ISSUE41 米国有米1号第六次作业

cckantUID: 2247822

TOPIC: ISSUE41 - "Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."
WORDS: 486          TIME: 0:49:04          DATE: 2006-12-16

Outline：
1，          非主流的探问可以满足人们的好奇心
2，          非主流的探问使人们在探知的领域里保持多极的状态（非单一权威）
3，          非主流的探问也是人们表达情感的一种方式

In terms of satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science, as the speaker asserts, nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a critical role in society. In principle, I agree with this statement from several aspects.

First of all, some of human curiosity can be satisfied by such nonmainstream areas of inquiry. As human being are inherently with curiosity, which more or less changes as they grow up. Mainstream areas of inquiry such as science, letter and arts are not able to able to satisfy such curiosity for every person. On one hand, this is because every individual has its unique knowledge profile, set of interest and passion, and growth environment, which means that the limited variety and access to such mainstream areas of inquiry constrain people's curiosity. On the other hand, at different stages of life span, such as childhood, people are not able to master the fundamental principles of science, or to appreciate and understand the letter works, which normally complicated and require knowledge accumulation. Such long and slow process of knowledge accumulation may kill people's curiosity. For instance, prior to learn the physic laws about how stars moves, astrology may help to maintain some people's appreciation and interest of the variability of night sky.

In addition, nonmainstream areas of inquiry also serve to maintain the multiple authorities in people's mind. In the modern society, science has been dominant in the area of inquiry. However, as we look backward, mainstream areas of inquiry, as science today, are not always true. For instance, people in 13th century used to think the world is flat, which is a mainstream idea at that time but now we know is not. Analogously, we should not expect the mainstream areas of inquiry as science and so on as absolutely truth. Therefore, the nonmainstream areas act as tool against the absolute authority, which is meaningful for the long run human civilization development.

Finally, nonmainstream of inquiry such as astrology, fortune-telling and so on helps the expression of human feeling. Many things in our lives do not happen as we want them to, and we lack of power to manipulate the entire life of ourselves. This lead to some fear of the uncertainty, future and interpersonal relationship. By resorting to the astrology or fortune-telling, people may feel better off as it reduce uncertainty believed. Or by relying psychic and paranormal pursuits, people express their will and affection. To illustrate, parents who lose their child may resort to paranormal pursuits for the safety of their child while nothing more can be done to search him/her. In this case, the human emotion of anxiousness and love are less repressed.

In sum, beside mainstreams area of inquiry, nonmainstream areas have their reasons to exist. Though they are sometime utilized as means of vicious purpose, its longevity suggests that they are also needed by human being.   

blackswitchUID: 2110679

TOPIC: ISSUE41 - "Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."
WORDS: 486          TIME: 0:49:04          DATE: 2006-12-16

Outline：
1，          非主流的探问可以满足人们的好奇心
2，          非主流的探问使人们在探知的领域里保持多极的状态（非单一权威）
3，          非主流的探问也是人们表达情感的一种方式

In terms of satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science, as the speaker asserts, nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a critical role in society. In principle, I agree with this statement from several aspects.

First of all, some of human curiosity can be satisfied by such nonmainstream areas of inquiry. As human being are inherently with curiosity, which more or less changes as they grow up. Mainstream areas of inquiry such as science, letter and arts are not able to able to satisfy such curiosity for every person. On one hand, this is because every individual has its unique knowledge profile, set of interest and passion, and growth environment, which means that the limited variety and access to such mainstream areas of inquiry constrain people's curiosity.主流学科限制了人们的渴望，那非主流学科呢 On the other hand, at different stages of life span, such as childhood, people are not able to master the fundamental principles of science, or to appreciate and understand the letter works, which normally complicated and require knowledge accumulation. Such long and slow process of knowledge accumulation may kill people's curiosity. For instance, prior to learn the physic laws about how stars moves, astrology may help to maintain some people's appreciation and interest of the variability of night sky.这个例子是由于人们处于不同的年龄阶段所造成的不理解，还是人类主流学科的知识还不足够发展呢 这段基本上都是抽象的说理，觉得没有什么说服力

In addition, nonmainstream areas of inquiry also serve to maintain the multiple authorities有点抽象 in people's mind. In the modern society, science has been dominant in the area of inquiry. However, as we look backward, mainstream areas of inquiry, as science today, are not always true. For instance, people in 13th century used to think the world is flat, which is a mainstream idea at that time but now we know is not. Analogously, we should not expect the mainstream areas of inquiry as science and so on as absolutely truth. 这两个例子只是说明了主流学科也会有错误的时候，但没有支持非主流学科主流学科中错误的节律Therefore, the nonmainstream areas act as tool against the absolute authority, which is meaningful for the long run human civilization development. 我觉得这段的逻辑关系没有讲清楚

Finally, nonmainstream of inquiry such as astrology, fortune-telling and so on helps the expression of human feeling. Many things in our lives do not happen as we want them to, and we lack of power to manipulate the entire life of ourselves. This lead to some fear of the uncertainty, future and interpersonal relationship. By resorting to the astrology or fortune-telling, people may feel better off as it reduce uncertainty believed. Or by relying psychic and paranormal pursuits, people express their will and affection. To illustrate, parents who lose their child may resort to paranormal pursuits for the safety of their child while nothing more can be done to search him/her. In this case, the human emotion of anxiousness and love are less repressed.这段的例子基本贴切

In sum, beside mainstreams area of inquiry, nonmainstream areas have their reasons to exist. Though they are sometime utilized as means of vicious purpose, its longevity suggests that they are also needed by human being.
  整篇文章看来，对题目的分析基本到位，但是在对各个分论点的表述和支持上觉得说服力不够，个人之见，更喜欢用生动的例子来说明道理，不过这篇文章的例子确实不好找

blackswitchUID: 2110679

issue 47 的链接回不起哈 我就贴在这里了哈

TOPIC: ISSUE47 - "Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect-that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills."
WORDS: 591          TIME: 1:07:32          DATE: 2007-2-2

1，              从人们的生活水平考虑
2，              从个人的发展考虑
3，              从社会进步的角度考虑

The speaker asserts that there is insufficient emphasis is placed on the intellect, such as reasoning and other cognitive skills. However, I believe that nowadays the society has been functioning very well in emphasizing the various skills of human to serve itself.开篇很清楚

While considering the well-being of human being, reasoning and other cognitive skills are well utilized in the modern. As far as 19th century, the father of Economics, Adam Smith, points out that it is not the baker's willingness to help provide bread， nor the farmers’ kindly concerns about the hunger in the society which makes our life easy and convenient. Instead, it is their concern about the self-interests that all kinds of those service and production such as break and hair cutting would make themselves better-off. Some people may label these sorts of motive as selfishness. However, the more accurate term in economics is that the rationality of individual. Moreover, the extent of this kinds of rationality is determined by one's cognitive skills such reasoning, and abstract thinking. For example, when a couple is contemplating to have a mortgage for a new apartment, they would think about how much of their monthly earning would contributed to the loan repaid, according to their past live experience and reasonable expected change in the future live, so that the planed future expenditure would ensure a well balanced combination of their living condition and other aspects of live. The prevailing economic organization and cooperation as market-based economy in the recent century, which in a much larger scale requires cognitive skills for the innumerable daily transaction between agents, also suggest that the intellect is now highly emphasized.很好，论证很生动

On the Individual prospect, intellect is highly emphasized as well. As early as pre-school learning, being smart is critical when one assesses a kid. At the very beginning, reasoning more involves with simple event such as understanding the meaning of a word or a phenomenon. However, as a child grows and more years of schooling are attained, he or she is expected to possess an increasing level of cognitive skills. More intricate logical reasoning is taught and expected to understand and master to use in higher level of education. More frequently, abstract concepts are used in reasoning. Furthermore, students are evaluated directly and undirected according to their ability to these cognitive skills. However, the dominant role in cognitive skills does not disappear as people begin to work. Intellect is indispensable for interpersonal skills, as well as good job performance, in either the professional job or manual work. 这段的论证我觉得很恰当，但是对于TS的写法，我个人觉得应该是从个人的成长过程看来，reasoning得到了很到的重视

Moreover, the contemporary development of science and technology also highlights the significance of intellect to the society. If the argument by many economist, that the slow economic development in pre-industrialization history of human being is due to lack of a social mechanism to extract the potential benefit of scientific innovation, is true, then the substantial growth since industrial revolution, particularly in the post-war period, indicates how powerful of scientific advance can fuel our modern live. 这句话太长了，我觉得可以把他分割成两个部分By observing the truth that the underlying and necessary behavior of the science and technology is the creative, reasoning and abstract thinking skills, the emphasis of science now experienced in most countries is a strong sign of how the society values the intellect.这段觉得段落组织不是很清楚

In sum, in individual consideration, intellect is critical to success; in the macro society concerns, the human community organizes their activities for well being upon the fundamental prerequisite of intellect; and human development relies on the use of cognitive skills. Hence, an appropriate emphasis is placed on the human intellect.

我觉得作者在这篇文章上的展开在总体上条理清晰，但是在各段上还要加强条理性和连冠性

cckantUID: 2247822

谢谢楼上的修改。