GRE作文6分教学博客

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104
To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards. 想成为一名有效力的领导则,政府官员必须坚守最高的伦理和道德标准。
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.

这道题可以考虑分不同情况来写，可将政府官员的行为分为履行职务时的行为和私生活。指出在履行职务时应该以最高伦理和道德标准要求自己，而在私生活方面则可以按照自己的生活方式来选择。有人可能认为官员私生活不检点会导致民众对他不信任，我认为民众根本不应该知道官员私生活的任何信息。  

政府官员在履行职责时应该保持最高的伦理道德标准。
- 防止腐败与滥用权力
- 给下属做榜样、取得下属信任、团队效率
- 制订符合伦理道德的政策  

政府官员的私生活可以有更多元化的道德标准
- 消防员在非执行任务时看到火警也不必去救  
- 官员驾驶私家车超速应该和普通人受到同样的处罚  
-  官员通过某些手段合理避税也不应受到谴责  

有人认为私生活不检点会导致民众不信任官员
不信任会导致官员无法正常履行职务
但是官员的隐私应该受到保护
与公职无关的私生活信息不应该被媒体传播
如果民众不了解官员的私生活自然无从质疑
但前提是官员不会因为私生活的问题二影响公职

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105) Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience.
Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.


106) In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

126) In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.

TS: Both imagination and experience are important ingredients for success in different undertakings or projects.  I believe that imagination is more valuable at the early stages of the projects when the novelty of the ideas is crucial. At later stages, however, the implementation of the ideas and the management of the projects would require the team members to have experience in different areas.  I would illustrate my point with the stories of Google, Wikipedia and Alibaba.  

ts1: imagination is more important and valuable for a company or an organization at the early stage of its development
all successful companies began with an imaginative idea
- Google’s idea of ranking web pages based on the number of back links (an example of crowdsourcing)
- Taobao’s idea of serving as a middleman for online transaction (a model that help maintain trust among strangers)
- Wikipedia’s idea to allow everyone to edit an online encyclopedia (blur the line between users and producers of knowledge)  

ts2: as the projects grew big, the experience of effective management becomes more valuable
- financial management
- human resournces management
- operation management

ts3: equally important is the experience of understanding and meeting the needs of the customers and the society
- deal with the need of the customers
- negotiate with the government  

the outline needs to be modified for 106/126 to emphasise more on academic fields

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108) Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

110) Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.


批判性的判断在任何领域当中都是没什么用处的,除非判断来自于该领域专家。
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.【第一类写作指导】


这道题没有对领域进行限定，认为只有专家对作品的批判性判断才有价值。显然我们需要考虑分不同的领域来讨论。而在考虑选择不同领域的时候，我们还要搞清楚一个问题，即专家和非专家的区别在哪里。另外还可以考虑的一点是，在某个领域的专家和这个领域以外的专家的区别。题目认为只有前者的评判有价值，而我们似乎可以指出后者的评价也很有价值。


开头段
在提出观点之前，最好简单介绍背景。这里的背景可以指出在各个领域我们都需要评价作品的价值从而认可那些优秀的作品和创作者。于是有人提出这个题目中的观点。而我认为在某些领域如纯粹数学，作品的价值只能由领域内专家评价；而有些领域例如经济学、工程学，除了领域内专家评价外，还需要领域外专家的评价；而在一些应用领域如广告设计、电视剧本编写，作为非专家的观众的评价显然是十分重要的。


第二段 纯粹数学的论文、成果只能由领域内专家评判
涉及的理论概念只有领域内专家能够理解
对于这个工作对本领域的贡献也只有本领域专家对领域的发展比较熟悉
领域内专家可以提出批判意见指出下一步的改进方向
学科本身并无应用、相对其他领域比较超前，因此领域外的专家无法给出意见

第三段 经济学、工程学等领域的研究需要领域外的专家评判
经济学理论已经被应用到法学、政治学、人类学等多领域
经济学家在这些领域所做的工作需要得到来自这些领域专家的评判 他们具有相关的知识背景
相关领域的专家可以提出他们的角度和数据来验证相关工作
工程学的研究成果往往涉及多学科 如计算机工程涉及复杂的数学模型 因此数学家的评价也很有价值



第四段 广告设计、电视剧本等作品需要非专家的观众点评
广告设计需要广告受众来批评以修改那些观众不喜欢的元素
麦当劳需要聘请市场调查公司了解家长和孩子对儿童乐园餐广告的看法
电视剧本作家会根据观众对人物的喜好决定下一步人物的命运  
这些作品的最终价值取决于观众的喜恶

TS: In some fields such as pure mathematics, only experts in the field could offer valuable critical comments on the works; in other fields such as cosmology, experts from other fields, for example, mathematics and computer scientists may also offer some interesting insights; in more practical fields such as industrial design and movie production, the general public as end users may also contribute to the judgement.  

ts1: in certain fields where outsiders can hardly understand the materials, this statement probably holds true.
- example: pure mathematics (Green-Tao theorem)
- difficult for outsiders without proper training to understand
- outsiders not able to make judgement

ts2: in some fields experts from related fields may judge the works with regard to the methodology.
- example: cosmology (involves mathematical modeling and high-performance computing for analyzing big data)
- mathematicians may judge the validity of the math model
- computer scientists may judge the efficiency of the algorithms for dealing with the data  

ts 3: the general public without any specialized training may also judge work in certain fields such as industrial design and movie
- Apple ran numerous focus group discussion to collect comments from layperson end users on their design
- one of the key principle of user interface design is user-friendliness (users should find it easy to use)
- Hollywood movie studios also run workshops for layperson to read stories before the screenplays are finalized

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119) When old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

1，做决定之前，先了解利益相关者stakeholder的意见及不同old building的value具体如何；2，城市有效规划和保留old building可以两全其美时，重新装修内部用于modern purpose如博物馆等，在风格上保持一致；3，城市有效规划和保留old building不可两全其美时，只好demolish房子，但可留下电子扫描版本scanning technology以备之后有需要可以重建或做研究所用。

TS: I strongly disagree that historic buildings should be sacrificed for the sake of modern development.  In fact, perservation of historic buildings is important for education and tourism of the cities.  For the purpose of modern development, the urban planners should try to build satellite cities around the old cities to balance the need for preserving historic buildings and the demand of space for economic development.  

ts1: preservation of historic buildings can create educational value for young people, researchers and the city residents
- for young people, the buildings can help them to learn more about the history of the city and the nation
- for researchers, they can collect more first-hand historical data
- for city residents, the buildings help cultivate their sense of identity as part of the city

ts2: well-preserved historic buildings can also boost the tourism of the city as well as the nation
- the histortic buildings may attract more tourists
- the booming tourism can create more jobs
- it can help attract more foreign investment

ts3: some people may argue that the city needs more space and land for economic development
- more land is needed for housing, transportation and office building
- urban planners should consider building satellite cities around the old city
- it is easier to build a new city from scratch than to renovate the old city
- such policy can also help lift the people in the suburban and the rural area from poverty

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123) The best way for a society to prepare its young people for leadership in government, industry, or other fields is by instilling in them a sense of cooperation, not competition.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.

128) Some people argue that successful leaders in government, industry, or other fields must be highly competitive. Other people claim that in order to be successful, a leader must be willing and able to cooperate with others.
Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.

The best way for a society to prepare its young people for leadership in different fields is by instilling in them a sense of cooperation, not competition, because cooperation can teach young people how to communicate with others and how to work together with others, which are of great significance for leadership.
First of all, cooperation can teach young people how to communicate with others.合作促进交流，竞争阻碍交流，交流能力对于领导能力很重要。举例:对交流方式的选择：email, telephone, message.
What is more, young people can practice how to work with others in cooperation while only rely on themselves in competition.合作能够锻炼年轻人对不同人和不同资源coordination的能力，coordination的能力对于领导力很重要,能够让合适的人在合适的位置，效率最大化。
People may argue that a sense of competition will make students more hardworking and industrious. I, however, insist cooperation is more important than competition because young people have already learned competition during their growth.生活中已经有太多竞争，竞争意识不需要灌输。

TS: I agree with the statement that future leaders need to appreciate the importance of cooperation for the success of governments and corporations.  In fact, cooperation is essential within an organization and among different organizations.  While competition is also important for leaders, most young people learn enough about it as they grow up.  

ts1: Future leaders have to understand the importance of cooperation within an organization in which people with different expertise can work together productively.
- the idea of comparative advantage
-  leaders need to understand how team members with different skills and exeprtise can work together to create more value together
-  leaders also need to design a work flow that can facilitate the cooperation  
- to do that young people have to develop a sense of cooperation through extracurricular activities

ts2: It is also important for young people to learn how an organization need to cooperate with other stakeholders in the society.   
- the importance of negotiation among different stakeholders
- the example of Google who failed to cooperate with Chinese government
- not only Google is not accessible in China; now gmail is also blocked
- cooperating with other organizations is also important
- young people need to learn that  


ts3: While there is no doubt that competition is also essential for any organization, most young people learn how to compete through formal schooling.  
- competition is important for creating incentives to make progress
- but most students learn that in schools when they work hard to compete for places in college
- they will also learn that when they compete for jobs and leadership positions  

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130) Some people believe that corporations have a responsibility to promote the well-being of the societies and environments in which they operate. Others believe that the only responsibility of corporations, provided they operate within the law, is to make as much money as possible.
Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.

这道题好像ETS出过范文
1，要求企业担当所谓的社会责任从公司制的本质来说是不切实际的，因为公司制要求公司管理层（专业）management需要对股东ownership负责，即要实现公司利益的最大化profit maximization；2，可以完善法律，通过立法来限制，如不保护环境会受到惩罚。这样一来，企业责任和经济利益就可以统一了；3，也可以通过公众支持来促进。如在环境保护、雇员福利方面做得比较好的企业会更加收到社会支持，企业就会去提升自己的公众形象，这样一来，企业责任和经济利益就可以统一了。

ts1: the nature of corporation as an organization that maximizes its profits means that the  managers have the responsibility to make decisions based on whether or not the shareholders’ interests could be promoted
- the corporation as an institution sperates the ownership and the management
- the managers should be responsible for maximizing the profits for the stockholders
- they should avoid doing anything illegal to reduce the costs  
- the market mechanism would ensure that protfit-maximizing corps also create value for the society in an efficient way

ts2: Nevertheless, the government may offer some incentives for the corporations to care more about the well-being of the society and environment through tax credit or subsidy.
- tax credit for investment in renewable energy
- subsidy for hiring physically challenged employees or recently unemployed people


ts3: Meanwhile, if the public makes it clear that certain issues do matter, the corporations will also take the public interest into account as their reputation and long-term interests are at stake.  
- Google’s “do no evil” motto
- people support Google by using it
- Wong Lo kat herbal tea donated a large amount of money to the relief efforts of SiChuan earthquake
- the sales of the herbal tea skyrocketed

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131 Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.
Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.

这道题和36、72有相通之处

https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1781246-1-1.html

TS: I agree that researchers should not limit their studies to areas where immediate and practical application could be expected not because of the difficulty to predict the research outcome.  In fact, I would first argue that most researchers can somehow anticipate the research results with some measure of certainty.  There are two reasons why researchers should not be practically oriented: first, certain research in pure math and theoretical physics may never have any practical application but are intrinsically and historically valuable;  second, some research may lead to more practical applications a few decades later.  

ts1: most researchers can predict the outcome of their research; otherwise, they may not be able to get financial support (reject the reason)
- researchers have to convince the reviewers that their research proposals are feasible and promising
- they need to justify the research goals by reviewing the literature
- they have to design the methodolgoy and discuss the anticipated results in their proposals
- most research projects with financial support will lead to some expected outcome (but the outcome may be purely theoretical; nothing practical)

ts2:  researchers should devote themselves to projects with no immediate and practical applications as the research may be intrinsically and historically valuable
- Tao’s work on prime numbers
- no practical application
- but prime numbers have been studied for thousands of years  
- fascinating in its own right

ts3: researchers should also work on research projects that may lead to useful applications in future
- Einstein’s theory of relativity was developed without any expectations for practical applications
- the insights from his theory were later used to harness nuclear power

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132) Some people believe that our ever-increasing use of technology significantly reduces our opportunities for human interaction. Other people believe that technology provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connect with one another.
Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.

跟issue 1 有关 但是受关注程度低好多

TS: The use of technology enables us to interact with a great number of people by exchanging thoughts and ideas more efficiently and creatively; some people may point out that the use of technology takes away the time that should have been spent with family members and friends, an issue that I would address later in this essay.  

ts1: the new technology has enabled people to communicate with one another more efficiently
- email
- facebook
- Skype

ts2: the use of technology also makes it possivle for people to interact more creatively
- Wikipedia as a major platform for people to collaborate
- people edit the entries together
- discuss the entries through the talk pages

ts3: some people are concerned that people spent less time with their families and friends
- in fact, technology also facilitates the interaction with families and friends (cell phones help them stay connected; make appointments)
- people who really care about the relationship with families and friends can always find time for them
- they may even use other technology to increase such time  

  

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143) No field of study can advance significantly unless it incorporates knowledge and experience from outside that field.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

In modern society, academic scholars constantly learn from researchers outside their fields to make new progress in their own fields.  I would like to illustrate the importance of incorporating knowledge and experience from outside the fields in terms of methodological tools, theoretical perspectives and new practices of research.  

It is well known that many disciplines rely on some more fundamental fields for methodological tools.  Most natural science and engineering fields cannot advance without the help of different mathematical models.  The development of cryptography, for example, is not possible without the insights from number theory in general and specific theorems about prime numbers in particular.  On the other hand, the advancement of pure mathematics is also aided tremendously by the use of computers which free the mathematicians from tedious calculation.  This is why nowadays most introductory Calculus courses at college level would include some components of programming in Matlab.   

Scholars in applied social sciences also need theoretical insights and inspiration from more basic social sciences.  For example, the legal scholars on traffic laws can benefit from the incentive theory proposed by economists and study the effects of seat belt laws on the behaviors of drivers and how it might affect the safety of pedestrians.  In fact, a whole new field known as law and economics has emerged with economic theories applied to the study of laws.  Like the legal scholarship, many other fields of study need to incorporate theories from outside to make progress.  

Finally, researchers may borrow new ideas and experience in research practices from outside their fields.  The idea of crowdsourcing, for example, was first developed in the process of editing Oxford English Dictionary when a large group of amateurs were invited to contribute words to the editorial team.  It was recently adopted as a research paradigm in different academic fields with the advent of the Internet.  Even in pure mathematics, a crowdsourcing project known as the Polymath had successfully solved some difficult problems attracting mathematicians from all over the world.  With the increasing communication among scholars across disciplines, more research practices such as crowdsourcing will be transferred from one field of study to another.  

In conclusion, I agree that, in today’s academic world, incorporating knowledge and experience from outside the field of study is necessary for the further development of all different fields as researchers need methodological tools, theoretical insights and new ideas about research practices.  

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144) True success can be measured primarily in terms of the goals one sets for oneself.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

statement是否成立取决于个人目标是否能迎合当代社会的需要。1，对于危害社会的个人目标，即使被达成也不可能被认可；2，目标对社会有利，但不考虑个人利益，如牺牲了陪伴家人的时间或牺牲了个人原则conscience的目标，price is too high也不能算成功；3，只有统一了社会和个人需求的目标才能获得成功。

While I agree that one can measure his or her success based on his or her goals, the validity of such measurement depends on whether the goals are consistent with the values of the society, the means used to achieve the goals is ethical and the price of the “success” is reasonable.  In other words, success that is anti-social, unethical or too costly is not true success.  I will explain my position with some specific examples as follows.  

People can set virtually any goals for themselves; but only those that are beneficial for the society are considered worthy and accomplishments of such are true success.  Consider the case of September 11 attacks.  A group of terrorists set their goals as hijacking airplanes and killing innocent people to make their political statements.  They have succeeded phenomenally in terms of achieving their goals.  Such terrorist attacks would not be possible without careful planning for years and the coordination among a group of professionals.  But nobody in the civilized world would consider killing innocent people as true success.  Rather, such acts are considered shameful and cowardly.  As this example clearly shows, success can be measured based on goals only if the goals are beneficial for the society.  

In addition to the value of the goals, the means used to achieve the goals is also a relevant issue.  Suppose a student aims to perform well in the upcoming final exam.  Instead of working hard to study for the tests, he tried to cheat in the exam by bringing a crib sheet. The goal is certainly worthy and even admirable. But the means through which he achieves his goal is unethical.  His good exam results do not accurately reflect his academic performance.  Doing so is also unfair to other students who are honest in the exams.  Even if he was not caught cheating, he was not truly successful.  

Finally, we have to consider the cost of the “success” when measuring it. These days, many people focus on building successful careers in their life with the belief that doing so can bring happiness to themselves and their faimilies.  Nevertheless, to achieve such goals, they often have to work long hours and sacrifice the time they should have spent with their families.  The failure to achieve a work-and-life balance is too high a price for many who earned a successful career but ended up with poor relationships with their loved ones.  So true success has to be measured by considering not just the goals but the cost of achieving such goals.  

As I explain clearly above, we cannot measure success accurately based on our goals alone. We also need to think about the social value of the goals, the means we use to achieve the goals and the price we have to pay.  Without taking multiple perspectives on success, our judgment will be narrow and unreliable.

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进入第二周的练习，看到还有同学花一个多小时写全文，甚至一边写一边查资料。我觉得这种备考方式大大的不妥。GRE写作的一个特点就是时间很短，每篇只有30分钟。平时如果不注意限时练习，写得再好，到了考场上写不完，也不可能拿到理想的分数。因此，我强烈建议大家从一开始就要限时写作。这里的关键是提前花时间构思。GRE预先公开题库的目的就是给大家机会提前思考这些题目，因此我们完全可以从容的思考，不仅要按照1+3模型想好基本的观点和分论点，还要考虑清楚每个分论点在中间段如何展开，用什么例子。这个构思的过程不是线性的，而是有波折的。只有当你考虑到中间段如何展开时，你才会发现你的论点、分论点可能并不靠谱。因为一个靠谱的论点及分论点不仅要符合题目、能站得住脚，更重要的是你的语言能够表达清楚并能找到合适的例子。所以构思的过程是漫长而痛苦的。最后很有可能找不到合适的思路和例子，这时勉强去写只会浪费时间。正确的做法是去看我的博客2楼链接到各道题的讨论以及我的范文，借鉴我的思路和例证，然后重新构思。

一旦构思好了，25分钟内写出全文应该是不难的。如果写不出来，只能说明你的构思超越了你的英语写作表达能力，这时你必须简化你的构思。而写的时候，我建议按以下的步骤：

1. 写出含有三个分论点的主旨句。
2. 根据主旨句写出中间三段的主题句。
3. 在主题句下面写出几个关键词，提醒自己中间段展开时要用到的概念和例子。
4. 写开头段主旨句前的引言。
5. 写各个中间段。
6. 写结尾。

这样做的好处是做到第3步的时候你的文章框架已经定下来，剩下的就是加细节了。即使你某一段写的不顺，不会影响下一段的写作。我自己写文章通常会先写出主旨句，然后根据主旨句逐段写。大家可以尝试下我这里的步骤，在本周五的小结时反馈一下。

tesolchinaUID：2191404

进入第二周的练习，看到还有同学花一个多小时写全文，甚至一边写一边查资料。我觉得这种备考方式大大的不妥。GRE写作的一个特点就是时间很短，每篇只有30分钟。平时如果不注意限时练习，写得再好，到了考场上写不完，也不可能拿到理想的分数。因此，我强烈建议大家从一开始就要限时写作。这里的关键是提前花时间构思。GRE预先公开题库的目的就是给大家机会提前思考这些题目，因此我们完全可以从容的思考，不仅要按照1+3模型想好基本的观点和分论点，还要考虑清楚每个分论点在中间段如何展开，用什么例子。这个构思的过程不是线性的，而是有波折的。只有当你考虑到中间段如何展开时，你才会发现你的论点、分论点可能并不靠谱。因为一个靠谱的论点及分论点不仅要符合题目、能站得住脚，更重要的是你的语言能够表达清楚并能找到合适的例子。所以构思的过程是漫长而痛苦的。最后很有可能找不到合适的思路和例子，这时勉强去写只会浪费时间。正确的做法是去看我的博客2楼链接到各道题的讨论以及我的范文，借鉴我的思路和例证，然后重新构思。

一旦构思好了，25分钟内写出全文应该是不难的。如果写不出来，只能说明你的构思超越了你的英语写作表达能力，这时你必须简化你的构思。而写的时候，我建议按以下的步骤：

1. 写出含有三个分论点的主旨句。
2. 根据主旨句写出中间三段的主题句。
3. 在主题句下面写出几个关键词，提醒自己中间段展开时要用到的概念和例子。
4. 写开头段主旨句前的引言。
5. 写各个中间段。
6. 写结尾。

这样做的好处是做到第3步的时候你的文章框架已经定下来，剩下的就是加细节了。即使你某一段写的不顺，不会影响下一段的写作。我自己写文章通常会先写出主旨句，然后根据主旨句逐段写。大家可以尝试下我这里的步骤，在本周五的小结时反馈一下。

tesolchinaUID：2191404

上帝的音符 发表于 2015-6-4 20:40
请问：第二段的第二行为什么不是prevented  the deer from migrating ...?

已修改 谢谢

tesolchinaUID：2191404

做了这么长时间的点评，回头重新看看ETS的评分标准或许对我接下来的点评会有帮助。

Scoring Guide for the Issue Task

Score 6 Outstanding

In addressing the specific task directions, a 6 response presents a cogent, well-articulated analysis of the issue and conveys meaning skillfully.

A typical response in this category:
articulates a clear and insightful position on the issue in accordance with the assigned task
develops the position fully with compelling reasons and/or persuasive examples
sustains a well-focused, well-organized analysis, connecting ideas logically
conveys ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety
demonstrates superior facility with the conventions of standard written English (i.e., grammar, usage and mechanics), but may have minor errors

Score 4 Adequate

In addressing the specific task directions, a 4 response presents a competent analysis of the issue and conveys meaning with acceptable clarity.

A typical response in this category:
presents a clear position on the issue in accordance with the assigned task
develops the position with relevant reasons and/or examples
is adequately focused and organized
demonstrates sufficient control of language to express ideas with acceptable clarity
generally demonstrates control of the conventions of standard written English, but may have some errors
Score 3 Limited

A 3 response demonstrates some competence in addressing the specific task directions, in analyzing the issue and in conveying meaning, but is obviously flawed.

A typical response in this category exhibits ONE OR MORE of the following characteristics:
is vague or limited in addressing the specific task directions and in presenting or developing a position on the issue or both
is weak in the use of relevant reasons or examples or relies largely on unsupported claims
is limited in focus and/or organization
has problems in language and sentence structure that result in a lack of clarity
contains occasional major errors or frequent minor errors in grammar, usage or mechanics that can interfere with meaning

写好issue的首要条件就是要根据题目要求提出一个清晰而有洞见的观点。具体到我的教学中，我要看的就是主旨句是否有层次，主题句是否和主旨句呼应，符合1+3模型。

其次是要有充分的理由和例证来支持观点，这里主要看中间段的主题句是否合理，中间段有没有合适的例证以及中间段的解释和推理是否清晰。  

第三个要求是重点突出和结构合理。具体来说，我关注的就是中间段是否集中讨论一个分论点，段落之间的过渡以及句子之间的连贯。

第四个要求是语言表达层面的，积极的来看要求句型多样、用词准确有效；反过来要避免意思含糊的句子和语法错误、搭配不当等等  

接下来是argument

Score 6 Outstanding

In addressing the specific task directions, a 6 response presents a cogent, well-articulated examination of the argument and conveys meaning skillfully.

A typical response in this category:

clearly identifies aspects of the argument relevant to the assigned task and examines them insightfully
develops ideas cogently, organizes them logically and connects them with clear transitions
provides compelling and thorough support for its main points
conveys ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety
demonstrates superior facility with the conventions of standard written English (i.e., grammar, usage and mechanics), but may have minor errors

Score 4 Adequate

In addressing the specific task directions, a 4 response presents a competent examination of the argument and conveys meaning with acceptable clarity.

A typical response in this category:
identifies and examines aspects of the argument relevant to the assigned task, but may also discuss some extraneous points
develops and organizes ideas satisfactorily, but may not connect them with transitions
supports its main points adequately, but may be uneven in its support
demonstrates sufficient control of language to convey ideas with reasonable clarity
generally demonstrates control of the conventions of standard written English, but may have some errors
Score 3 Limited

A 3 response demonstrates some competence in addressing the specific task directions, in examining the argument and in conveying meaning, but is obviously flawed.

A typical response in this category exhibits ONE OR MORE of the following characteristics:
does not identify or examine most of the aspects of the argument relevant to the assigned task, although some relevant examination of the argument is present
mainly discusses tangential or irrelevant matters, or reasons poorly
is limited in the logical development and organization of ideas
offers support of little relevance and value for its main points
has problems in language and sentence structure that result in a lack of clarity
contains occasional major errors or frequent minor errors in grammar, usage or mechanics that can interfere with meaning

第一要求是能够找准原题argument中的切入点。因此我提出用Toulmin的模型来梳理argument是非常重要的。由下周开始，会要求所有的同学在写argument之前，对论据、结论及推理关系进行梳理。  具体可见博客103楼以及argument入门帖。感觉还要考虑将argument的推理过程以思维导图的形式呈现，或许可以更好地帮助同学进行批判和分析。
然后要有洞见的分析，主要就是认清不同的元素之间的逻辑关系以及提出其他的可能性。这里主要涉及中间段的主题句以及展开讨论。 而从反面来说，就要避免讨论一些和题目无关以及不靠谱的其他可能性。
段落的过渡和句子的连贯，这两个要求和issue是一样的。在过去的点评里这方面似乎关注的不够。  

第四个要求是语言表达层面的，积极的来看要求句型多样、用词准确有效；反过来要避免意思含糊的句子和语法错误、搭配不当等等。这里和issue也是一样的。  

tesolchinaUID：2191404

ClaretZ 发表于 2015-6-8 00:43
Paper was invented by Cai Lun in ancient China.23333

The idea that invention should be attributed to a single person is a myth.  Invention is a cumulative process in which many people contribute to the evolution of a technology.