不過除了stochastic之外, 有關的估計還有
survival analysis <---> credit risk modeling
loss model <---> operational risk management
derivatives & fixed income portfolio management
大體上兩者都是用quantitative method to solve problem in finance and/or insurance
但actuarial approach is likely to use more statistics tools,
while financial engineering 就較多assume一個stochastic process on the underlying and then operate on that process.