Argument写作入门-开头段第一步：梳理结论、论据

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argument #8
The following appeared in a memo from the director of student housing at Buckingham College.

"To serve the housing needs of our students, Buckingham College should build a number of new dormitories. Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends, will double over the next 50 years, thus making existing dormitory space inadequate. Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has risen in recent years. Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing. Finally, attractive new dormitories would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham."

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

列出结论
The Buckingham College should build a number of new dormitory.

列出论据
1.The enrollment will double in 50 years according to the current trends.
2.The rent for an off-campus apartment has increased recently, and therefore students may not afford the rent.
3.Building more dormitories can appeal more students to enroll at Buckingham College.

写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据
According to the director of student housing, Buckingham College should build new dorms because, based on the current trends, the enrollment will increase largely in five decades. Besides, he claims that building new dorms can not only help students who cannot afford off-campus apartments, which have become more expensive in average recently, but also appeal more prospective students to enroll at Buckingham.
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Argument #13
In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County last year lowered its speed limit from 55 to 45 miles per hour on all county highways. But this effort has failed: the number of accidents has not decreased, and, based on reports by the highway patrol, many drivers are exceeding the speed limit. Prunty County should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago: increasing lane widths, resurfacing rough highways, and improving visibility at dangerous intersections. Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

列出结论
Prunty County should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago

列出论据
-But this effort has failed: the number of accidents has not decreased, and, based on reports by the highway patrol, many drivers are exceeding the speed limit
-major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago

写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据
The author argues that Prunty County should follow the same project that Butler County have done five years ago rather than lowering its speed limit, to improve the city’s highway safety, since there were 25 percent fewer accidents reported in Butler County last year than five years ago.
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Argument #48
The following appeared in a magazine article about planning for retirement.

"Clearview should be a top choice for anyone seeking a place to retire, because it has spectacular natural beauty and a consistent climate. Another advantage is that housing costs in Clearview have fallen significantly during the past year, and taxes remain lower than those in neighboring towns. Moreover, Clearview's mayor promises many new programs to improve schools, streets, and public services. And best of all, retirees in Clearview can also expect excellent health care as they grow older, since the number of physicians in the area is far greater than the national average."

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

列出结论
Clearview should be a top choice for anyone seeking a place to retire

列出论据
- it has spectacular natural beauty and a consistent climate
- housing costs in Clearview have fallen significantly during the past year, and taxes remain lower than those in neighboring towns
- Clearview's mayor promises
-excellent health care

写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据
The author of the magazine article argues that Clearview is a priority place for people who want to retire because of the beautiful nature, the appropriate climate, lower housing costs and taxes, the mayor’s promises, and outstanding health care.
---

Argument #78
The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of a food distribution company with food storage warehouses in several cities.

"Recently, we signed a contract with the Fly-Away Pest Control Company to provide pest control services at our fast-food warehouse in Palm City, but last month we discovered that over $20,000 worth of food there had been destroyed by pest damage. Meanwhile, the Buzzoff Pest Control Company, which we have used for many years, continued to service our warehouse in Wintervale, and last month only $10,000 worth of the food stored there had been destroyed by pest damage. Even though the price charged by Fly-Away is considerably lower, our best means of saving money is to return to Buzzoff for all our pest control services."

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

列出结论
Return to Buzzoff for all our pest control services."
列出论据
- Fly-Away Pest Control Company (in Palm City) over $20,000 worth of food there had been destroyed by pest damage last month
- Buzzoff Pest Control Company (in Wintervale) only $10,000 worth of the food stored there had been destroyed by pest damage last month

写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据
The vice president argues that, in order to save money, thay should return to Buzzoff Pest Control Company rather than Fly-Away Pest Control Company for all their services as usual, since the pest damage in Palm City was larger than in Wintervale last month.
---

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1        morose        忧郁的：sullen, gloomy       
1        mosaic        综合物，马赛克般的东西：collection       
1        mosque        清真寺：worship Muslim       
1        motivate        刺激，激发：provide incentive       
1        motley        混杂的，富于变化的：variety       
1        motto        座右铭：guiding principle       
1        mournful        悲伤的：expressing sorrow       
1        movement        运动：moving       
1        muddy        不干净的：not clean；浑浊的，不清晰的：lacking clarity；使难以理解：make unclear       
1        muffle        使消声：deaden the sound       
1        mundane        尘世的，世俗化的：relating to world；平凡的：commonplaces       
1        murmur        小声的话语：low sound；低声抱怨，发牢骚：grumble       
1        mute        不说话的，缄默的：refraining from speech；使颜色，音调等柔和：soften；减弱声音：muffle the sound       
1        myopic        缺乏远见的，缺乏辨别能力的：lack of foresight       
1        nadir        最低点：lowest point       
1        naïve        天真纯朴的：lacking worldly experience       
1        narcissism        自恋：admiration of oneself       
1        nascent        新生的：recently come into existence       
1        nautical        航海的：on water       
1        naysay        拒绝，否认：oppose, deny       
1        needy        贫穷的：impoverished       
1        negligent        疏忽大意的：failing care       
1        negotiate        商量，谈判：by mutual agreement；谋划：plan out       
1        neophyte        初学者，新手：beginner       
1        nerve        （坚强的）意志，勇气：power of endurance；给予勇气，鼓励：give courage       
1        neutralize        中和：acid undergo neutralization；破坏，使无效：make inoperative or ineffective       
1        nicety        准确，精准：careful details；细微之处：fine point       
1        nil        不存在，零：nothing       
1        nomad        游牧的；居无定所的人：no fixed residence       
1        nominal        不重要的：unimportant；名义上的：something in name       
1        nonplus        使迷惑，使困窘：perplex       
1        nonsense        无意义的话，废话：no meaning       
1        novel        新奇的：new       
1        nuance        细微的差异：subtle distinction       
1        nurture        提供营养：nourishment；培育，培养：provide with understanding       
1        obloquy        谩骂，诽谤：abusively language；恶名，耻辱：lost the esteem       
1        obscure        含义模糊的：not clearly, veiled, uncertain meaning；平凡的，不知名的：famous；使模糊：indistinct       
1        obsess        迷住的，使困扰：haunt       
1        opine        表达观点；想，认为：express opinions       
1        opportune        合适的，恰当的：convenient       
1        orient        使确定方向，使熟悉或适应：determine position, make familiar       
1        original        创新的：creative, inventive；最初的，最早的：before       
1        orthodox        传统的：established form, custom, or rules       
1        ossify        （使）硬化，（使）僵化：hardened, conventional, opposed to change       
1        outgoing        友好的，外向的：extroverted       
1        outset        开端，开始：beginning       
1        painstaking        煞费苦心的：diligent care       
1        parrot        （机械地）模仿，复制：imitate without understanding       
1        paucity        少量，缺乏：dearth       
1        paunchy        大腹便便的，大肚子的：potbelly       
1        pedagogue        教育者，老师：give formal instruction        
1        predestine        预先注定：in advance       
1        pedestrian        行人：traveling on foot；平庸无奇的，令人厌倦的：causing weariness       
1        peep        一瞥：brief look；轻声：slight sound       
1        peer        同等地位的人，同辈：equal；好奇地凝视：look       
1        pen        监狱：confinement；关押，监禁：close       
1        penalty        （对罪行的）处罚：punishment       
1        penury        贫穷：dearth；吝啬，节俭：frugality       
1        perceptible        可察觉的：being perceived       
1        perfunctory        例行公事的，敷衍的：superficially；不感兴趣的：lacking in interest       
1        perimeter            边界，界限：outer limit       
1        periodical           期刊：publication；周期性的，有固定间隔的：regular intervals       
1        perpetual        永恒的，不断的：continuing forever       
1        persecute        迫害，折磨：cause suffering       
1        persistence        坚持，持续：lasting existence       
1        perturb        使扰乱，使烦躁不安：trouble the mind       
1        peruse        细读：examine with great care       
1        pervade        弥漫，充满：throughout       
1        pessimistic        悲观的：take the gloomiest possible view       
1        petition        请愿，正式的申请，申请书：supplication or request；（尤指正式地）请求：,make a request       
1        phenomenal        不寻常的，非凡的：out of the ordinary       
1        pigment        颜料：color；给…上颜色：color       
1        pilot        领航员，飞行员：steer a ship；初步性的，试验性的：tentative model；带领通过：lead       
1        pinpoint        非常精确的：extreme precision；精确定位或确认：identify with precision       
1        placate        （通过让步以）平息抚慰：lessen the anger       
1        placebo        安慰性的事物：used to appease or reassure        
1        plagiarize        剽窃，抄袭：steal ideas       
1        plastic        可塑的：modified；虚假的，做作的：lacking in natural       
1        plentitude        大量：ample amount       
1        polished        有教养的：high degree of refinement；擦亮的：shiny       
1        porous        多孔可渗透的：admitting liquid       
1        pout        （尤指撅嘴或板着脸）表示不悦：show displeasure       
1        precipitate        匆忙的：careless speed；促使，导致：cause to happen       
1        precipitation        沉积物，尤指降水：deposit, rain, snow；仓促：disorderly speed       
1        precipitous        非常陡峭的：steep；匆忙的：careless speed       
1        preclude        预先阻止：make impossible in advance；排斥：exclude       
1        precursor        先驱者，先导：precedes       
1        pregnant        重要的，意味深长的：full of meaning；怀孕的：containing offspring       
1        premeditate        预先考虑：consider beforehand       
1        prescription        规定，传统的规矩：rule       
1        prestige        声望，威望：respect       
1        prevail        盛行，战胜：greater in strength       
1        prevalent        流行的，普遍的：commonly accepted       
1        principal        主要的，重要的：highest importance, rank       
1        proffer        献出，提供：offer       
1        profundity        深奥，深刻：abstruse       
1        prohibitive        禁止的，阻止的：prohibit, restrain；（价格高得）抑制购买的：purchase       
1        prolix        啰嗦的，冗长的：excessive length       
1        prolong        延长，拖延：lengthen       
1        proponent        建议者，支持者：support       
1        protean        善变的；多才多艺的：diversity, variety, versatile       
1        protract        延长，拖长：lengthen, prolong       
1        prowl        潜行于，巡游以猎取食物，徘徊：roam through search of prey       
1        pseudonym        假名，笔名：fictitious       
1        qualify        限定：reduce general；使有资格，使有能力：make competent       
1        quarantine        隔离：isolation       
1        quotidian        每日的，平凡的：commonplace       
1        ragged        衣衫褴褛的：threadbare clothes；凹凸不平的，不光滑的：not smooth       
1        ramshackle        摇摇欲坠的：ready to collapse       
1        random        随机的，随意的：lacking pattern       
1        rarefy        草率的，仓促的：lack caution       
1        rational        合乎逻辑的：logical；理性的：based on reasoning       
1        react        做出反应：in response       
1        recessive        （基因等）隐性的，由隐性基因控制的：does not produce a characteristic effect when present with a dominant allele；内向的，内敛的：not comfortable around people       
1        reckless        不考虑后果的，大胆鲁莽的：careless       
1        redoubtable        杰出的，值得尊敬的：worthy of respect；可怕的：arousing fear       
1        referee        仲裁者；裁判员：impartially resolves a dispute；（就纠纷或争论）给出意见：give an opinion       
1        reflect        反射：change direction；反映，显露：make manifest；思考：think seriously       
1        regimen        （政治上的）统治：lawful control       
1        rehearsal        排练，彩排：practicing in preparation       
1        reiterate        重申：state again       
1        rejoice        欣喜，喜悦：feel joy       
1        release        排放：give off；释放，使获得自由：set free；解雇：let go from office       
1        relevant        有关系的，重要的：having connection       
1        religion        宗教，信仰：beliefs；（对于宗教信仰的）忠诚，虔诚：loyalty to God       
1        relinquish        放弃（职位，权力等）：give up；移交，交出：give control or possession       
1        reluctant        不情愿的，反感的：showing unwillingness       
1        remorse        懊悔，悔恨：bitter regret       
1        renounce        （正式地）放弃：give up；宣布与…决裂：refuse to follow       
1        reprehend        谴责，责难，批评：express unfavorable opinion       
1        reserved        内向的，缄默的：restrained       
1        residue        剩余物：remains       
1        resourceful        有创造力的，机智的：act imaginatively       
1        respite        间歇，休息：rest       
1        restive        急躁的，忧虑的：impatience, uneasiness；难以管束的：resisting control       
1        restrain        限制，控制：limit, restrict        
1        reticent        沉默不语的：inclined to be silent；不愿意的：slow to begin       
1        revenge        报复，复仇：retaliating；为...复仇：retaliating in kind       
1        revise        更改，修正：improve       
1        ridicule        嘲笑：make fun       
1        rookie        新兵；新生；菜鸟：recruit       
1        royalty        皇家身份：regal character；版税；专利权税：payment       
1        rudimentary        初始的，未发展的：earliest development；最根本的，基础的：first principles       
1        rumple        使皱，弄皱：form creases；打乱，使不整齐：undo the proper order       
1        run        （不间断的）连续演出：course of performances       
1        rustic        乡下人，头脑简单的人：awkward or simple person；乡村的：open areas with few buildings；粗俗的：lacking polish       
1        sabotage        妨害，破坏：hinder a cause；从事破坏活动，阻止：practice sabotage       
1        sage        智者：wisdom       
1        sanctimonious        假装虔诚的：hypocritically pious       
1        sand        磨光：make smooth       
1        sanguine        乐观的，确信的：free from doubt；面色红润的：healthy reddish       
1        sartorial        裁缝匠的，裁缝的：clothes       
1        saturnine        忧郁的，阴沉的：lacking in cheer；讽刺的：sardonic       
1        savvy        老练，机智：knowledge actually doing；明确了解：clear idea of；有见识的，精明能干的：practical cleverness or judgment       

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