reconsidered.
(2) After all, the author lacks enough details to substantiate his claim.
(3) It is then not reasonable to conclude/claim/assert that……
(三) 结尾段:
先提醒自己几个注意事项:不要在结论段的开头出现in conclusion/ in summary/ in closing这样的词汇,因为是废话,谁不知道你最后的结论就是总结????另外,结尾段一定要提出改进措施,这是在官方范文中反复出现的东东.
现在开始总结:
1. 首句:(要合理过渡,还要不出现in conclusion/ in summary/ in closing,比较麻烦)
方式1:
(1)After analyzing the evidence as well as the reasoning, it is clear that we can not safely reach the conclusion that……(作者的结论)
(2)After careful consideration, the author lacks both detailed evidences as well as precise reasoning to make a sound argument.
(3)After considering and examining all the evidences as well as the author’s reasoning, the recommendation of a new advertising policy by the author should be considered again with more detailed information and more logical ratiocination.
方式2:
需要上面B3的配合,然后在此句进行过渡.
例如:
(1)In fact, school is a place where students receive best education that are necessary for them to become a full person. Lesson such as driving should never be offered as obligatory ones. If they do exist in some school, they are more likely and more suitable to be flexible ones. The author after all makes an argument that is not practical.
(2)Therefore, the author surely makes an illogical conclusion.
2.补上一刀句(可有可无)
就是继续补一句,再次提出作者的一个或者两个主要的错误.
(1)After examining the evidence and the reasoning, other illogical and unreasonable flaws come out.
最好具体的再重复一下,像(1)这样的句子没什么好处.(但是没坏处)
3.提建议和改进措施句:
方式1:把自己拉下水:
If I were the author……
方式2:继续收拾作者:
The author should……/The author has to……to make a better/logical argument.
方式3:客观的分析:
To strengthen the argument,
具体的几种对策:
A:作者的调查需要重新做,或者需要改进:
(1)The study/survey has to be conducted under strict circumstance.
(2)The author needs to make sure he has selected a big enough sample.
(3)The author has to redo the study in a more scientific method.
或者具体说明需要再做一个什么样的调查:
(4) I might investigate into the discovery of the archeologist and see if there are other discoveries to substantiate the finding in Kali.
(5) Maybe another survey concerning these people's immune system rather than their social ties might work better in making this argument.
(6) The author needs to investigate into all the accidents not only all around the town but also do have teenage drivers in them.
B:作者需要排除别的因素或者需要考虑别的因素:
(1)The author has to rule out other possibilities such as......
(2) I will try to find other evidences to rule out/preclude those possibilities mentioned above to make a better argument.
(3)Other factors mentioned above should be given careful consideration.
(4)The author has to consider the possibility that……
C:作者需要提供新的或更准确的数据:
(1)a survey with a larger sample and a higher proportion of respondents would be better in making the conclusion.
(2)The author has to offer more detailed evidence/statistics to substantiate his claim.
(3)The argument would be more logical if the author can prove that……
其他的,自由发挥,尽人事,知天命吧!
4.总结句:可有可无.比如总结一下作者错误的危害,总结一下大众被误倒的后果等等.
例如:
(1)After all, a false confidence in ineffective gear could be just as dangerous as no gear at all.
(2)This misleading argument is also dangerous that it will make people become unaware of the latent/potential risk of……
Thanks a lot. Today i'm overcoming issue. The material about that helps me a lot.
9.14 考,加油!作者: tycoldplay 时间: 2006-9-10 00:30:49
(第二句)However, after scrutinizing these evidence and the reasoning of the author/after careful refection, this argument is neither logical nor practical.