★DIES IN FLAME★ eco&time 分类汇总※文艺类※

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亲爱的组员和各位gter们，这里是eco&time 文艺类的汇总贴，大家将自己每天读到的，属于艺术和文化的文章或段落都放在这里，我会定期来总结，多余煽情的我就不说了，大家已经非常明确我们的宗旨了，丰碑丰碑啦~~~

ok ，大家每天都来吧，特别是各位亲爱的组员，已完成作业为荣哦~~~

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5# yyx017    小北~~~ 我要好好读读这篇

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       文化






保护语言的多样性：

1，
Intangible Culture Heritage----Endangered languages

(1)
Degree of Endangerment

Degree of endangerment	Intergenerational Language Transmission
safe	language is spoken by all generations; intergenerational transmission is uninterrupted >> not included in the Atlas
unsafe	most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)
definitely endangered	children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home
severely endangered	language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves
critically endangered	the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently
extinct	there are no speakers left >> included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s

(2)
safeguarding endangered languages
Half of the 6,7000 languages spoken today are in danger of disappearing before the century ends, a process that can be slowed only if urgent action is taken by governments and speaker communities. UNESCO’s Endangered Languages Program mobilizes international cooperation to focus attention on this grave situation and to promote innovative solutions from communities, experts and authorities.




语言的重要性：
Languages are humankind’s principle tools for interacting and for expressing ideas, emotions, knowledge, memories and values. Languages are also primary vehicles of culture expressions and intangible culture heritage, essential to the indentify of individuals and groups. Safeguarding endangered languages is thus a crucial task in maintaining cultural diversity worldwide.


Language in 2003 convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage
The 2003 Convention recognizes the vital role of language in expression and transmission of living heritage. All intangible cultural heritage domains – from knowledge on the universe to rituals, performing arts to handicrafts – depend on language for their day-to-day practice and inter-generational transmission. In the domain of oral traditions and expressions, language is not only a vehicle of intangible heritage, it is their very essence.

正如联合国教科文组织总干事松浦晃一郎(咦？日本人)所强调的：“一种语言的消失导致许多非物质文化遗产形式的消失，特别是使用这种语言的团体——不必说诗和传说，更不必说谚语和笑话——传统和口头表达组成的珍贵传承。语言的消失同样损害人与生物多样性之间保持的关系，因为语言荷载着丰富的自然以及宇宙知识。”

语言生命力评估：
in 2003 and 2003, UNESCO ask an international group of linguists to develop a framework for determining the vitality of a language in order to assist in policy development, identification of needs and appropriate safeguarding measures. This Ad Hoc Expert Group on Endangered Languages elaborated a landmark concept paper entitled“Language Vitality and Endangerment”, which established the following nine criter ia:
            
No single factor is sufficient to assess the state of a community’s language. However, taken together, these nine factors can determine the vitality of a language, its function in society and the type of measures required for its maintenance and revitalization.
语言消失的原因：
Language Endangerment may be the result of external forces such as military, economic, religious, and cultural or education subjugation, or it may be caused by internal forces, such as a community’s negative attitudes towards its own language. Internal pressure often has their source in external ones, and both halt the intergeneration transmission of linguistic and cultural traditions. Many indigenous people, often associating their disadvantaged social position with their culture, have come to believe that their languages are not worth retaining. They abandon their languages and cultures in hopes of overcoming discrimination, to secure a livelihood, and enhance social mobility, or to assimilate to the global marketplace.
语言消失的后果：
The extinction of each language results in the irrecoverable loss of unique cultural, historical, and ecological knowledge. Each language is a unique expression of human experience in this world. Thus, the knowledge of any single language may be the key answering the fundamental question of the future. Every time the language dies, we have less evidence to understanding the patterns of structure and function of human language, human prehistory and the maintenance of the world’s diverse ecosystem. Above all, the speakers of this language may experience the loss of their language as the loss of their original ethnic and cultural indentify.