米国有米寒假小组9日提纲作业

cckantUID: 2247822

168."Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field."

Position: negative
1, expert in on field may have vital overlook because of their professional stand.
2, Judgment of outsider may inspire the improvement of one work
3, Crtical judgment of non-expert may be more objective

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184."It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data."

Position: nagative
1, some data are needed before theorization in many field
2, however, data may not be necessary for theorization in highly abstractive disciplines like pure mathematics
3, A significant number of data are observed under the guild of theory, like data justifying the relativity theory.

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212."If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable."

Position: limited nagtive
1, Whether a goal is worthy is determined on the net benefits, i.e. benefit gained less cost forgone for it.
2, discredit means destruct one’s moral stand, which has damaging effects last beyond the achievement of the goal
3, however, as time changes some moral constraint to people’s behaviour may vanished, a goal has lasting effect over times and generation may worth some means that is slightly discredit to individuals.

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226."People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience."

Position: positive
1, When problems come, people tend to find simple solution as their predecessors did as it would be verified and hence safe way to trickle the problems.
2, However, changing circumstance lead that new prolems evovles and there must be problems required innovative solution.
3, people used to rely on preceding experience tend to be scared by the problems without precedents at their very early encounter to the news problems., and imagins it as complex and challenging more than ever.
4, However, as knowledge and experience increase, people become understand that their predecessor must used to confront unprecedent problems as they did, form the subject background kept changing, no matter at the present or in the past. And their knowledge and experience acquaired in previous problems solving may provide a well integrated skills from both predecessor experience and their own attampt to solve the problems.