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[a习作temp] 0910G[Splendid Sun] 第2次作业 提纲+Argument25文 By 远迹 [复制链接]

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发表于 2009-6-22 00:23:24 |显示全部楼层
Argument 25
The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of Hopewell.
"Two years ago, the town of Ocean View built a new municipal golf course and resort hotel. During the past two years, tourism in Ocean View has increased, new businesses have opened there, and Ocean View's tax revenues have risen by 30 percent. The best way to improve Hopewell's economy, and generate additional tax revenues, is to build a golf course and resort hotel similar to those in Ocean View."
两年前Ocean View建造了一个新的市立高尔夫球场和度假旅馆。过去两年中,Ocean View的旅客增加了,开设了很多新的商业,而且税收增加了30%。改善Hopewell的经济,产生更多税收的最好途径就是建立一个和Ocean View类似的高尔夫球场和度假旅。

In the memo, the mayor of the town of Hopewell concludes that the best way of improving the Hopewell’s economy and generating additional tax revenues is to build a golf course and resort hotel as Ocean View did in the reason of that strategy led to the new trends in Ocean View during the past two years. However, a scrutiny of this argument would reveal how groundless it is.

First of all, the argument rests upon a dubious assumption that it was the municipal golf course and resort that contribute to the subsequent increase in tourism, the opening of new business and the growth of tax revenues. The mayor of Hopewell may have confused the cause with effect respecting the recent development in Ocean View. Maybe Ocean View’s building of a new golf course and resort hotel was a response to previous increases in tourism and business development, whose increases that have simply continued during the most resent two years. Thus, the threshold assumption may fail to support the mayor’s conclusion. Many Other possible causes of the trends in Ocean View during the last two years the author fails to account for. The increase in tourism might have been due to improving economic conditions nationwide, or to its special geographic region and pleasant weather, or to the culture and custom. The new business that have opened in Ocean View might have established there irrespectively of the new golf course and hotel. And the 30% increase in tax revenues might have been the result of an increase in tax rates, or the addition of a new type of municipal tax.

Moreover, even if the recent success in Ocean View could be attributable to the construction of new golf course and resort hotel there, the mayor ignores certain important concerns, which must be addressed to prove. There is no cogent evidence underlying that the golf course and hotel will continue to benefit that town’s overall economy. Perhaps it is the vogue or metropolis’ charm that arouses people’s a surge of temporary interest in traveling there and once got fed up with those stereotyped items will people’s passion gradually vanish. Namely, the golf course and hotel may just a transient but not last profitable method that Ocean View took. Only taking the successful trends into consideration obscures the fact that it may give rise to larger cost that can hardly be countervailed by the increase in the revenue, rendering a further loss of the profit for the town, and this is why establishing such constructions may not benefit the overall economy in Hopewell.

Last but not the least, the weakest fallacy that the mayor commits is false analogy. Ignoring a series of fundamental discrepancies between Ocean View and Hopewell, the mayor arbitrarily assumes that the strategy, which exerts positive influence on Ocean View, will be inevitably favorable to Hopewell. Maybe Ocean View itself is a centre of trade or economic hinge, where the standard of living and habitation overwhelmingly surpasses many other places, and thus, investment to such a flourishing town will absolutely overshadow those who are not palmy. Hence, it will be plausible that Hopewell spends money on building a golf course and resort hotel, which give no evidences that the method will definitely profit Hopewell to a certainty.

To reiterate, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we accept the conclusion, the mayor must present more facts to prove that the cause of trends result from the new golf course and resort hotel. To solidify the argument, the mayor would have to produce more evidence concerning the overall and continual benefits in Hopewell, which of course is available for it.
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发表于 2009-6-22 00:24:38 |显示全部楼层
Argument 37
Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been unique to the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat, but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the river-the woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and small game. It follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea.
一种具有独特花纹的编织篮子以前只在史前村庄Palea的临近地区发现过,因而被认为是Palea居民所独有的。然而最近,考古学家在一个与Palea隔着一条叫做Brim河的村庄Lithos发现了一个这样的Palea篮子。Brim河很深很宽,所以古代Palea人只能坐船穿过它,但没有证据表明Palea人拥有船只。而且能够运载大量人和货物的船只直到Palea人消失几千年后才出现。而且,Palea人应该没有必要穿过这条河流--Palea周围的林地有丰富的果实和小动物。这表明那种所谓的Palea篮子并不是那里所独有的。

Argument 37
1、        Firstly, the argument rests on the untenable assumption that the condition of the Brim River in ancient times was the same or similar as that in current times. 作者没有给出信息说Brim River在历史上的宽度深度,或许在历史上不曾出现这条河呢? 或许存在这么一条河足够窄足够浅允许P人渡河呢?作者仅仅说Brim River又深又宽,但是这个标准是过去的还是现在的作者没有指明。
2、        Secondly, the author gratuitously presumes that Paleans could only have crossed the Brim River by boat. In fact, they could have crossed the river by other means such as when the river was frozen over in winter.作者说过去的人无法过河(假设河确实又宽又深),但是这点没有具体的理由,毕竟爱斯基摩人也曾经通过白令海峡的结冰渡过大洋来到新的地区,Brim River结冰时Paleans人过河完全是有可能的。
3、        Thirdly, the author unfairly assumes that the baskets can only be carried to the other side of the Brim River by Paleans. 作者一再说P人过不去,问题一定就是P人过去吗?可能是L人可以过来呢?还有可能篮子是L人最早制造的呢?作者在这些细节的解释上没有进一步说明,因此不能很好地证明结论是对的。
4、        Finally, the author fails to substantiate the assumption that in ancient times the woods around Palea were full of nuts, berries, and small game. 首先,作者没说过去这个地方就一定有树,就算有,也不一定有果实,即使证明了这一点也不能证明P人没必要过河去探索新的事物,另外,这一点和所得出的结论并没什么大的关系。
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发表于 2009-6-22 00:25:26 |显示全部楼层
Argument 206
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Parkville Daily Newspaper.
"Throughout the country last year, as more and more children below the age of nine participated in youth-league softball and soccer, over 80,000 of these young players suffered injuries. When interviewed for a recent study, youth-league softball players in several major cities also reported psychological pressure from coaches and parents to win games. Furthermore, education experts say that long practice sessions for these sports take away time that could be used for academic activities. Since the disadvantages apparently outweigh any advantages, we in Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine."
去年在全国范围内,随着越来越多的9岁以下儿童参加少年棒球和足球比赛,有超过80000的少年选手受伤。在最近一次研究所作的采访中,很多大城市的少年棒球选手报告说存在来自教练和家长要求赢得比赛的心理压力。而且,教育专家指出这些运动项目长时间的训练占据了本应用于学习的时间。由于不利因素明显超过了有利因素,我们Parkville应该停止组织9岁以下儿童的体育比赛。

Argument 206
作者的结论:We in Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine.
分析:
1、 调查存在问题nationwide 不等于Parkville
       softball and soccer 不等于 all 体育比赛
       Last year 不等于 now
       over 80,000 of these young players  没有指明被测的总数是多少?80000对于整个nationwide可能只是极少一部分呢?
2、        When interviewed for a recent study, youth-league softball players in several major cities also reported psychological pressure from coaches and parents to win games. 这里major cities就存在漏洞,大城市不一定就是全部城市的体现,而且有心理压力并非就是坏事,作者没有说明这些心理压力带来的是好的还是坏的影响。
3、        Education experts说运动会占据学习时间,那么,假设取消了运动,学生也不一定就会学习,况且学习时间究竟是多少为好?作者也没有说明,相反,适当的运动反而对学习效率有益。
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发表于 2009-6-22 00:25:38 |显示全部楼层
Argument 209
The following recommendation was made by the Human Resources Manager to the board of directors of the Fancy Toy Company.
"In the last three quarters of this year, under the leadership of our president, Pat Salvo, our profits have fallen considerably. Thus, we should ask for her resignation in return for a generous severance package. In Pat's place, we should appoint Rosa Winnings. Rosa is currently president of Starlight Jewelry, a company whose profits have increased dramatically over the past several years. Although we will have to pay Rosa twice the salary that Pat has been receiving, it will be well worth it because we can soon expect our profits to increase considerably."
在今年的过去三个季度里,在我们总裁Pat Salvo的领导下,利润显著下降。因此,我们应该给予她优厚的补偿并要求她辞职。我们应该任命Rosa Winnings来代替她的职位。Rosa当前是Starlight Jewelry的总裁,这家公司的利润在过去几年中显著增长。尽管我们要付给Rosa两倍于我们付给Pat的工资,但这将是值得的因为我们马上可以看到利润的显著增长。

Argument 209
1、
作者无理由地假设PatFancy Toy利润下降的原因。(例举其他可能性反驳:或许利润在早几个季度就下降了,Pat不过是正好此时接任公司管理呢?也或者正是由于Pat的原因减少了损失呢?(本来可能出现危机而最后减少到利润的下降),这些可能性都是有的,但是作者并没有详细地申明,是故意隐藏?)

2、
作者没有说明Rosa就是Starlight利润飞速发展的原因,他只是说该公司利润过去几年飞速发展,Rosa来自这个公司而已(虽是现任总裁,和过去利润的关系???怀疑中~~
3、
Rosa来自的是珠宝公司,就算她是该公司利润提升的主要能手,也不能说明RosaFancy Toy这样的玩具公司会引领其走出困境,她业务是否熟悉,是否对玩具市场有了解等都可成为驳倒作者结论的依据。
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发表于 2009-6-22 00:27:42 |显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 远迹 于 2009-6-22 22:38 编辑

ISSUE 131
131 "The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society."
艺术(绘画、音乐、文学等)展现了那些隐藏的观点和社会的脉动。
        关键词:arts  reveal

1、        人才是最终决定艺术价值的主体,揭示那些隐藏观点和社会脉动的是我们人本身,我们只是借助艺术的表达和对艺术的评论鉴赏来更好地诠释物质的存在和人类的思想文明:
一个艺术,它自身揭示了什么,是艺术说的吗?不是,是我们解释的,这种解释可能是揭示社会问题,可能只是对现象的描述,无论怎样,艺术的定性最终是取自人(辩证人决定艺术价值)。例如,艺术中的painting 和music是人表达对生活的情感的,文学是记录社会和人思想和经验的,显然,艺术不能脱离人而单独存在,怎么样定位艺术的作用和价值是靠人来解释的。
2、        既然是人解释的,艺术对社会的作用仍然是人决定的,无论是从创作,到其的存在,再到它对后人的影响是否就展现了那些隐藏的观点和社会的脉动呢?这就必须看我们怎么去评价艺术了。首先,人创作艺术,可能是基于个人的情感,对外来事物的思考,或者仅仅只是简单地记录外界的表象,这一时期人可能刻意去揭露某个现象,展现某个隐藏的观点或社会的脉动【记录社会的历史、揭示社会人民的价值取向、揭示社会生活的现状等等,(这里可以利用hover的例子,感谢~~)艺术被刻意表示的事情很多,你想刻意去利用艺术表述什么都行,它本身就是一种意识形态的具体化】,但是同样也存在艺术创作者仅仅随意记录某些可以引起个人情感的外部事物,而这个情况下的人并非展现隐藏的观点,不过只是意识流的表述而已。【意识流的创作有很多,后人有把这些定义为艺术家对现实的感悟和对理想的追求,或者是某个时代的人的思想,这些总的来说没有定论,都是人的评价,(hover小朋友的例子:中国的一些诗人如海子、歌曲家罗大佑的作品无一不反映了中国七八十年代那一段不堪回首的历史,问题是这些艺术家他创作的时候或许只是随意性地抒发自己的感情呢?who knows?没人知道他有没有真的想过反映历史,作者创作艺术的时候可能就仅仅只是抒发感情呢,他没想太多,被我们定义多了,所以揭露出什么问题,是我们定义的,不是艺术本身定义的。再如李商隐的“此情可待成追忆,只是当时已惘然”,有人说这句话是表示爱情,有人说表示的是对个人的政治理想,具体是什么?谁知到呢?没人知道,作者本身或许只是抒发一下感情呢?而艺术揭露了什么?全是后来人定义的而已。)】;其次,艺术作品的代表含义是人定义的,“对待相同的艺术作品,大家的理解和判断都不尽相同,通俗艺术通常是易于理解的,接近现实和生活,也就是说它的意义较为明确,而且在感受意义的时候,所需要的背景知识、理性联想等心理过程较少,仅仅是为了给人们提供一种精神上的愉悦。”(引自家姐的话),艺术所存在的含义对于不同的人理解是不同的,它所真正揭露的问题在不同的人的阶层背景、知识能力、生活环境下揭露出来的问题就可能不同,而这种定义的不同就是我们给予的,艺术真的揭露了社会脉动和隐藏观点吗?它只是个存在,怎么解释是我们。你认为它揭示了什么问题,他认为揭示了那个问题【西方人对抽象艺术和不同文化的中国人的态度就不同,一个张扬一个保守。也有同地区的人代表不同派系的态度,有人说抽象艺术是胡乱搞的:“那种过度的、轻率的、糟蹋般的(作者在这里使用了strapassée,源自意大利文,指损毁、糟践)的创作手法,总是在倒退的时代才遭人倾慕。”也有人支持抽象艺术的:“发现了异域艺术、非高雅艺术、大众艺术、原始艺术、儿童艺术,也即所有非学院派的艺术。”(引自http://art.people.com.cn/GB/41385/52875/52876/3679481.html)问题在于,这些艺术的定义是否揭示了隐藏的观点和社会脉动?你说有,他说没有,这就是艺术被定义的最好体现。】至于艺术引起人的共鸣,这也是因为人在精神领域和生物特征性上毕竟是有共性的,对于同一件艺术作品的态度都是一致(人来定义,例如都会感到悲伤),那么人就共同默许了这件艺术所代表的含义,他们共同认为这件艺术揭示了的“悲伤”这个意思。最后,艺术对后人的影响有没有展现出隐藏的奥秘和新的社会脉动,那都是后人在新的位置对艺术的评价。在新的社会新的问题前,更多的人从更多新的角度来考虑艺术的代表含义,并赋予艺术新的表述。【文学在各个时代的评价不同完全可以解释这一点,古希腊史诗《奥德赛》,描写希腊战士奥德赛在特洛伊城陷后如何挣扎奋斗以返回家园并夺回伊萨基王位所经历的冒险与考验,在不同时期给与人的思考是不同的,早时期的人定义为反映了奥德赛的为荣誉而战的不屈精神的体现,后期的人则从历史和作者思想等多方面参入新的角度考虑,用新时期的观点评价作品,并由此来定义其揭露了新时期的问题,例如用过去的人的善良来暗指当代人的丑恶等,其实可能艺术作品其创作的意指本身只是颂扬人而已呢?后人怎么评论都不是艺术创作者所能考虑到的。Such as 韩寒,他写文章考虑到后人给其文的评论没?后来人来解释,他估计都不知道怎么去解那些题。】
3、        艺术揭示隐藏的其他方面的社会理念和动力,是人定义的。它自身没有诠释,就如工具没有人定义其为可用工具的时候它最多是一个存在的物体,什么都揭示不了。《伏尔加河的纤夫》可能只是作者记录一个当时的情况,是的,你可以说他揭露了历史,他也可以说是体现过去劳苦人民的不屈精神,人的定义不同,它就可能诠释出不同的含义,而最后揭露了什么呢?或许根本就没揭露,只是我们定义的而已。
结论:一、我们人,才是揭露隐藏的其他方面社会理念和动力的根本
      二、揭露的问题由我们不同的人定夺,不是具体定论的,而且究竟是否揭露了,也同样是不同人对艺术的态度所决定的。
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发表于 2009-6-22 00:28:31 |显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 远迹 于 2009-6-22 01:01 编辑

Issue 144
It is the artist, not the critic, who gives society something of lasting value.(critic: A person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films music, paintings, etc.)
艺术家而不是评论家带给了社会一些具有持久价值的东西。(评论家指的是评价艺术作品的人,例如小说、电影、绘画等)

艺术家和评论家的爱恨情仇:
1、是艺术家还是评论家给我们带来了艺术? Debate形式 考虑两者在艺术上的最终贡献
艺术家=>没有艺术家,世界的魅力就无法被挖掘,他们做出的贡献是艺术的采集以及加工,然后再次呈现出来
评论家=>评论家把艺术问题分析得更透彻,正是由于评论家的存在,使得我们更多地理解艺术家所要表达的思想,
2、评论家可以引导大家发掘艺术作品中更深层的lasting value,引发大家对于艺术家创作内容的思考。更透彻的思考可以得出某些本来没有被发掘的收获。评论家的存在,使得大众更加focus on某项艺术,而不是忽略艺术。关注的人多了,了解得的也更多,推动了社会对艺术的关注和艺术的发展,也带来了价值。
3、即使评论家是在批判否定一个艺术品,他们一样能为后世提供方向和启发,为后世新的艺术创作提供指导意见。这样的意见是有益的,也即在批判评论中仍然创造出价值。

结论:支持评论家,尽管评论家没有像艺术家那样直接地创造出显性利益,但可以说他们的工作仍然为社会带来了长久的价值。

基本上是BS的……由于对131分析过度,导致在144上的无力思考……
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发表于 2009-6-22 00:28:53 |显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 远迹 于 2009-6-22 01:14 编辑

Issue 120
So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present.
现代社会是如此的崭新和复杂以至于回首了解过去对于当代生活已经没有太大帮助了。


1、
As developing and diversifying the innovation and intricacy of technologies and cultures are, the rhythm of nowadays modern people’s lives are expediting drastically, which leads to an unprecedentedly epoch that we must confront to a multitude of new and complicated problems.
2、
人们的生活节奏过快导致我们没有时间静下心来看历史,并且许多如今新的复杂的问题也是历史无法解决的,因为这些问题就未曾出现过。
3、
当然研究历史可以防止我们重蹈覆辙,可以从历史中找到教训,避免后来发生相同的错误。
4、
研究历史有利于我们对生活价值的理解,这包括文化、理念、精神等方面的新的认识,同过去对比出新的含义。
5、
正确看待历史,人类、社会的巨大变化,是前人为我们创造的,忽略历史的存在是不可取的。
It's better to burn out than fade away~

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发表于 2009-6-22 00:29:24 |显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 远迹 于 2009-6-22 00:51 编辑

221The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history.
研究历史最明显的好处就是消除了这样的错觉,某个时代的人们与历史上另一个时代的人们有重大的差别。

1、
历史的记录并非是为了所谓的给与后来人这么一个观念:significantly different(“显著的不同”,这就是人的illusion,从此切入往后说),因为历史是有共性的,人类社会的发展必然是遵循同一个规律,这就是共性问题,在共性问题中发现人类的本性问题、社会问题、属性的相似性,这些是不能改变的,如果跳出了这个共性,就可能产生矛盾。(举例)因此,了解这种共性有助于解决现在的问题。

2、
不同时代的人有不同时代的特殊问题,从历史中学会这些不同问题的产生原因以及导致的结果,更利于我们对如今繁复问题的思考,避免发生类似问题。

3、
研究历史并不是消除时代不同人不同的错觉,而是明确这个不同和相同,从而从中获益
It's better to burn out than fade away~

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RE: 0910G[Splendid Sun] 第2次作业 提纲+Argument25文 By 远迹 [修改]

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0910G[Splendid Sun] 第2次作业 提纲+Argument25文 By 远迹
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