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托福语法笔记之改错--非谓语动词
一、现分与过分的区别
现分 过分 考与不考备注
-------------------------
主动 被动 90%(后置定语,状)
进行 完成 10%(前置定语)
动作 状态 不考
a retired general
a retirign general 错
a fallen fruit 在地下
a falling fruit 正在掉
二、现在分词与过去分词的用法
1. 用于名词后作后置定语,等同于定语从句,只考虑主被动
Indians who lived in
~~~~~~~~~~~~=living
分词=从句
2. 用于句首,句末作状语,只考虑主被动
非此即彼 ┏included in/by
┗including 分,prep
┏involved in
┗involving
3. 常考的接doing的词
enjoy , finish, celebrate, suggest, advocate, forgive, mind, avoid, escape, tolerate, delay, quit ,spend ... (in) doing ,have difficulty/trouble/a problem/a hard time (in) doing (还有可以自己继续总结)
三、动词不定式的省略用法
1. ┏help to do = help do 可省可不省
┗help sb to do = help sb do
2. 使役动词必省to
let sb do ; make sb do; have sb do ; bid sb do
have sth done
3. 关于感观动词
see, hear, notice, feel, watch
必须省to
┏see sb do 看见整个过程
┗see sb doing 看见动作正在进行
改被动后to 要加回来
┏be seen to do
┗be seen doing
四、动词不定式的固定用法
1. 第一“人”
the first (sb) to do
2. 表“迫使”的动词
allow sb to do allow sth
permit sb to do permit sth
enable sb to do enable sth
cause sb to do cause sth
force sb to do force sth
3. 表“倾向”的adj./V
tend to do
attemp to do
be (more) likely to do
that + 句子
be inclined to do
be apt to do
be liable to do
4. 表“目的”的名词
The function + of sth. + is to do sth.
function, goal, purpose, aim, objective, reason, intention
5.与接不定式的V或adj. 同词根的名词也接不定式
be able to do -> ability to do
enable sb to do
decide to do -> decision to do
be ambitious to do -> ambition to do
try to do -> make great efforts to do
attempt(v.) to do -> attempt(n.) to do
五、动词不定式的其它形式
1. 动词不定式的将来式
主动:be to do
被动:be to be done
表示预计要发生或按计划要发生的事情
China is to be one of the most important contries in the world.
被动式与过去分词的区别
the surfaces to be glued
the surfaces glued
2. 动词不定式的完成时
主动 to have done
被动 to have been done
表示不定式的动作发生在谓语之前
I’m glad to have seen your son yesterday.
3. 某些adj. 后主动表被动
This plas is difficult to come out
easy
hard
托福语法笔记之改错--谓语动词
一、主谓一致
1. 主谓的分隔原则
S, ---,VO
主谓之间可以用定从及省略形式的定从分隔
* 主谓一致与主语同位语无关
2. 定语从句中的主谓一致
...noun.+that/which+V
* that, which并不反映单复数
one of 复n + that/which + 复V
the only one of 复n + that/which + 单V
3. 随前一致 together with, as well as, with, including, of
4. 随后一致
not 单n. but 复n. + 复V
not noly 单n. but also 复n. + 复V
5. 就近一致
单n. or 复n.
either 单n. or 复n.
neither 单n. nor 复n.
is he or we... 对
he or we are... 对
6. 可数名词and可数名词+复数动词
不可数名词and不可数名词+复数动词
例外:war and peace is/was
black and white is/was
bread and butter is/was
to love and to be loved is/was
7. 百分比结构
most, rest, half, majority, some, 50 percent, one percent
__+of+n.+V 由名词决定动词的单复数
8. 倒装句中的主谓一致
There be...
between , among 等介词位于句首,即引起倒装
Between ...+ be + noun.
Among...+ be + noun.
主 + 系 + 表
主系关系要一致,系表关系可以不一致
9. The+ adj.
a. 表示“一类人”用复数V
The rich are ridiculous
b. 表示某一抽象概念
The good is attractive
10. one of + 复数noun. + 单V
more than one 单数noun. + 单数V
many a + 单noun. + 单V
a + 单noun. or + two + 单V: a day or two
news 单数 measles 不可数
the series 用is/are从上下文得出
二、时态
1. in + 过去某一时间,用一般现在时
2. befort+ 过去年份,用过去完成时
3. for/since:
for后跟时间段,可用现在完成和一般过去时
since 后跟时间点,只能跟现在完成时
I have been a teacher for 3 years.
I have been a teacher since 1996.
I was a teacher for 3 years.
4. 自然现象、真理描述用一般现在时
时态:现在完成时和一般过去时混用
一般现在时和一般过去时混用
三、语态 考主被的混用
一个证明,二个位于,三个需要,四个情感
1. 证明:prove(vi) + to be + n./adj.
prove(vt) + sth./that +句子
my advice rpoved to be wrong
2. 位于:locate永远考被动
situate 主动:把...放置;确定位置
被动:位于
3. 需要:need, want, require
4. 情感:please, annoy, surprise, move
I am pleased. 主语高兴
The news is pleasing. 令人高兴
使...高兴(心烦、惊讶、感动)
Franklin is so moved.
The story is so moving.
托福语法笔记之改错--冠词
(A) 冠词
(缺失与多余为重点和难点)
1. a与an的区别 (发音而非字母)
an: herd undergraduate understanding oyster honest
a : unique university unite yawn
这里补充一点:当时XDF老师刘述讲的:U 开头发[ju]时前面是a,其他是an.其他的元音字母都是他们开头就用an.
2. a/an与复数名词的混用
an outstanding methods.
3. 不定冠词a的遗漏
(1)固定短语中a的遗漏
a set of, a piece of, a variety of, a series of,
a collection of , a wide range of
a wealth of + 不可数名词(information)
(2)强调可数名词的单数概念
且无其它限定词,必须用不定冠词
也就是说,单数可数名词前必须有限定词
* v+单数可数名词 错
prep+单数可数名词 错
of humid area area可数,所以错
of prize fighter fighter可数,所以错
of raindrop 亦然
例外:a. a part of= part of
part 永远对
b. 表示职务、身份、亲属关系的词可以单独使用
Little Bush, son of George Bush, is running
for the office of president.
c. 表示“种类”名词后所接noun可单独使用
type of , kind of, sort of
d. 表示某一方面的名词可单独使用
All cells differ in function, in size, in color, in shape.
(B)定冠词 (the ,表特指)
the astronomy, the nitrogen, the iron, in the histroy,
in the nature, of the human hoby, on the right side
这些名词前都不能加the
1. 表示“独一无二”的事物
the Great Wall, the Sun, the Moon, the Earth
2. 关于序数词
* 序数词只有作定语修饰noun,才必须加the
年代:in the serventeenth century
排序:the eight(h) element (is)......
* 序数词考两点:a. 加不加the
b. 是eight或eithth (单词)
陷阱: a. Utah ranks first among...
b. A is second only to B.
3. adj.最高级作前置定语修饰noun,才必须加the.
the most desolate region(S)
the most ... area(s)
adj+est 后可以是复数。
4. 四大洋,河流,湖泊前必须加the
Winds from the Atlantic Ocean
5. “人体” the human body
“普通人” the average person
the common person
6. 表示“开始”与“结束”,必须加the
the beginning( 可以加s) the end
7. 学科前不加the
the astrology错
元素前不加the
Iron, Nitrogen
8. nature
a. 在自然界 in nature
b. ... of nature 本质上的
faith of natrue 发自内心的
9. history
a. 泛指“在历史上”,in history
b. 特指在某种历史上,in the history of NOS
10.乐器 play the piano(正确)
play erhu(正确)
11.城市名,州名,国家名前不加the
in Beijing , in the city of Beijing
联合名词除外:the United States
the United kingdom
a United States boy.
12.most的用法
a. 作为一个副词(adv.)修饰adj,adv,表示最高级
... are most plantiful ...
the most handsome teacher
b. adj. 大多数的
most animals 泛指
(不可以+the)+可数/不可数名词皆可
~~~~~~~~~~~~~决定谓语
c. pron.大多数,大部分
most of the animals 特指
d. a most beautiful girl
~~~~adv., very
e. most/mostly
均作副词时,most修饰形容词、副词
mostly修饰动词、介词
be composed mostly of
托福语法笔记之改错--代词与介词
代词
一、代词的五种形式间的混用
he him himself self (一般出现都是错)
主格 宾格 反身代词 名词
所有格
his
(A)名词前面应该使用所有格
make she debut 错
make one’s debut
* 双宾语结构例外 won him prizes 对
(B)反身代词画线--->改宾格
要使用的反身代词必须与所在句子主语一致
he killed him. 他杀
he killed himself 自杀
(C)self ,是名词,“自我”,只用于哲学, 出现永远错
二、代词的单复数 him,her--> them, 注意一下
三、代词的性别 his/her himself/herself
四、代词的人与物
Although he is employed in hte scientific field, the metric system
~~->it
is not used in the U.S.
五、关系代词
┏ which 指代物
┃ that 指代人或物 注意:who与which混用
┗ who 指代人
┏ who 主
┃ whom 宾
┗ whose 所有格
whom image --->只考过一回
~~~~->whose
*主要考who和whose的混用
who + noun. 错 whose + V 错
介词
一、through/throughout
through: “穿过”、“通过”,强调动作
throughout: “贯穿”throughout his lifetime
“遍布”throughout the world
二、between/among
between the stars/trees 两两之间
among the two realms 错
三、in/inside /into
inside,in 静态,强调状态
into 动态,强调动作
air inside the house
shoot...into the sky
in + 单数noun.(无冠词),表示某一领域,某一方面,某一行业
in shape, in size
四、in/for/since
in + 1. 时刻点
2. 一段时间
for+ 1. prep. + 一段时间
2. conj. 并列连词,不能位于句首
句子,for 句子
since+1. prep., “自从”+时刻点,完成时
2. conj., “因为”Since +句子,句子
3. adv., a. 与过去时共用 = ago
...was...many years since ...
b. 与完成时连用,表示过去某个时间某个事件到现在
Tom was elected president last term, but he since has de
voted
little fo his spare time to his reponsibility.
五、of 遗漏
多余
六、by
1. be done by 只要不是固定词组,就改by
2. by doing 只要不是固定词组
3. 作品by 作者
publication by Franklin
七、固定搭配
together with = with
adv + prep = prep
托福语法笔记之改错--名词
名词
一、重要的名词
(A)重要的可数名词
discovery, cloud, mineral, metal, material, substance,
population, effort, effect, animal, plant, mammal,
insect, tree, herb, shrub, element, function, feature,
picture, result, clue, star, reason, audience, device,
structure, human , human being, system, fashion, kind,
resource, source, origin, pioneer, automobile, purpose,
style, response, number, amount, variety, quantity, type
(B)常见的不可数名词
furniture, luggage, clothing, equiment, poetry, jewelry,
machinery, weaponry, scenery, information, knowledge,
homework, evidence, folige, advertising, health
1. 液体不可数
2. 自然现象不可数:rain, sunlight,
but a heavy rain 可以用
3. 颗粒状不可数
4. 看不见摸不着的不可数
证据不可数,intelligence 不可数, advice 建议皆不可数
5. 学科不可数
mathematics, economics, statistics, physics, politics,
mechanics, genetics, geology, geography, chemistry,
philosophy, biology, histroy
6. 疾病不可数: meales, munps(腮腺炎) , diabetes(糖尿病)
7. 总称不可数
(C)常见的不规则名词
*tooth, foot 一定错
man-men, woman-women, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, goose-geese,
basis-bases, analysis-analyses, crisis-crises, axis-axes,
hypothesis-hypotheses, alga-algae, lava-lavar,
fungus-fungi, stimulus-stimuli, datum-data, medium-media,
bacterium-bacteria, spectrum-spectra, mouse-mice,
child-children, phonemenon-phenomena
(D)常见的单复数同形的名词
aircraft, spcecraft 等 craft结尾的词
species, series, means(mean不加s不是名词)
sheep, deer, trout, carp, salmon, fish->fishes,fish
鱼类一般单复同形
(E)单一复数意义有差异的名词
sky-skies(气候) water-waters(水系,永远不错)
good-goods(货物) part-parts(才能)
custom=customs(风俗) spectacle(风景)-spectacles(眼睛)
letter-letters(文字) arm-arms(武器)
force-forces (武装力量)
??:这些词加s后是另一个名词单数还是作为复数
(F)即可数又不可数的名词
不可数 可数
paper 纸 文件
rock 碎岩 块岩
collection 各种收藏品 同一种收藏品
sugar 砂糖 方糖
area 面积 地区
land 面积 区域
work 作品;工作 著作;工厂,工程,工事
room 空间 房间
time 时间 倍数,时代
* art, newspaper, food, beverage
art 泛指艺术 不可数
一种艺术 an art
各种各样的艺术 arts
eighteen pieces of newspapers 十八张报纸
eighteen newspapers 十八种报纸
此类:强调种类就属于可数
二、名词作定语的单复数问题
(A)名词作主语,即noun.修饰noun.,前面的名词必须是单数
color effects, employment agenenices, sentence form, tree trunks
例外:a sales girl, a sales tax
a greetings card, a sports car
a savings bank, a communications satellite
a systems engineering
(B)man或woman修饰noun.时,其单复数应该同时变
a woman boxer->women boxers
(C)表示某一学科的教授、学生、教科书、实验室...时,只能用学科名本身修饰
a mathematical professor 错
a biological textbook 错
the chemical lab 错
the highest scientific award 错
a mathematical model 对
三、重要的限定词
(A) many + 复数
much + 不可数n
看见many 去找复数名词
as many as
50 percent of the money
~~~~~~不可数 ~~~~~不可数
many和much可为代词
many of..., much of..., ...by many
(B)some,any 后跟单/复数, 不可数/可数 均可
some object 某一物体
some objects 一些物体
some money 一些钱
也可作代词:some of..., any of...
(C)few/a few, little/a little
~~~~~~~~+可数 ~~~~~~~~~~~+不可数
few+复数
(D)every/each + 单可
each major styles 错
each ten boys 对
every four years 对
(E)数词/several + 复数
five aircraft 对
several setting 错
(F)one of/among + 复数
* be considered (to be) +noun./adj.
be regareded as
be viewed as
(G)first/only/single + 单/复均可
the first school 第一所学校
the first schools 第一批学校
a single + 单可
no single + 复可
(H)hundred,thousand,million,billion
five hundred boys, hundreds of boys, hundred million boys
(I)another + 单可
other + 复名(纯粹的other)
anyother+ 单可
例外:other part .(part 永远对)
(J) a number of + 复noun. + 复Verb
the number of + 复noun. + 单verb
The amount fo leisue time is increasing
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