【TPO阅读作业】【小组1】——zhaohan

zhaohanUID：2595904

OG 7,8

SWIMMING MACHINES
Tunas（金枪鱼）, mackerels（鲭） , and billfishes（尖嘴鱼） (marlins（金枪鱼）, sailfishes（旗鱼）, and swordfish) swim continuously. Feeding, courtship(求婚), reproduction, and even "rest" are carried out 进行，
完成，
实现while in constant motion. As a result, practically every aspect of the body form and function of these swimming "machines" is adapted to enhance their ability to swim.（主题句）



Many of the adaptations of these fishes serve to reduce water resistance (drag). Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics空气动力学 of high-speed aircraft. Though human engineers are new to the game, tunas and their relatives evolved their "high-tech" designs long ago.

Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush冲洗；脸红；
齐平等高的；
富裕的充足的 with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid 盖子that reduces drag. The fins are stiff不易弯曲的，硬的，
绸的;
拘谨的，
冷淡;严厉的，
艰难的, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into缩进 special grooves沟槽 or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours 轮廓. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.


Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have even more sophisticated adaptations than these to improve their hydrodynamics. The long bill 喙，
锚钩尖端of marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish probably helps them slip through the water. （第五题答案）Many supersonic aircraft have a similar needle at the nose.



Most tunas and billfishes have a series of keels and finlets near the tail. Although most of their scales have been lost, tunas and mackerels retain a patch of coarse scales near the head called the corselet. The keels, finlets, and corselet help direct the flow of water over the body surface in such as way as to reduce resistance (see the figure). Again, supersonic jets have similar features.
Keels 龙骨脊

使变凉
Finlet 小鳍
Corselet 盔甲
Jet 喷气式飞机
Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.
gill 鱼鳍
One potential problem is that opening the mouth to breathe detracts from the streamlining of these fishes and tends to slow them down. Some species of tuna have specialized grooves in their tongue. It is thought that these grooves help to channel water through the mouth and out the gill slits, thereby reducing water resistance.
Slit 裂缝
There are adaptations that increase the amount of forward thrust as well as those that reduce drag. Again, these fishes are the envy of engineers. Their high, narrow tails with swept-back tips are almost perfectly adapted to provide propulsion（推动） with the least possible effort. Perhaps most important of all to these and other fast swimmers is their ability to sense and make use of swirls and eddies (circular currents) in the water. They can glide past eddies that would slow them down and then gain extra thrust by "pushing off" the eddies. Scientists and engineers are beginning to study this ability of fishes in the hope of designing more efficient propulsion systems for ships.

The muscles of these fishes and the mechanism that maintains a warm body temperature are also highly efficient. A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over 25°C (77"F). This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes. The billfishes have gone one step further. They have evolved special "heaters" of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of（保持。。。的最佳状态）these critical organs.



1. The word enhance in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Use
○Improve
○Counteract
○Balance

  
2. The word
they
in the passage refers to
○Qualities
○Fins
○Grooves
○Depressions
指示的是主语 the fins

3. Why does the author mention that
Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight?
○To show that air resistance and water resistance work differently from each other
○To argue that some fishes are better designed than airplanes are
○To provide evidence that airplane engine have studied the design of fish bodies
○To demonstrate a similarity in design between certain fishes and airplanes
在关于收起妨碍快速前进的装置以至于充分减小阻力的问题上作者并没有提到人类向鱼类学习的问题， 所以这个小例子仅仅说明了二者的相似性
  
4. The word sophisticated
in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Complex
○Amazing
○Creative
○Practical

5. According to paragraph4, the long bills of marlins, sailfish, and swordfish probably help these fishes by
○Increasing their ability to defend themselves
○Allowing them to change direction easily
○Increasing their ability to detect odors
○Reducing water resistance as they swim

6. According to the passage, which of the following is one of the reasons that tunas are in constant motion?
○They lack a swim bladder.
○They need to suck in more water than other fishes do.
○They have large muscles for breathing.
○They cannot open their mouths unless they are in motion.
In fact, tunas must swim to breathe.
since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder,（第六题答案）


One potential problem is that opening the mouth to breathe detracts from the streamlining of these fishes and tends to slow them down.
  
7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information,
○These fishes often have a problem opening their mouths while swimming.
○The streamlining of these fishes prevents them from slowing down.
○The streamlining of these fishes tends to slow down their breathing.
○Opening the mouth to breathe can reduce the speed of these fishes.
一个潜在的问题就是张开嘴呼吸导致了这些鱼的身体的流线型背破坏了，也就会致使他们减速
8. The word
channel
in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Reduce
○Remove
○Direct
○Provide

9. According to the passage, one of the adaptations of fast-swimming fishes that might be used to improve the performance of ships is these fishes' ability to
○Swim directly through eddies
○Make efficient use of water currents
○Cover great distances without stopping
○Gain speed by forcing water past their gills
They can glide past eddies that would slow them down and then gain extra thrust by "pushing off" the eddies. Scientists and engineers are beginning to study this ability of fishes in the hope of designing more efficient propulsion systems for ships. （9）
Paragraph 9: The muscles of these fishes and the mechanism that maintains a warm body temperature are also highly efficient. A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C
(45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over 25°C
(77°F)（10）. This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes. The billfishes have gone one step further. They have evolved special "heaters" of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these critical organs.

10. According to paragraph 9, which of the following is true of bluefin tunas?
○Their eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other fish.
○Their body temperature can change greatly depending on the water temperature.
○They can swim in waters that are much colder than their own bodies.
○They have special muscle tissue that warms their eyes and brain. （这个是billfish的特点）
  
Again, supersonic jets have similar features.
Paragraph 6: ■Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. （所以人家不用suck，
后面就说是吧，
大部分鱼人家都不长了，总不用嘛~）■Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. ■In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. ■They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.

11. Look at the four squares [■l that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water.
Where would the sentence best fit?

12. Directions: Complete the table below by indicating which features of fishes are associated in the passage with reducing water resistance and which are associated with increasing thrust. This question is worth 3 points.

REDUCING WATER RESISTANCE	INCREASING THRUST
● ● ●	● ●

Features of Fishes
1. The absence of scales from most of the body
2. The ability to take advantage of eddies
3. The ability to feed and reproduce while swimming （被逼无奈的。。）
4. Eyes that do not protrude
5. Fins that are stiff, narrow, and smooth
6. The habit of swimming with the mouth open （也是被逼无奈的。。还增大了阻力。。。）
7. A high, narrow tail with swept-back tips

cocomilkyUID：2886394

这貌似是OG6.。。。