Issue157，642words，以前写好的提纲。

echostateUID: 194935

Issue157  
------摘要------
作者：寄托家园作文版普通用户     共用时间：45分2秒     642 words
从2005年7月12日13时56分到2005年7月12日14时45分
------题目------
There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires.
------正文------
Here I agree with the speaker’s threshold claim that observation can not be entirely objective. However, the speaker goes too far, by alleging that it is due great part to the observer's personal inclination. As for me, while our expectations and desires do exert some influence on our observations, we must realize that there exist some other scenarios which can explain why observation is hardly objective.

First and foremost, since any observation must be waged by human being, I concede that the observer's anticipations and longing do have some degrees of effect on our experiment and analysis. When people have a burning desire for some "facts", it is always quite easy and natural for them to find some "supporting evidence" for their expectations. One telling historical example involves the geocentricsim. Before the famous heliocentricism became accepted by the mass, large numbers of scientists found some "objective" evidence that our planet, namely, the Earth, is the center of universe. It is clear that their conclusion is based on their desires rather than objective observation. An even more remarkable modern example is about basketball game. When Michael stole the ball from Karl Malone in the 1998's NBA finals, did he make a foul? If we conduct a survey, from the fans of Michael, we will, beyond all doubts, get the results that Michael's stealing did not violate the rules. These results, of course, have considerably influenced by personal inclinations and wishes. In short, it is quite clear that the personal wishes is an important reason for some absurd results of observation.

However, by stating that observation is always guided by people's desires and hopes, the author fails to notice or chooses to ignore many other factors which can influence the result of observations. To begin with, albeit the observer usually plays a vital role in the process of observation, personal desires and inclinations are not unique reason for the bias. In fact, the personal capability, for instance, the background knowledge, the discernment of the observer, the imagination, the attitude of perseverance, and even the personal fortune, can exert profound influence on the overcome of the observation. On instance shedding light on my viewpoint involves Roentgen's discovery of X-ray. Before Roentgen's discovery, many other scholars have found this novel ray, for example, British physicist and chemist Crookes, as well as the German scientist Hertz. There is no where more absurd on the assertion that their failures for cognizing the totally new ray is owing to their undesires for finding out an new sort of ray. In other words, Roentgen's success is attributed to other factors such as his own strong background in the specific field, his perseverance, his careful scrutiny as well some degree of luck.

Finally, on and above the personal conditions mentioned above, whether the observation is an objective one is closely related to the objective circumstances, such as the equipments of experiment, and level of scientific advancement. In other words, even the most striking talent can not design a automobile before Newton proposed his classic three laws. To witness this point, one need to look no further than heliocentricism discussed above. After Copernicus put forward his heliocentrcism, even the most knowledgable astronomer still questioned this theory. What makes Copernicus's idea accepted? In fact, it is due great part to two important events. One is the invention of telescope from Galileo, the other is the foundation of Newton 's laws of universal gravitation. This example is used to point out that, sometimes the existence of objective conditions is indispensable for one's successful observation.

In last analysis, albeit I admit that observation can seldom be purely objective, I disgree the author's allegation that it is always owing to the observer's expectations, for the reason that many other factors, such as personal capability and objective circumstances also much much sense to one's observation.

conquer0824UID: 2102638

再word里面改的，颜色没有变过来，搂住将就着看吧，呵呵

Issue157  
------摘要------
作者：寄托家园作文版普通用户     共用时间：45分2秒     642 words
从2005年7月12日13时56分到2005年7月12日14时45分
------题目------
There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires.
------正文------
Here I agree with the speaker’s threshold claim that observation can not be entirely objective. However, the speaker goes too far, by alleging that it is due great part to the observer's personal inclination. As for me, while our expectations and desires do exert some influence on our observations, we must realize that there exist some other scenarios which can explain why observation is hardly objective.开头不错，观点很明确

First and foremost, since any observation must be waged（这个词用在这里什么意思？） by human being, I concede that the observer's anticipations and longing do have some degrees of effect on our experiment and analysis(范围给缩小了，这样可不可以，只说到实验和分析，还有一点，其实分析算不上观察的，分析是纯主观的东西). When people have a burning desire for some "facts", it is always quite easy and natural for them to find some "supporting evidence" for their expectations. One telling historical example involves the geocentricsim. Before the famous heliocentricism became accepted by the mass, large numbers of scientists found some "objective" evidence that our planet, namely, the Earth, is the center of universe. It is clear that their conclusion is based on their desires rather than objective observation. An even more remarkable modern example is about basketball game. When Michael stole the ball from Karl Malone in the 1998's NBA finals, did he make a foul? If we conduct a survey, from the fans of Michael, we will, beyond all doubts, get the results that Michael's stealing did not violate the rules. 其实可以在对比一下马龙的球迷，他们肯定认为犯规了，这样更有说服力，These results, of course, have considerably influenced by personal inclinations and wishes. In short, it is quite clear that the personal wishes is an important reason for some absurd（这个词用的不是很好） results of observation.犯规的例子很好，就是有一点疑问，这算不算观察了？主观的因素影响的是不是观察，还是人们主观的愿望，我想通过回放都可以看到到底有没有犯规。所以我觉得愿望印象的不是观察，而是人们的解释。人们总是根据自己的愿望来解释所看到的现象。

However, by stating that observation is always guided by people's desires and hopes, the author fails to notice or chooses to ignore（很好） many other factors which can influence the result of observations. To begin with, albeit (搂住的转折次都用得很自然，值得学习)the observer usually plays a vital role in the process of observation, personal desires and inclinations are not unique reason for the bias. In fact, the personal capability, for instance, the background knowledge, the discernment of the observer, the imagination, the attitude of perseverance, and even the personal fortune, can exert profound influence on the overcome of the observation. On instance shedding light on my viewpoint involves Roentgen's discovery of X-ray. Before Roentgen's discovery, many other scholars have found this novel ray, for example, British physicist and chemist Crookes, as well as the German scientist Hertz. There is no where more absurd on the assertion that their failures for cognizing the totally new ray is owing to their undesires for finding out an new sort of ray. In other words, Roentgen's success is attributed to other factors such as his own strong background in the specific field, his perseverance, his careful scrutiny as well some degree of luck.这段不错，其他的原因导致了观察的主观性，roentgen的例子也比较得体

Finally(用additionally更好一些吧？这是提到了另外的一个原因，不是总结性的), on and above the personal conditions mentioned above, whether the observation is an objective one is (加个also，这样可以更明显一些) closely related to the objective circumstances, such as the equipments of experiment, and level of scientific advancement. In other words, even the most striking talent can not design a automobile before Newton proposed his classic three laws（汽车是因为经典力学才设计出来的吗？不是很了解）. To witness this point, one need to look no further than heliocentricism discussed above. After Copernicus put forward his heliocentrcism, even the most knowledgable astronomer still questioned this theory. What makes Copernicus's idea accepted? In fact, it is due great part to two important events. One is the invention of telescope from Galileo, the other is the foundation of Newton 's laws of universal gravitation. This example is used to point out that, sometimes the existence of objective conditions is indispensable for one's successful observation.

In last analysis, albeit I admit that observation can seldom be purely objective, I disgree the author's allegation that it is always owing to the observer's expectations, for the reason that many other factors, such as personal capability and objective circumstances also much much sense to one's observation.

写得不错，很好的，分析得也比较全面，词汇和转折都比较好，值得学习，继续努力