issue127+207 argument165+25+46+159提纲 FLY AW小组

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127. "Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions."

Some things are reality that could not be altered as people want. However, there are still some facts which could be changed. Besides that, we should deal with facts in a positive attitude and make use of them.

Some things in the world are stubborn to alter, many of which even existed before human beings are born.

Nevertheless, some facts of society, sale, etc. could be improved by people’s trying and working.

It would be helpful to deal the highs and lows in work and life in a positive attitude. Except that, we could make use of many things to work for us.

Facts are things existing in the world that people observe and face to. While we could record some without change, others could be catered to people’s wishes and inclinations. Besides that, there are many we can do to be based on what we have known.

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207. "Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are."

It is true of the issue that rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. And we could apply it to each culture in the world.

First, rituals and ceremonies are significant characters of a culture.

Moreover, by studying the rituals and ceremonies, we could understand a country and its people, and know their history.

Besides that, when people are without rituals and ceremonies, they might lose track of their lives and diminish the sense of who they are.

From what is listed above, it could be easily concluded that rituals and ceremonies are surely making a sense of a culture, and they reveal the history and man’s daily life. In order to define ourselves, we should keep them in hearts as the representatives of our culture and nation.

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165.The following appeared in a business magazine.
"As a result of numerous consumer complaints of dizziness and nausea, Promofoods requested that eight million cans of tuna be returned for testing last year. Promofoods concluded that the cans did not, after all, contain chemicals that posed a health risk. This conclusion is based on the fact that the chemists from Promofoods tested samples of the recalled cans and found that, of the eight chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans. The chemists did find that the three remaining suspected chemicals are naturally found in all other kinds of canned foods."

First, the procedure of the survey and the size of the sample are unknown and perhaps not correct, which would make the result of the survey problematic.

Second, the arguer fails to rule out the possibility that other chemicals except the eight chemicals surveyed caused the dizziness and nausea.

Third, the three remaining suspected chemicals are not convinced to have naturally found in all other kinds of canned foods.

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25.The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of Hopewell.
"Two years ago, the town of Ocean View built a new municipal golf course and resort hotel. During the past two years, tourism in Ocean View has increased, new businesses have opened there, and Ocean View's tax revenues have risen by 30 percent. The best way to improve Hopewell's economy, and generate additional tax revenues, is to build a golf course and resort hotel similar to those in Ocean View."

First, the arguer fails to convince that the tourism, new businesses, and tax revenues of Ocean View are directly caused for the town had built a new municipal golf course and resort hotel.

Second, though it would help in Ocean View, it might not be suitable for Hopewell.

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46.Although black bears are common in the eastern Canadian province of Labrador, grizzly bears-often similar in color, but much larger-were believed to exist only in the western provinces. Despite a nineteenth-century explorer's account of having startled and narrowly escaped from a grizzly bear deep in the woods in Labrador, modern scientists find no physical evidence that grizzly bears have ever lived in Labrador. But recent research into the language and legends of the Innu, a people who have lived in Labrador for thousands of years, reveals that their language has words for two different kinds of bears, and their ancient legends attribute different characteristics to the two kinds of bears. Therefore, there probably were grizzly bears in Labrador, and the explorer's account probably accurately identified the bear.

First, the evidence from the language and legends of the Innu can not lend a strong support to the point that grizzly bears lived in Labrador.

Second, though the evidence is right, either of two kinds of bears might not be grizzly bear, but some other kinds.

Third, the arguer fails to rule out the possibility that the Innu might immigrated from other places, such as western provinces thousands of years ago.

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159.The nation of Claria covers a vast physical area. But despite wide geographic differences, many citizens are experiencing rising costs of electricity. A recent study of household electric costs in Claria found that families who cooled their houses with fans alone spent more on electricity than did families using air conditioners alone for cooling. However, those households that reported using both fans and air conditioners spent less on electricity than those households that used either fans or air conditioners alone. Thus, the citizens of Claria should follow the study's recommendation and use both air conditioners and fans in order to save money on electricity.

Firstly, the arguer fails to take into account of the geographic factors that could the electricity in the analysis.

Secondly, the arguer fails to consider that many houses only have one of fan or air conditioner.

Thirdly, the arguer fails to take into account of other facts that could influence the use of fans and air conditioners.