～土木07大贴～转战留学生活

eriwenUID：2148328

原帖由 uter 于 2006-12-2 21:50 发表
是网申submit之后的号码么？我现在还没有submit online application....
只有自己每次login时候的account

各个学校不同，有些学校网申的时候就有ID，有学校会E-mail 给你~
实在没有，写那个用户名吧，这样他们好找些

enter2007UID：2267573

有个关于土木工程的问题：
有些学校的结构工程里面有Biomechanics方向
请问这个是不是生物力学阿
和我们土木的结构是不是相差得很大阿
谢谢

supertony1122UID：2183287

原帖由 eriwen 于 2006-12-2 11:06 发表

那如果你申请，是申civil 还是environmental呢？

当然是申Civil啦...

tycoldplayUID：2179924

推荐表里
In evaluating this applicant, with what reference group are you making comparisons?
写All students in the department?  All students in the class?
三份推荐信这些细节地方都要写得不一样以示是老师写的吧?

eriwenUID：2148328

原帖由 tycoldplay 于 2006-12-3 10:36 发表
推荐表里
In evaluating this applicant, with what reference group are you making comparisons?
写All students in the department?  All students in the class?
三份推荐信这些细节地方都要写得不一样以 ...

当然范围越小，推荐表的推荐程度就越低，外国人也都知道中国人的推荐信大多是怎么弄出来的
这个自己掌握，没有一定之规

eriwenUID：2148328

原帖由 supertony1122 于 2006-12-3 10:32 发表


当然是申Civil啦...

哦，我还怕我搞错了，那Geo-environmental 是怎么一回事？
有时间我还是弄个QQ，到时再和学长聊比较方便~

helenlhhUID：2127690

原帖由 enter2007 于 2006-12-3 00:28 发表
有个关于土木工程的问题：
有些学校的结构工程里面有Biomechanics方向
请问这个是不是生物力学阿
和我们土木的结构是不是相差得很大阿
谢谢

国外的土木是很广的方向，结构只是其中的一块，Biomechanics我也看到过，这个太有挑战性了，也是基于力学的基础去研究生物方面的运动学，非常规土木类，看到这种教授也就不要在他身上花时间了，估计人家对我们也不感兴趣。

helenlhhUID：2127690

搞了一下午，终于把哪些学校要推荐表哪些不要的给搞清楚了。下星期就要去找老师了，推荐表要先自己看看，把推荐表上的问题汇总一下给老师填，这样会快一些。

对了，大家去签推荐信的时候会不会多签两三封？留着后面再投？

enter2007UID：2267573

谢谢阿
生物力学真的和土木有点离题阿
呵呵

enter2007UID：2267573

应该会签多几封把
以后有什么就不用再麻烦别人了把

helenlhhUID：2127690

A field that combines the disciplines of biology and engineering mechanics and utilizes the tools of physics, mathematics, and engineering to quantitatively describe the properties of biological materials. One of its basic properties is embodied in so-called constitutive laws, which fundamentally describe the properties of constituents, independent of size or geometry, and specifically how a material deforms in response to applied forces. For most inert materials, measurement of the forces and deformations is straightforward by means of commercially available devices or sensors that can be attached to a test specimen. Many materials, ranging from steel to rubber, have linear constitutive laws, with the proportionality constant (elastic modulus) between the deformation and applied forces providing a simple index to distinguish the soft rubber from the stiff steel. While the same basic principles apply to living tissues, the complex composition of tissues makes obtaining constitutive laws difficult.

Most tissues are too soft for the available sensors, so direct attachment not only will distort what is being measured but also will damage the tissue. Devices are needed that use optical, Doppler ultrasound, electromagnetic, and electrostatic principles to measure deformations and forces without having to touch the tissue.

All living tissues have numerous constituents, each of which may have distinctive mechanical properties. For example, elastin fibers give some tissues (such as blood vessel walls) their spring-like quality at lower loads; inextensible collagen fibers that are initially wavy and unable to bear much load become straightened to bear almost all of the higher loads; and muscle fibers contract and relax to dramatically change their properties from moment to moment. Interconnecting all these fibers are fluids, proteins, and other materials that contribute mechanical properties to the tissue.

The mechanical property of the tissue depends not only upon the inherent properties of its constituents but also upon how the constituents are arranged relative to each other. Thus, different mechanical properties occur in living tissues than in inert materials. For most living tissues, there is a nonlinear relationship between the deformations and the applied forces, obviating a simple index like the elastic modulus to describe the material. In addition, the complex arrangement of the constituents leads to material properties that possess directionality; that is, unlike most inert materials that have the same properties regardless of which direction is examined, living tissues have distinct properties dependent upon the direction examined. Finally, while most inert materials undergo small (a few percent) deformations, many living tissues and cells can deform by several hundred percent. Thus, the mathematics necessary to describe the deformations is much more complicated than with small deformations.

The biomechanical properties and behaviors of organs and organ systems stem from the ensemble characteristics of their component cells and extracellular materials, which vary widely in structure and composition and hence in biomechanical properties. An example of this complexity is provided by the cardiovascular system, which is composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. See also Cardiovascular system.

Blood is a suspension of blood cells in plasma. The mammalian red blood cell consists of a membrane enveloping a homogeneous cytoplasm rich in hemoglobin, but it has no nucleus or organelles. While the plasma and the cytoplasm behave as fluids, the red blood cell membrane has viscoelastic properties; its elastic modulus in uniaxial deformation at a constant area is four orders of magnitude lower than that for areal deformation. This type of biomechanical property, which is unusual in nonbiological materials, is attributable to the molecular structure of the membrane: the lipid membrane has spanning proteins that are linked to the underlying spectrin network. The other blood cells (leukocytes and platelets) and the endothelial cells lining the vessel wall are more complex in composition and biomechanics; they have nuclei, organelles, and a cytoskeletal network of proteins. Furthermore, they have some capacity for active motility. See also Blood; Cytoskeleton.

Cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle cells have organized contractile proteins that can generate active tension in addition to passive elasticity. Muscle cells, like other cells, are surrounded by extracellular matrix, and cell-matrix interaction plays an important role in governing the biomechanical properties and functions of cardiovascular tissues and organs. The study of the overall performance of the cardiovascular system involves measurements of pressure and flow. The pressure-flow relationship results from the interaction of the biomechanical functions of the heart, blood, and vasculature. To analyze the biomechanical behavior of cells, tissues, organs, and systems, a combination of experimental measurements and theoretical modeling is necessary. See also Muscle.

Other organ systems present many quantitative and qualitative differences in biomechanical properties. For example, because the cardiovascular system is composed of soft tissues whereas bone is a hard tissue, the viscoelastic coefficients and mechanical behaviors are quite different. Cartilage is intermediate in stiffness and requires a poro- elastic theory to explain its behavior in lubrication of joints. In general, living systems differ from most physical systems in their nonhomogeneity, nonlinear behavior, capacity to generate active tension and motion, and ability to undergo adaptive changes and to effect repair. The biomechanical properties of the living systems are closely coupled with biochemical and metabolic activities, and they are controlled and regulated by neural and humoral mechanisms to optimize performance. While the biomechanical behaviors of cells, tissues, and organs are determined by their biochemical and molecular composition, mechanical forces can, in turn, modulate the gene expression and biochemical composition of the living system at the molecular level. Thus, a close coupling exists between biomechanics and biochemistry, and the understanding of biomechanics requires an interdisciplinary approach involving biology, medicine, and engineering.

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helenlhhUID：2127690

呵呵，上面那个消遣的时候看看吧

helenlhhUID：2127690

还有一个问题：申请的时候名字到底该怎么写？
例如：Zhang Xiaoming还是Xiaoming Zhang,我看有的人还用逗号隔开，到底怎么写才正确？

eriwenUID：2148328

原帖由 helenlhh 于 2006-12-3 16:49 发表
还有一个问题：申请的时候名字到底该怎么写？
例如：Zhang Xiaoming还是Xiaoming Zhang,我看有的人还用逗号隔开，到底怎么写才正确？

这个问题不大，网申的时候名字都写得很清楚了，只要别写错就行

eriwenUID：2148328

原帖由 helenlhh 于 2006-12-3 16:44 发表
呵呵，上面那个消遣的时候看看吧

:funk: 好像和生物的关系比较大，头都大了~