年底大贴——TPO阅读疑难问题汇总解答

gexumingUID: 2649471

Over long periods of time,substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties over time ,sometimes for hundreds or thousands of  years.
意思是否是：物理化学属性随环境变化的物质可以已一种系统的方式沉淀下来，而这种方式可以长期记录物质属性变化的。

答案选D。
Changes in systematically deposited substances that are affected by climate can indicate climate variations over time.
关键是，红色部分，原句何处体现？

gexumingUID: 2649471

看的很仔细，这句的确很绕。

it=The tradition of religious sculpture。这句话如果看不懂，就先看看上下文。这句话之前提到的名词有：ceramics, stonewares, whitewares, porcelains。这句话后面的名词：tom ...
jiang08 发表于 2009-12-25 13:25

这道题答案给的是：
○Religious sculpture was created in most periods, but its history is less clear than that of stonewares or porcelains because some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.


看着答案去理解原句，关键是some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.的表现，按楼主翻的意思，没有这层意思的出现……
it 是不是应该指代stonewares or porcelains，然后说因为它包含了old custom ，在later religious images and architectural ornament.中
包含了old custom ，这样才符合答案的意思…………

楼主，请指点

伟大的战士UID: 2733693

又做了一遍一琢磨新问题又出来了
Tpo7 Ancient Rome and Greece
Paragraph 2 The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The Key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.

1.        The phrase “obsession with” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○thinking about
○fixation on
○interest in
○attitude toward
文勇和saavedro版主答案冲突了

Paragraph 5 Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.
Paragraph 6 Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.


12.Which of the following statements about leading Roman soldiers and statesmen is supported by paragraphs 5 and 6?
○They could read and write the Greek language.
○They frequently wrote poetry and plays.
○They focused their writing on military matters.
○They wrote according to the philosophical laws of the Greeks.
文中an educated Roman如何等同于leading Roman soldiers and statesmen？

gexumingUID: 2649471

TPO 10 第三篇 Seventeenth-century European economic growth
The rapid expansion in international trade also benefitted from an infusion of capital, stemming largely from gold and silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americas. This capital financed the production of goods, storage, trade ,and even credit across Europe and overseas. Moreover, an increased credit supply was generated by investments and loans by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint-stock partnerships-an English innovation (the first major company began in 1600). Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors who purchased shares in the company.

According to Paragraph 8, each of the following was a source of funds used to finance economic expansion EXCEPT
1.Groups of investors engaged in short-term financial cooperation
2.The state
3.Wealthy merchants
4.Joint-stock companies
A,D很容易就排除了，关键是BC,请楼主讲下这句：Moreover, an increased credit supply was generated by investments and loans by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint-stock partnerships。
我的理解是：不断增加的赊账主要是有 investments ，loans by bankers ，wealthy merchants to states ，by joint-stock partnerships提供的。但是这里，wealthy merchants to states怎么理解？关键是to.理解成：这个国家富有的商人？



Increased agricultural production in turn facilitated rural industry, an intrinsic part of the expansion of industry. Woolens and textile manufacturers, in particular, utilized rural cottage (in-home) production, which took advantage of cheap and plentiful rural labor. In the German states, the ravages of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) further moved textile production into the countryside. Members of poor peasant families spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration in an attempt to supplement meager family income.

19 paragraph 4 supports the idea that increased agricultural production was important for the expansion of industry primarily because it
0 increased the number of available workers in rural areas
0 provided new types of raw materials for use by industry
0 resulted in an improvement in the health of the rural cottage workers by manufacturers
0 helped repair some of the ravages of the thrity years'war
这题BCD可以排除，但是A从何而来呢？更多可用的工人，是农业发展对工业的扩张重要的原因？没看出来啊，文中只举了个例子，说是受益于rural labor，但不能扩大范围的说就是其重要的原因吧？还有就是文中in turn facilitated 怎么理解？
谢谢

gexumingUID: 2649471

楼主麻烦下，再翻下这句：
An Amsterdam merchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchanger and pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch currency. The exchanger would then send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille, authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant`s own currency after the actual exchange of goods had taken place.

jiang08UID: 2391146

TPO 3 Architecture

Paragraph 3：In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically. The world’s architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure. 3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. ○Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago. ○Building materials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength, but physical laws of structure have not changed. ○When people first started to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws. ○Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws. 答案选D，我选的B是哪里错了呢？ Paragraph 6: Much of the world’s great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries. 10. Why does the author include a description of how the “doorways and windows” of Machu Picchu were constructed? ○To indicate that the combined skeletons and skins of the stone buildings of Machu Picchu were similar to igloos and adobe structures ○To indicate the different kinds of stones that had to be cut to build Machu Picchu ○To provide an illustration of the kind of construction that was required before arches were invented ○To explain how ancient builders reduced the amount of time necessary to construct buildings from stone. 答案是C，楼主能帮我说明下答案得出的思路么？ 谢谢

flash523 发表于 2009-12-25 12:54

Q3：
把高亮部分的句子拆开分析：architecture employs methods of support that have changed little since people first discovered them。为什么基本没变呢？因为they are based on physical laws。为什么是这些结构呢？to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose。然而什么变了呢？building materials 。
看B的内容：材料变化，因为要increase architectural size and strength。然而原文表明，和size/strength相关的是结构的选择，而非材料。高亮句丢出几个不同的概念，错误的选项经常是把不同的概念错误的组合在一起。所以要把原文吃透。
Q10：
这一段在叙述石头建筑结构随着时间发展的进步。第一句总起。234句在说cutting and piling stone的年代。然后是这一段的关键句：A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created。看下文会发现之后的篇幅都在说arch。而这句话之前的内容，则在说arch发明之前，人们是怎样用石头建造房屋的。Physical limitation指的就是doorways and windows这句话的情况：把厚实的梁放在门窗洞上方来承受上部墙体的重量。所以总结是，要学会看上下文，以及这一段是怎样展开的（比如这一段是顺着时间发展的）。

jiang08UID: 2391146

Over long periods of time,substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties over time ,sometimes for hundreds or thousands of  years.
意思是否是：物理化学属性随环境变化的物质可以已一种系统的方式沉淀下来，而这种方式可以长期记录物质属性变化的。

答案选D。
Changes in systematically deposited substances that are affected by climate can indicate climate variations over time.
关键是，红色部分，原句何处体现？
gexuming 发表于 2009-12-25 15:52

因为该物质能够通过沉淀而记录下其随环境变化的物理化学属性，因此观察这些沉淀（选项D的主语）就能看出环境变化（D的宾语）。

jiang08UID: 2391146

这道题答案给的是：
○Religious sculpture was created in most periods, but its history is less clear than that of stonewares or porcelains because some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed., T, T2 g0 A# p) n& V& a

看着答案去理解原句，关键是some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.的表现，按楼主翻的意思，没有这层意思的出现……
it 是不是应该指代stonewares or porcelains，然后说因为它包含了old custom ，在later religious images and architectural ornament.中& q' ?4 {- p4 C7 K5 P; T
包含了old custom ，这样才符合答案的意思…………
_7 J8 [! w( [
楼主，请指点
gexuming 发表于 2009-12-25 16:03

是我理解有偏差，上次没看题，抱歉。
我认为it是指Religious sculpture（这次没有tradition了） ，因为宗教雕塑是同时包括了earthenware burial ceramics和religious images and architectural ornament。而答案中对应这两部分的词组是some old forms 和new ones。主要是原文那句话embrace A with B，表示同时受两方面文化的影响。
欢迎继续讨论

jiang08UID: 2391146

又做了一遍一琢磨新问题又出来了
Tpo7 Ancient Rome and Greece
Paragraph 2 The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The Key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.

1.        The phrase “obsession with” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○thinking about
○fixation on
○interest in
○attitude toward
文勇和saavedro版主答案冲突了

Paragraph 5 Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.
Paragraph 6 Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.


12.Which of the following statements about leading Roman soldiers and statesmen is supported by paragraphs 5 and 6?
○They could read and write the Greek language.
○They frequently wrote poetry and plays.
○They focused their writing on military matters.
○They wrote according to the philosophical laws of the Greeks.
文中an educated Roman如何等同于leading Roman soldiers and statesmen？
伟大的战士 发表于 2009-12-26 00:31

Q1：应该是B。表示“着迷”。D完全是中性的词组，没有表示出着迷。
Q12：P6最后一句表明，很多leading Roman soldiers and statesmen 是牛作家。牛作家必然是educated（这一环要自己推）。因此他们should be fluent in Greek（根据P5）。

flash523UID: 2520230

Reflection in Teaching (TPO9)
Paragraph 6: The work of Wildman and Niles suggests the importance of recognizing some of the difficulties of instituting reflective practice. Others have noted this, making a similar point about the teaching profession's cultural inhibitions about reflective practice. Zeichner and Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher as a (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher as a technician, putting into practice the ideas of others. More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation. Becoming a reflective practitioner requires extra work (Jaworski,
1993) and has only vaguely defined goals with, perhaps, little initially perceivable reward and the threat of vulnerability. Few have directly questioned what might lead a teacher to want to become reflective. Apparently, the most obvious reason for teachers to work toward reflective practice is that teacher educators think it is a good thing. There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect-for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.

10. According to paragraph 6, teachers may be discouraged from reflecting because
… it is not generally supported by teacher educators 无
… the benefits of reflection may not be apparent immediately   似乎就是目标渺茫   has only vaguely defined goals
… it is impossible to teach and reflect on one's teaching at the same time   无
… they have often failed in their attempts to become reflective practitioners    the threat of vulnerability？

麻烦楼主分析下BD两个选项。谢谢了。

wyacUID: 2633619

tpo3 ARCHITECTURE
Paragraph 5: Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.

8. Which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body and architecture that is described in paragraph5?
○Complex equipment inside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles a component of the human body.
○The components in early buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body.
○Modern buildings have components that are as likely to change as the human body is.
○In general, modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildings do.
答案是4，为什么不是1. 另saavedro版的答案1选项跟文勇这个不同Complex equipment inside buildings is the only one element in modern architecture that resembles a component of the human body. 请楼主指点...

flash523UID: 2520230

The ice shelf cores, with a total length of 215 meters (705 feet), were long enough to  penetrate through glacial ice—which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles—and to continue into the clear, bubble-free ice formed from seawater that freezes onto the bottom of the glacial ice. The properties of this clear sea ice were very similar to the ice from the green iceberg. The scientists concluded that green icebergs form when a two-layer block of shelf ice breaks away and capsizes (turns upside down), exposing the bubble-free shelf ice that was formed from seawater.

A green iceberg that stranded just west of the Amery Ice Shelf showed two distinct layers: bubbly blue-white ice and bubble-free green ice separated by a one meter-long ice layer containing sediments. The green ice portion was textured by seawater erosion. Where cracks were present, the color was light green because of light scattering; where no cracks were present, the color was dark green. No air bubbles were present in the green ice, suggesting that the ice was not formed from the compression of snow but instead from the freezing of seawater. Large concentrations of single-celled organisms with green pigments (coloring substances) occur along the edges of the ice shelves in this region, and the seawater is rich in their decomposing organic material. The green iceberg did not contain large amounts of particles from these organisms, but the ice had accumulated dissolved organic matter from the seawater. It appears that unlike salt, dissolved organic substances are not  excluded from the ice in the freezing process. Analysis shows that the dissolved organic material absorbs enough blue wavelengths from solar light to make the ice appear green.

7. Why does the author mention that “The green ice portion was textured by seawater erosion”?
… To explain why cracks in the iceberg appeared light green instead of dark green 串段！！
… To suggest that green ice is more easily eroded by seawater than white ice is 字面意思肯定错！
… To support the idea that the green ice had been the bottom layer before capsizing
… To explain how the air bubbles had been removed from the green ice
请楼主分析下CD两个选项。谢谢了。

flash523UID: 2520230

Types of Social Groups (TPO13)
Life places us in a 【complex】web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these
relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.


2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship?
… It is a structure of associations with many people.
… It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.
… It places great demands on people.
… It develops gradually overtime.

麻烦分析下BD

Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. 【Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.】

8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the 【highlighted sentence】 in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

… Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger
society.主语不对。烧了后半句

… Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.主语不对！

… Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's
cultural patterns.          social solidarity because maintain a society's cultural patterns. 也是无端的

… Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.                    主语确实有些问题。cultural patterns that provide social solidarity 是无端的。

麻烦分析下CD


Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or
threatening to ostracize those who 【deviate】 from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from us behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.


11. According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?
… To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group
… To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group 无
… To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the group
… To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation?

麻烦分析下AC

gexumingUID: 2649471

楼主又好久没来了…………
TPO11
In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptian view of the world and the function and contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge, we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often let it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance? The answer to such question has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were producing their art

2. paragraph 1 suggests that one reason Egyptian art is viewed less favorably than other art is that Egyptian art lacks.
○ a realistic sense of human body proportion.
○ a focus on distinctive forms of varying sizes.
○ the originality of European art.
○ the capacity to show the human body in motion

这道题，我没有看出哪个答案正确哦。文中可以定位。问less favorably than other 第二处红色有显著的compared unfavorably 对应，再理解前面的，就是应为没有理解它的目的，所以不能明白为什么采用特殊的形式。也正因为没有理解，才导致于别的ART相比unfavorably。
不知道对不对？

如果对的话，那答案给的D，说不能表现出人的一种趋势或行动……有关吗？
觉得答案应该是缺少理解之类的吧。

伟大的战士UID: 2733693

想念楼主了 楼主快来啊
tpo10 Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth
Paragraph 1：In the late sixteenth century and into the seventeenth, Europe continued the growth that had lifted it out of the relatively less prosperous medieval period (from the mid 400s to the late 1400s). Among the key factors behind this growth were increased agricultural productivity and an expansion of trade.

1. According to paragraph 1, what was true of Europe during the medieval period?
○ Agricultural productivity declined.
○ There was relatively little economic growth.
○ The general level of prosperity declined.
○ Foreign trade began to play an important role in the economy.
本题很迷惑 3和4为什么不行 prosperity和trade文中都有啊 是我理解的不够准？总是有偏差