Issue4 专家和外领域者

PsychocandyUID: 171159

4 "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."
任何领域要取得重大进展，都需要外领域者的知识和经验。

提纲：
①主要的动力来源于本领域内的专家；
②然而外领域者也能做出许多贡献；
③外领域者帮助创造许多有实际意义的交叉领域

My point is that advancement in a field of study should mostly be attributed to experts within that field. But knowledge and experience from outsiders can sometimes make significant contributions.

The paramount driving force of advancement in any field of study is the experts’ knowledge and experience within that field. Since man invented civilization, knowledge has been accumulated and passed on from generation to generation and many disciplines have greatly developed and have been very much specialized. To be sufficiently qualified as a researcher nowadays, one must learn a lot of the basic knowledge and receive specialized training in college or university and therefore lay a sound foundation for their research in the future. Outsiders lack sufficient knowledge and specialized training, so they cannot see the actual situation in the field of study, let alone understand the frontiers of that field of study. Also, outsiders lack the practical skills needed for the research. For example, many scientific studies that rely on the results of experiments require that researchers have skills of operating equipments necessary for doing the experiments, and without the specialized training, outsiders have no such skills. In a word, most of the achievements in human knowledge are attributed to the experts, not outsiders.

However, outsiders can sometimes bring their knowledge and experience to a field of study, and these can contribute greatly to that field of study. Outsiders, while being outsiders for a given field of study, can be experts of some other fields which are closely associated with that given field. So they can be actively involved and bring their knowledge and experience which are helpful. Some fields of human knowledge, such as philosophy and literature, are closely related because these subjects often deal with the same matters, but only from different perspectives. Philosophy and literature both seek to explain and understand our cultural and societal existence but they have different approaches to the common subjects. Also some fields of study are dependent on other studies which are the bases. Economics and mathematics can be an epitome. These two disciplines have had a close relation for a long time because the study of modern economics is built on the theoretical foundation of mathematics. Scholars who used to be mathematicians have made a lot of contributions to the study of economics. John Nash applied his mathematical theories into the study of economics and it significantly changed economics study.

In addition, outsiders can help bring about new fields of inter-disciplinary studies. When experts of a given field and the outsiders for that field exchange the ideas of their works, a lot useful knowledge and experience can be brought into that field. And this has created many inter-disciplinary fields of study which can broaden the scope of human knowledge and contribute to the well-being of the human race because these inter-disciplinary studies are often of practical use in people’s lives. For example, biochemistry is a relatively new academic field which involves the study of chemistry and biology. The achievement in the study of biochemistry has been applied into clinical chemistry, which helps doctors more effectively understand and treat illness and alleviate patient’s suffering.

In conclusion, although we admit that the paramount force for a filed of study to advance comes from experts within that fields, the contributions from the outsiders should not be disparaged. With more and more communications among experts from different fields, outsiders will continue to bring their useful knowledge and experience into many fields of study and we will see those practical inter-disciplinary studies benefit us.

helenlhhUID: 2127690

My point is that advancement in a field of study should mostly be attributed to experts within that field. But knowledge and experience from outsiders can sometimes make significant contributions.

The paramount driving force of advancement in any field of study is the experts’ knowledge and experience within that field. Since man invented civilization, knowledge has been accumulated and passed on from generation to generation (pass down from one generaton to another或者pass down by generations)and many disciplines have greatly developed and have been very much specialized. To be sufficiently qualified as a researcher nowadays, one must learn a lot of the basic knowledge and receive specialized training in college or university and therefore lay a sound foundation for their research in the future. Outsiders lack sufficient knowledge and specialized training, so they cannot see the actual situation in the field of study, let alone understand the frontiers of that field of study. Also, outsiders lack the practical skills needed for the research. For example, many scientific studies that rely on the results of experiments require that researchers have skills of operating equipments necessary for doing the experiments, and without the specialized training, outsiders have no such skills. In a word, most of the achievements in human knowledge are attributed to the experts, not outsiders.你的例子不是很有力，不过这样也确实不好写，我的思路是换个角度，outsider很可能是另外一个领域的专家，之所以它不可能在被称为outsider的领域有所成就原因在于人的精力是有限的

However, outsiders can sometimes bring their knowledge and experience to a field of study, and these can contribute greatly to that field of study. Outsiders, while being outsiders for a given field of study, can be experts of some other fields which are closely associated with that given field. So they can be actively involved and bring their knowledge and experience which are helpful. Some fields of human knowledge, such as philosophy and literature, are closely related because these subjects often deal with the same matters, but only from different perspectives. Philosophy and literature both seek to explain and understand our cultural and societal existence but they have different approaches to the common subjects. Also some fields of study are dependent on other studies which are the bases. Economics and mathematics can be an epitome. These two disciplines have had a close relation for a long time because the study of modern economics is built on the theoretical foundation of mathematics. Scholars who used to be mathematicians have made a lot of contributions to the study of economics. John Nash applied his mathematical theories into the study of economics and it significantly changed economics study. 前面那个文学和哲学的例子我觉得有点牵强，你说他们从不同角度看同样的事物，但在学科互助上究竟是什么关系，是怎样操作的，没有说出来只有你自己知道呵,如果碰到一个像我一样没这方面认识得改卷人怎么办？

In addition, outsiders can help bring about new fields of inter-disciplinary studies. When experts of a given field and the outsiders for that field exchange the ideas of their works, a lot useful knowledge and experience can be brought into that field. And this has created many inter-disciplinary fields of study which can broaden the scope of human knowledge and contribute to the well-being of the human race because these inter-disciplinary studies are often of practical use in people’s lives. For example, biochemistry is a relatively new academic field which involves the study of chemistry and biology. The achievement in the study of biochemistry has been applied into clinical chemistry, which helps doctors more effectively understand and treat illness and alleviate patient’s suffering.

In conclusion, although we admit that the paramount force for a filed of study to advance comes from experts within that fields, the contributions from the outsiders should not be disparaged. With more and more communications among experts from different fields, outsiders will continue to bring their useful knowledge and experience into many fields of study and we will see those practical inter-disciplinary studies benefit us.

总体说来还不错，语言上的小错误又一些，加油！

[ 本帖最后由 helenlhh 于 2006-8-6 16:45 编辑 ]