〖TOEFL 2009上半年-Dark_Tournament听力组〗rong0816的听力备考日志贴

rong0816UID: 2612194

索引

1楼--4.18（1989-01-p2；1989-05-p3；1990-05-p3）
2楼--4.19（1990-08-p3；1991-01-p2；1992-08-p3）

rong0816UID: 2612194

1989-01-p2

We are rapidly nearing the end of this course
in the history of classical music.

We have covered
several centuries in a very short time.

Much too short to do the music justice, of course, but
then this is a survey course.

From now until the end of the term, we will be talking about and listening to electronic music.

You’ve probably already known that it was in 1950 that musical computers and synthesizers first appeared in universities.

The first commercial synthesizers were sold about this time too.

The sophistications and complexity of there instruments has now increased to the point that they can produce almost any kind of songs.

Some alarmists believe this new instruments will bring an end to classical music or they already have.

You know I don't share this view, though I agree we are in the midst of a revolution in instrument design.

This, however, is not the first such evolution in musical history and probably not
the last one either.

Remember we’ve already studied a similar case in the early 19th century.

When the piano replaced the harpsichord and modern brass of wind instruments came into being.

One of the most important reasons of the great popularity of the electronic instruments is, of course, their relatively cheap price.

Well, just look at it.

Only about 400 dollars for an electronic keyboard compared to nearly 3000 dollars for a piano.

Naturally this has done a lot to increase sales of electronic instruments.

But I don't think even the most ardent supporters of electronic instruments expect them completely to replace the acoustic instruments.





1989-05-p3

Let's look back in history to an earlier way of life.

At one time children didn't have to learn any more than how to cope with their physical environment.

They have to learn to be careful around moving objects, and draw back when they got too close to something dangerous.

They didn't need a special school to learn these things, other than the school of experience, nor was school necessary for them to learn how to survive.

Because their parents taught all they needed to know about how to hunt, and to till the soil.

But as the society became more complex, people depended more on others
who were living far away.

So it became important for children to learn to read and write.

When money was created, they needed to learn to count and calculate.

Children had to know these things in order to survive in this new expanded environment.

Because such skills could not be learnt simply through first-hand experience, school became necessary so that children could be taught what we now will call, the three Rs: reading, writing and arithmetic.






1900-05-p3

Listen to the lecture.

Today I'll be talking about the invention of the camera and photography.

The camera is often thought to be a modern invention.

But as early as 1727, a German physicist discovered that light darkened silver salt a chemical compound.

Using as a camera, a big box with a small hole to let the light in, he made temporary images on the salt.

Sliver salt is still the base of film today.

Then a French scientist made the first permanent picture by using a special piece of mental sensitized with silver salt.

A photograph he made in 1826 still exists.

The painter Dagera improved on the process by placing common salt, the kind we eat, on the mental.

This was in 1839, the official date of the beginning of photography.

But the problem was the printing of the photographs.

And it wasn't until other scientists developed the kind of paper we now use that good printing was possible and photography became truly modern.

In 1960s, Mathew Brady was able to take his famous picture of the American Civil War, thus making portrait poses very popular.

In the 20th century, George Eastman of the United States, simplified film developing, and Edwards Land invented the so-called instant camera with self-developing film.

If we say that the photography came into existence in 1839, it follows that it has taken more than 100 years for the camera to reach its present condition of technical refinement.

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