Argument提纲10篇

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41The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of a food-distribution company with food-storage warehouses in several cities.

"Recently we signed a contract with The Fly-Away Pest-Control Company to provide pest-control services at our fast-food warehouse in Palm City, but last month we discovered that over $20,000 worth of food there had been destroyed by pest damage. Meanwhile, the Buzzoff Pest-Control Company, which we have used for many years, continued to service our warehouse in Wintervale, and last month only $10,000 worth of the food stored there had been destroyed by pest damage. Even though the price charged by Fly-Away is considerably lower, our best means of saving money is to return to Buzzoff Company for all our pest-control services."

The food distribution company employed two pest-control companies to provide pest-control services at different warehouses in different cities. The Fly-Away Pest-Control Company took charge in the fast-food warehouse in Palm City, with $20,000 worth of food destroyed last month. During the same time the
Buzzoff Pest-Control Company lost $10,000 worth of food. The arguer asserts that even the price charged by Fly-Away is lower, it is better to returen to Buzzoff Company for saving money. For the arguer has failed considering some conditions, his conclusion is not persuasive.

The amounts of destroyed food in Palm City and Wintervale are not comparable for the climates, geographic conditions and sites of the warehouses may be different. It is possible that Palm City has a warm, moist climate which is good for pest growing, In the opposition, Wintervale has a cool climate where are not as suitable for the pest as Palm City.

There is no cogent evidence to show the Buzzoff has done better than Fly-Away. To decide the effect of Fly-Away Company, it is necessary to compare the sum of destroyed food last month with the previous data, especially with the data when this warehouse was taken charged by Buzzoff. Otherwise, the $20,000 worth of food doesn't mean anything.

Referring to save the food-distribution company, the arguer acclaims that they should return to Buzzoff for their better pest-control services although price charged by Buzzoff is higher. The arguer failed to seize the most important data if he/she wants to save money. The key point is to ensure the company the most profits. What the arguer should do is to add the worth of destroyed food and the price of pest-control services by the two pest-control companies, and choose the one charges lower.

The arguer wants to save the company money. However, he fails to consider some other aspects of the problem, including the climates of the two cities, the profit difference. It is necessary and reasonable for the vice president to do more investigation to make a decision.


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42The following appeared in a proposal from the economic minister of the country of Paraterra.

"In order to strengthen its lagging economy, last year the government of the nearby country of Bellegea began an advertising campaign to promote ecologically sound tourism (ecotourism). This year the number of foreign visitors arriving at Bellegea's main airport doubled, and per capita income in Bellegea increased by ten percent. To provide more income for the population of Paraterra and also preserve the natural environment of our tiny country, we too should begin to promote ecotourism. To ensure that our advertising campaign is successful, we should hire the current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office as a consultant for the campaign."


The arguer's provides the example of Bellegea as evidence to show that Paraterra should also promote ecotourism and hire the current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office as consultant for the campaign. However, the evidence is not cogent.

Firstly, the arguer doesn't mention that Paraterra is in the same or similar ecnomic condition as Bellegea. The lagging economy, which may not happen in Paraterra, is the drive to make Bellegea to begin such a campaign to promote ecotourism. It is possible that there are abundant ecological resources in Bellegea which can be made full used of. Paraterra, which may has little ecological resources, is possible to promote its economy by its industry, agriculture or commerce. There are various ways to advance the development of economgy, which depends on the resources the country has.

There is no direct evidence to show that the development of economy can be attributed to the ecotourism. The number of foriegn visitors doubled may be the result of some commercial activities or other international meetings. The increase in the per capita income in Bellegea could be the result of the strengthened economy, however it is not cogent to say it is the ecotourism flourishes the economy. And there is still possibility that the money in Bellegea has inflated, which means there is not really increase in people's income.

Finally, even the ecotourism has advanced the economy in Bellegea, the situation of Paraterra would be different, which means the policy of ecotourism in Bellegea could not be copied to Paraterra. It depends on the condition in Paraterra.

In conclusion, the arguer wants to strengthen the economy with the policy of ecotourism which has been adopted by Bellegea, But there is no cogent evidence to show its efficiency. The arguer needs to do more investigation to it.

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43The following appeared as part of a business plan developed by the manager of the Rialto Theater.

"Despite its downtown location, the Rialto Movie Theater, a local institution for five decades, must make big changes or close its doors forever. It should follow the example of the new Apex Theater in the mall outside of town. When the Apex opened last year, it featured a video arcade, plush carpeting and seats, and a state-of-the-art sound system. Furthermore, in a recent survey, over 85 percent of respondents reported that the high price of newly released movies prevents them from going to the movies more than five times per year. Thus, if the Rialto intends to hold on to its share of a decreasing pool of moviegoers, it must offer the same features as Apex."


The arguer sounds reasonable for proposing the Rialto Movie Theater to make big changes, for otherwise it might have to close. But whether it has to offer the same features as Apex, the new theater opened last year in the mall outside of town, is worth considering.

It is not reasonable for Rialto Movie Theater to copy the features of Apex becuase they are in different conditions. First of all, they have different locations: Rialto Movie Theater locates in the downtown with Apex in the mall outside of town. If the people live outside of town and just work around downtown, it will be more convenient for the citizens to go to Apex rather than Rialto in their leisure time. Secondly, the arguer describes the Rialto as a institution for fifty years, which doesn't mean
the device in Rialto is not as good as that in Apex. It is possible that Rialto adopted classical features which are also quite attractive, although in different style from Apex.

Referring to the result of the convey, it is acclaimed that over 85% of respondents reported the high price prevents them from going to the movies more than five times per year. If the convey is convincing, then the result from it might be that people care much about the price. That means the lower price might be an effective strategy to attract people other than copying the Apex features.

In addition, the arguer doesn't mention that whether the two theatres both provide movies. If the Apex also provides drama, for example, and other forms of art, more people will be attrated to Apex.

In conclusion, the business plan to change the Rialto Theater should be established on more investigation.

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44The following is a recommendation from the business manager of Monarch Books.

"Monarch Books should open a café in its store to attract more customers and better compete with Regal Books, which recently opened a café. Monarch, which has been in business at the same location for more than twenty years, has a large customer following because it is known for its wide selection of books on all subjects. Opening the café would clearly attract more customers. The café would require relatively little space. Space could be made for the café by discontinuing the children's book section, which will likely become less popular given that the last national census indicated a significant decline in the percent of the population who are under age ten."

The arguer acclaims that Monarch Books should open a café in its store because Regal Books has opened one recently. The statement of the arguer is not convincing for there is risk in destroying Monarch Books’ character.

The arguer doesn’t mention that what part of readers that Regal Books aim. It is possible that Regal Books mainly aim at adult readers and provide academic books. In that situation, people would like to have a private room to read the books in which they are interested. Then the opening of a café could help Regal Books attract more customers. Referring to Monarch Books, it is known for its wide selection of books on all subjects which help to keep a large customer following. The opening of a café will be at the price of the discontinuing of children’s book section ,which might destroy Monarch Books’ characters and lead to loose its customers.

Secondly, a significant decline in the population who are under age ten could not prove that the children’s book section will be less popular. The national census count the number of children all over the country, which may be not true in the city which Monarch Books locates. And even the number of children decreases, it could not conclude that the children’s book section will be less popular. Because children are usually accompanied by their parents or grandparents, who are important customers for the book shot too.

In conclusion, it is not wise to close children’s book section without further investigation.
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45The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal.

"Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of a year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea."


已写过，第二次的作业吧，呵呵，略过
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46Although black bears are common in the eastern Canadian province of Labrador, grizzly bears—often similar in color, but much larger—were believed to exist only in the western provinces. Despite a nineteenth-century explorer's account of having startled and narrowly escaped from a grizzly bear deep in the woods in Labrador, modern scientists find no physical evidence that grizzly bears have ever lived in Labrador. But recent research into the language and legends of the Innu, a people who have lived in Labrador for thousands of years, reveals that their language has words for two different kinds of bears, and their ancient legends attribute different characteristics to the two kinds of bears. Therefore, there probably were grizzly bears in Labrador, and the explorer's account probably accurately identified the bear.


The assertion that grizzly bears may probably live in Labrador has not cogent evidence.

The arguer acclaims that the recent research into the language and legends of the Innu reveals words for two different kinds of bears in their language. And their ancient legends attribute different characteristics to the two kinds of bears. The arguer fails to consider other alternatives. Firstly, the arguer mentions that grizzly bears are similar in color with black bears, just larger. Even if there are grizzly bears in Labrador, the citizens may not be able to distinguish them if they are only different in size. Therefore there will not be different characteristics of the two kinds of bears in the legend.

Secondly, it is also possible that there are two kinds of bears, which are black bears and another kind of bear which has extinct.

The conclusion can be got from the research is that there may be two different kinds of bears in Labrador. However, nobody knows which kinds of bears they are. The possibility exists that one of them is grizzly bear, but there is no cogent evidence.
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47Scientists studying historical weather patterns have discovered that in the mid-sixth century, Earth suddenly became significantly cooler. Although few historical records survive from that time, some accounts found both in Asia and Europe mention a dimming of the sun and extremely cold temperatures. Either a huge volcanic eruption or a large meteorite colliding with Earth could have created a large dust cloud throughout Earth's atmosphere that would have been capable of blocking enough sunlight to lower global temperatures significantly. A large meteorite collision, however, would probably create a sudden bright flash of light, and no extant historical records of the time mention such a flash. Some surviving Asian historical records of the time, however, mention a loud boom that would be consistent with a volcanic eruption. Therefore, the cooling was probably caused by a volcanic eruption.

What the arguer provides is just a possibility. The arguer has no evidence to prove the arguer’s statement.

Given the accounts survive from the mid-sixth century, a dimming of the sun and extremely cold temperatures occurred. However, the dimming of the sun might be a result rather than a reason for the cold temperatures. Then the arguer provides two possible reasons for the dimming sun, which contains the unstated opinion that he has believed in the cold temperatures were the result of the dimming sun. In addition the two explanations for the emergence of a large dust cloud throughout Earth’s atmosphere, which may be one of the reasons that induce the cold temperatures.

Moreover, in order to prove that meteorite collision didn’t induce the cold weather, the arguer says the meteorite collision probably creates a sudden bright flash of light and no extant historical records of the time mention it. However, the arguer claims that few historical records survive from that time, which means even some people of that time observed such a flash and recorded it, the record might not survive. And it is also possible the prospect is not easily visible so that there is not any record. On the other hand, no evidence to prove the loud boom came from a volcanic eruption.

The evidence is not enough. Most of the things the arguer claims are speculations.

Evidence搭配：evidence of something; evidence to prove him guilty; evidence to support your statement


48The following appeared in a newspaper article published in the country of Corpora.

"Twenty years ago, one half of all citizens in Corpora met the standards for adequate physical fitness as then defined by the national advisory board on physical fitness. Today, the board says that only one quarter of all citizens are adequately fit and suggests that spending too much time using computers may be the reason. But since overall fitness levels are highest in regions of Corpora where levels of computer ownership are also highest, it is clear that using computers has not made citizens less physically fit. Instead, as shown by this year's unusually low expenditures on fitness-related products and services, the recent decline in the economy is most likely the cause, and fitness levels will improve when the economy does."

The argument seems not logical.
It is dubious that whether the definition of physical fitness has changed. The comparing of the fitness levels will be nonsense if some changes have been taken in the definition.
Secondly, it is not reasonable to conclude using computers has not made citizens less physically fit for the fact that overall fitness levels are highest in regions of Corpora where levels of computer ownership are also highest. The arguer fails to consider other factors influencing people’s physical fitness. It is possible that people living in the regions pay much attention to physical exercises, which make them healthy.
Thirdly, there is no necessary relationship between the expenditures on fitness-related products and services and economy. What we can infer that people spend less on fitness-related products is that people have paid less attention on physical fitness, which may be the result of life pressure and busy work.
Therefore, there is no reason for the arguer to suggest that the fitness levels will improve when the economy does. If the government really cares about people’s physical fitness levels, they should encourage people to do more exercises, instead of sitting before their computers working and playing all the time.

( Physical fitness 身体健康
Advisory board: 顾问委员会

Against the recommendation of our advisory
board, I decided to tackle a tough job in a brand-new field. 我不听谘询委员会的意见，决定在一个完全新的方面去尝试一件艰苦的工作。)

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49The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a newsletter on health issues.

"For the past decade, most health experts have advised teenagers to avoid eating greasy foods in order to prevent acne and related skin conditions, but the number of teenagers who sought medical help for these skin problems has actually risen over the same period. In a recent study, teenagers who avoided greasy foods for a month reported approximately as many outbreaks of acne and related skin conditions as did those who ate an average of two servings of greasy food per day. Such data indicate that eating greasy foods is unlikely to be a cause of acne and related skin conditions. Therefore, health experts should no longer recommend that people avoid such foods."

All the arguer talking is about the relationship between eating greasy food and outbreaks acne and related skin conditions for teenagers. However, the arguer enlarges the aimed people from teenagers to people, which is not reasonable.
Firstly, although most health experts have advised teenagers to avoid eating greasy foods, teenagers may not conform to the advice, which may result in the skin problems has risen over the period.
The data comparing teenagers who avoid greasy foods with those who ate an average of two servings of greasy food per day is dubious. The arguer doesn’t tell which organization has completed the convey and how many teenagers are involved in the survey.
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50From a draft textbook manuscript submitted to a publisher.

"As Earth was being formed out of the collision of space rocks, the heat from those collisions and from the increasing gravitational energy of the planet made the entire planet molten, even the surface. Any water present would have evaporated and gone off into space. As the planet approached its current size, however, its gravitation became strong enough to hold gases and water vapor around it as an atmosphere. Because comets are largely ice made up of frozen water and gases, a comet striking Earth then would have vaporized. The resulting water vapor would have been retained in the atmosphere, eventually falling as rain on the cooled and solidified surface of Earth. Therefore, the water in Earth's oceans must have originated from comets."

The water in Earth’s oceans have several resources other than only originated from comets.
The arguer claims that when the earth melts water present would have evaporated and gone off into space, which means one of the water resources is form the planet itself.
Comets may be another resource of water. The probability of a comet striking Earth is small, which could not bring Earth so many oceans that cover nearly 97% of the surface of Earth.
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