我的阅读日记

banyanwengUID: 2360770

首先是NO题

如果大家对题目有想法和理解，欢迎回复或发短信！:)

[ 本帖最后由 banyanweng 于 2007-8-25 16:40 编辑 ]

banyanwengUID: 2360770

Session A

Passage1

单词：
institution：a significant practice, relationship, or organization in a society or culture  *the institution of marriage*
entrenched：确立的，不容易改的（风俗习惯）
iniquitous：不公正的
scheme：a plan or program of action;  especially   : a crafty or secret one
plunder：a : to take the goods of by force (as in war)  : PILLAGE, SACK  *invaders plundered the town*
adverse：having an active feeling of repugnance or distaste ? usually used with to  *averse to strenuous exercise*
manumit：to release from slavery

summary
美国人独立自主的思想和黑人奴隶制度自相矛盾。黑人与白人拥有同样的自由权。许多人意识到了这种矛盾，并
逐步解放黑奴。
--------------------------------------------------------
Passage2

words:
couch：to phrase or express in a specified manner  *the comments were couched in strong terms*
pay：to return value or profit to  *it pays you to stay open*
game theory：the analysis of a situation involving conflicting interests (as in business or military strategy) in terms of gains and losses
among opposing players
gamete：a mature male or female germ cell usually possessing a haploid chromosome set and capable of initiating formation of a new
diploid individual by fusion with a gamete of the opposite sex
parasite：an organism living in, with, or on another organism in parasitism

summary
性别比例（sex ratio）的演化在绝大部分性别各异的动植物身上，产生了数量大致相等的雌性与雄性物体。情况何
以如此？一种“群体选择”（group selection）的论点。另一种是遗传学论点。由Fisher首先提出，作者也赞成。
基因通过配子的作用影响性别比例，并通过黄蜂的例子来说明。作者认为Hamilton的研究更深入了一步，因为他认
识到他的研究正是为了去寻找一种生物体的进化策略。

analysis
27题的A需要经过推断才能判断对错。

question
博弈论和fisher和Hamilton的理论的关系没搞懂
26题为什么不选C？

Section B

Passage1

words
闹剧（farce）
banalty 平凡的，陈腐的
occult：matters regarded as involving the action or influence of supernatural or supernormal powers or some secret knowledge of them ? used with the
exact：（verb）：1 : to call for forcibly or urgently and obtain  *from them has been exacted the ultimate sacrifice
2 : to call for as necessary or desirable   synonyms see DEMAND
indulgence 放任
verbose 详细的，冗长的
at odds   adv. 争执, 不一致

Summary
批评Thomas Hardy文风不一致。作为一个作家，托马斯?哈代（Thomas Hardy）的创作冲动——在其小说中他全都沉
缅于其中——显得多种多样，不尽相同，而这些创作冲动并未和谐协调地发挥作用。然后说了他的一些创作倾向。
在其小说中，这些不尽相同的创作冲动不可避免地且经常性地彼此间互为牺牲。在他的创作中有两种情况：一种是不失为一充满生机活力的创作冲动，故作家沉缅于其中并不会造成一种松散的作品风格。另一种是致命的、松散的创作冲动，作品注定会变得冗长罗嗦。哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。他委身于第一种创作冲动，接下来又委身于另一种创作冲动，而创作灵感则随心所欲地飘忽不定；因此，他的任何一部小说均显得参差不齐，高低不一。

analysis
18这个定义在文中应该怎么找？
19把a writer理解成the writer了，导致错误
20文中的verbose即为其答案。

question
18题
--------------------------------------------

Passage2

Summary
简单介绍了黑洞的形成和特点

analysis
26第一点可以推测到，而第三点在文中没提到。
27把选项的意思看反了: (

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nilhooUID: 2247183

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windflyingUID: 2314877

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Section B
18.
定位：he was also inclined to literary realism in the several senses of that phrase.

banyanwengUID: 2360770

SectionA
Passage1

word:
食肉动物（carnivore）
食草动物（herbivore）
keen：showing a quick and ardent responsiveness
mediate：1 a : to bring accord out of by action as an intermediary  b : to effect by action as an intermediary
2 a : to act as intermediary agent in bringing, effecting, or communicating  : CONVEY  b : to transmit as intermediate mechanism or agency
vigilant：alertly watchful especially to avoid danger
apprehension：1 a : the act or power of perceiving or comprehending  *a person of dull apprehension*  b : the result of apprehending mentally  : CONCEPTION  *according to popular apprehension*
attune：to make aware or responsive
adrenal：肾上腺的
内分泌系统（endocrine system）

summary:
论点：在早期草原上的庞大的哺乳动物（mammal）当中，智力的演化在很大程度上是由于这些动物中在生态学上同步的（ecologically synchronized）两大群体之间的交互作用所致，一类是猎取食物的食肉动物（carnivore），另一类是食肉动物所捕食的食草动物（herbivore）。
第二段：阐述生存的警觉状态对神经系统的影响。
第三段：本能的激素和意识对捕食者和食草动物的具体影响。

analysis:
20：做题的时候没有仔细看，导致错误。

question:
however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.
certain指什么？
The elements of intelligence and consciousness
consciousness是指本能的意识吗？

Passage2

word：
egalitarian 平均主义
ephemeral 朝生暮死的。
iconoclastic 打破旧习的。

summary:
同意他的数据，不同意他的观点。overestimate

analysis:
26：把题中问的对数据的态度，看成对他观点的态度了。

question：
Tocqueville的观点是什么？
E.Pessen的观点呢？和前者有什么关系？
数据重要性的高估如何体现在结论中？

SectionB

Passage1

words
disparaging轻视的
resigned顺从的，听天由命的
facetious幽默的
reverie幻想
讽刺作家（satirist）

summary:
伍尔夫选择了去理解和评判，去彻底了解社会。只有有了这一至关重要的决定才能创作出真正的艺术，而非论辨性文章。

analysis:
18
20
23

question:
23

Passage2

words
核聚变（nuclear fusion）
核裂变（nuclear fission）
水电能源（hydroelectric power）

summary:
对核聚变普遍存在的误解：不会产生放射性物质；核聚变的原料取之不尽。我们应该采用现在已经广泛使用的一些能源。

analysis:
27：没看清文章所致的错误

question:
no

banyanwengUID: 2360770

SectionA

Passage1

words：
gloss over 掩盖
divine 神的
conviction 深信

analysis:
17.细节题，搞不大明白。但根据文章倒数第二句可确定。
18.主旨题。
19、文章没有举例，也没有什么递进关系。始终是明确的正面和反面论断。

Passage2

words：
metabolism 新陈代谢
lactic acid n.乳酸
run up 迅速积累
sporadic adj.零星的
oxidative adj.[化]氧化的，具有氧化特性的


analysis:
20.排除法。但我认为全文不止说了anaerobic glycolysis ，而是说了oxidative metabolism啊。
21.根据第二段第一句话。
22.首先根据limitation这个词定位到第三段，找a major limitation。可排除其他几项。
23.细节题。根据第三段中画的脉络定位。
24.细节推理题。
25.细节题。此题我做错了。没有选III Percentage of glucose that is returned to the muscles。我觉得这一项可以根据第三段中的“……reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis"推出吧。特别是括号中的in part那个词很重要。很难注意到啊，汗！
26.文章针对那些人群写的？
27.主旨题。答案怎么会是A？？The disadvantage of a low oxidative metabolic rate in large animals can be offset by their ability to convert substantial amounts of glycogen into energy.

question:
20，27

SectionB

Passage1

word：
homogeneous
1 : of the same or a similar kind or nature

2 : of uniform structure or composition throughout  *a culturally homogeneous neighborhood*

3 : having the property that if each variable is replaced by a constant times that variable the constant can be factored out  : having each term of the same degree if all variables are considered  *a homogeneous equation*

analysis:
17.细节题。
18.从The average density可以看出密度不一致， The dark regions in the starry night sky可以看出有特别密的地方，以至于dark。
19.细节题，粗心做错了。

Passage2

word:
compel attention 不容人不注意, 使非注意不可
fictive adj.虚构的, 想象上的, 虚伪的
consanguinity n.血亲, 血缘, 亲密关系
communal adj.公共的, 公社的

analysis:
20.文中两处提及这几位作者的地方，即可找到答案。
21.其他几项直接排除，剩下A和D。文中没有提到oral和written的是非。而且根据He also uses accounts of ex-slaves to probe the human reality behind his statistics.可以看出oral可以是一种参考。
22.直接由文章主旨可得。
23.做错了。根据Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy.这句话，即可直接得到答案。
24.排除法
25.根据an exogamous tendency that contrasted sharply with the endogamy practiced by the plantation owners可得。
26.可用排除法
27.考标题

banyanwengUID: 2360770

SessionA
Passage1
words:
instigate v.鼓动
speculative adj.投机的
analysis:
17.其他项很明显不对
18.文章主要的目的就是质疑他的理论.文中有很多处,比如He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of both
19.从文章第一句即可推出
20.从这句话可得答案：…… toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe. However, since prejudice against these latter peoples was not inspired by capitalists, he has to reason that such antagonisms were not really based on race.

Passage2
words：
nerve impulse n.神经冲动
analysis:
21.作者态度。从文章第一句即可看出。
22.从短语所在的句子即可看出答案。
23.从实验的句子的前一句话：According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view.即可得到答案。
24.题目是：some evidence exists that the area of the cortex activated by a sensory stimulus determines which of the following?
I根据： it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge好像这个选项把因果说反了。
    II根据：（同上）
    III根据：However, cortical locus, in itself, turned out to have little explanatory value. Studies showed that sensations as diverse as those of red, black, green, and white, or touch, cold, warmth, movement, pain, posture, and pressure apparently may arise through activation of the same cortical areas.
25.从第一句话中的 relate brain processes to mental experience可得。
26.第三段的：, and there is some evidence for this view.和第四段的内容可以看出 To match the multiple dimensions of mental experience psychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses.
27.A：Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells
     B：that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system.
     C: 很明显
     Ｄ，Ｅ：To match the multiple dimensions of mental experience psychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses.
question:


SectionB
Passage1
words
analysis
17.文章的目的
18.II和III空气流动的对象不对。
19.根据Detailed understanding of this phenomenon awaits further study.
20.根据The air is mixed by means of turbulence that depends on the wind for its energy.

Passage2
words
analysis
21.根据For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways.

[ 本帖最后由 banyanweng 于 2007-8-25 23:03 编辑 ]

banyanwengUID: 2360770

SECTION A

Passage1

words:
retinal image眼膜图象
speculative投机的

summary:
首先讲Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories。然后说了两种假设，serial还是parallel。最后用实验表明实验数据更支持哪种假设。

analysis:
17.考文章大意和结构。由文章summary可知。
18.支持parallel方理论所依据的假设。
19.从文章的2，3句可得。
20.观点态度题。我选错了，居然不认识speculative这个单词。

question:

Passage2

words:

summary:
关于the status of women in various periods的研究。由于远古的数据难以取得。因此一些已有的学说没有可靠的证据，比如建立在神化的基础上。然后全文基本上就以Johann Bachofen的研究作为例子来驳斥他研究资料的不可靠。
首先简述JB的理论以及论据。
然后驳斥JB论据不可靠。
最后提出自己的观点。

analysis:
21.主旨题，由全文大意可见。
22.考列举。由第一段的premodern cultures have proved more difficult: sources are restricted in number, fragmentary, difficult to interpret, and often contradictory.可得。
23.I显然正确
II根据第三段的ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact—real Amazonian societies。可以判断是错的。
III根据最后一段指出有其他的资料更可靠（The sources that will probably tell contemporary historians most about women in the ancient world are such social documents as gravestones, wills, and marriage contracts.），以及全文的思想，可以判断这项是错的。
24.题目中提到： the author’s view of the ancient Greeks’ descriptions of the Amazons，所以，首先搞清楚作者的view是什么样的。就是在倒数第二段中的but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society这个thesis。而紧接此句后的例子，即为答案。
25.从最后一段的第一句可得。
26.从第一段的Thus it is not particularly surprising that some earlier scholarship concerning such cultures has so far gone unchallenged.可得。
27.作者态度题。从全文主旨可得。

question:

SECTION B

Passage1
words:

summary:
这篇文章的第一句可以概括其大意：Initially (the Vinaver theory) that Malory’s eight romances, once thought to be fundamentally unified, were in fact eight independent works (produced both a sense of relief and an unpleasant shock).（括号包围的是句子的主干。）后面就解释relief和shock的原因。

analysis:
17.这题我选错了。但还是有疑问。虽然A比D更合理，但是我总觉得作者只是客观的讨论了对这种假说的普遍反应，而不是 discuss the validity of a hypothesis。
18.态度题。
I.        There are meaningful links between and among the romances.
找不到定位: (
II.        The subtleties of the romances are obscured when they are taken as one work.
文中没有提到这个。所以认定为错误？
III.        Any contradictions in chronology among the romances are less important than their overall unity.
根据定位到这句Vinaver’s theory comfortably explained away the apparent contradictions of chronology and made each romance independently satisfying.但我找不到unity从何处体现。

答案：(C) I and III only
19.排除法。
20.从Part of this response was the natural reaction to the disturbance of set ideas.可以得出。

question.
17，18，

Passage2
words:
quantum量子
electron volt电子伏特

summary:
We can distinguish three different realms of matter, three levels on the quantum ladder.
然后从三个level来论述，比较。如电子伏特，特定level的基本微粒等。

analysis:
21.主旨题。
22.第二段的最后一句： The natural radioactivity we find on Earth is the long-lived remnant of the time when now-earthly matter was expelled into space by a major stellar explosion.可以推出B。B是这一句的同义改写。
(B) high energy exchanges on the nuclear level that occurred in an ancient explosion in a star
23.文章结构。
24.
(A) More than one level of energy exchange
第一段中从If these exchanges are below one electron volt和If one goes to higher energy exchanges可以看出至少两种。
(B) Exactly one elementary particle
在两种情况中都可以看出这个错误。
(C) Exactly three kinds of atomic structures
同上
(D) Three levels on the quantum ladder
没有证据
(E) No particles smaller than atoms
同B，C
25.很明显，因为gluon是在subnuclear层的。
26.由文章整体叙述可得。
27.第一段提到atoms and molecules have “conditional elementarity” because they keep their identity and do not change in any collisions or in other processes at these low energy exchanges.可以推得所有particle的情况。

question.

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SECTION A

Passage1
words:

summary:
否定Croce的观点。提出很久以前就已经存在的观点：inspiration是基本的，但它必须被law和intellect控制，才能被和谐的表现。
也就是这一句：Long before the Romantics stressed intuition and self-expression, the frenzy of inspiration was regarded as fundamental to art, but philosophers had always assumed it must be controlled by law and by the intellectual power of putting things into harmonious order.

analysis:
17.根据new technical elements had to be adopted to maintain the intellectual element in art.
18.文中举的例子：It was necessary to master certain laws and to use intellect in order to build……，or to……。
19.由thesis可得。
20.排除法。

question:

Passage2
words:

summary:
文章的开头很长，很慢切入正题。刚开始说了电脑，以为要说人工智能，后来才发现是要引出数学家论证的思想缺陷。
然后先说科学家的情况。
再说数学家的情况。
最后比较并得出结论。

analysis:
21.即考第一段引子的作用。
22.第二段第一句可得。
23.同上题
24.从第三段的 This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally.可得。
25.同22
26.从Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately.可得。
27.同22
（似乎这篇文章的题目很简单。）

question:

SECTION B

Passage1
words:
precursor 先驱

summary:
首先提出，在没有女子大学的18世纪，沙龙被作为了一种女子学习和交流知识的场所。
然后比较法国和英国的女子沙龙，以分析和展现当时的女子沙龙。以及同女权的关系。

analysis:
17.文章主旨题。
18.比较题。从以下两句可得。
The French salon incorporated aristocratic attitudes that exalted courtly pleasure and emphasized artistic accomplishments.
The English Bluestockings, originating from a more modest background, emphasized learning and work over pleasure.
19.细节题。从第二段的后半部分可以看出。
20.细节题。从exalt courtly pleasure和emphasize artistic accomplishments可得(C) Devotion to pleasure and art is justified in itself.
21.缺陷题。从最后一段的They were too traditional, too hemmed in by their generation to demand social and political rights.可得。
22.这题做错了。看来我的常识有点偏差。
23.从最后一段可得。
24.我错选成E，但后来觉得，比起教育来说，文章更注重女子沙龙在社会和女权方面的影响。

question:
24

Passage2
words:

summary:
其实文章只要看其中四句话。
1、When the same parameters and quantitative theory are used to analyze both termite colonies and troops of rhesus macaques……
2、I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them.
3、In both kinds of society there is a well-marked division of labor.
4、But it is out of such deliberate oversimplification that the beginnings of a general theory are made.


analysis:
很容易，不分析了。

question:

[ 本帖最后由 banyanweng 于 2007-9-4 10:40 编辑 ]

banyanwengUID: 2360770

SECTION A

Passage1
words:


summary:
动物的迁徙，他们迁徙的方向感依据的探究。

analysis:
17.主旨题
18.细节题。after a flock traveling east is blown far south by a storm, it will assume the proper northeasterly course to compensate.
19.从but看出语气的转折。
20.推测题。

question:

Passage2
words:（转自iloveqi的日记）
affinities: 喜好 A natural attraction
expound：explain
diffuse：四散
lucid：清楚的
Q24：pedantic and contentious：学究的和有争议的
deprecate  vt.抗议, 不赞成, 抨击, 反对, 藐视, 轻视
argumentative but unfocused：好辩但没重点
stilted and insincere：造作不真诚
Q26：rhetorical questions：修辞学的质疑

summary:
主旨大约就是第一句：
Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies.
作者对这个理论的态度是肯定的。先说了优点。在倒数第二段作了让步，说了一点缺点。但整体上是肯定的。

analysis:
21.举例目的题。从第一句中的rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject可以看出作者所反对的作家所采取的态度。
22.主旨题。
23.倒数第二段第一句Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.段中讲了一些小说结构等文学因素的例子。
24.作者态度题。
25.做错了。作者可能更反对用政治标准来批判文学类作品，相对于作家自传。
26.做错了。
(D) definition of terms
(E) personal opinion
我选成了E。作者的褒贬词就代表个人观点吗？这种题目怎么快速确定答案呢？
排除法可解决。
27.做错了。现在明白了。别找离论据距离太远的论点。

question:

SECTION B

Passage1
words:

summary:
这篇的话题知识很熟悉，所以看得很快。: )

analysis:
17.A选项干扰性比较强。因为话本身符合原文内容。但A不够全面，因为不只是烧燃料的问题。而且不能很好的概括全文。
18.细节题。
19.细节题。
20.作者态度题。
21.根据这句话：Under present conditions a temperature of-18℃ can be observed at an altitude of 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the radiating level), the temperature increases by about 6℃ per kilometer approaching the Earth’s surface, where the average temperature is about 15℃.
我刚开始做错的原因是我从高海拔往下加温度。其实应该从地平线往上减温度。15-6=9。
22.根据最后一段的：One mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5℃. This model assumes that the atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5℃ per kilometer.
但第二段也提到model：Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably yes.题目究竟是说那个？
23.细节题。从第二段的：The burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 15 percent in the last hundred years得出。

question:

Passage2
words:
morphology[生物]形态学

summary:
进化不仅影响人类的生物形态而且影响人类的行为。进化制约了人们，emotions and motives就是一种表现，它制约和决定着人们的行为。我们需要更好的了解它们的起源和原理，来反抗这些因素的影响。

analysis:
24.主旨题。E是干扰项，但E不如A全面概括内容。
25.从文章最后一句得。
26.推测题。E表现了自然因素造成的constraints。
27.E是如何得出的？

question:
27

[ 本帖最后由 banyanweng 于 2007-8-29 23:12 编辑 ]

iloveqiUID: 2159782

你准确率这么高？
不错，继续加油

yaoqian0424UID: 2323517

老天特别眷顾用心的人，LZ的态度很值得学习

banyanwengUID: 2360770

SECTION A

Passage1
words:
juxtapose vt.并置, 并列
connote v.含言外之意, 意味着
synonym n.同义字
nuance n.细微差别
semantic element 语义成分
metaphorical adj.隐喻性的, 比喻性的

summary:

analysis:
17.主旨题。
18.细节题。
19.
我错选成E，其原因是理解错了文章的最后一句话：
Used as metaphor, the juxtaposed terms connote specific or essential traits of the being they refer to, introducing a mode of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression.
其翻译是：并置的词语被作为隐喻使用，可表达出它们所指代事物的具体或本质的特征，从而引入诗歌的模式作为一种几乎是习以为常的表达方式。
而这并不等同于(E) the abstract terms of the Nahuatl language are habitually used in poetry.

question:

Passage2
words:
grazer n.吃草的动物
zooplankton n.浮游动物
algae n.藻类, 海藻
be amenable to  v.有义务, 顺从, 经得起检验
phytoplankton population 浮游植物群

summary:

analysis:
20.选错了。现在发现两个理论并没有本质的对立。
21.也做错了，正确选项由第一段的这句得出：The first theories of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal and zooplankton numbers.
22.做错了。逻辑题。只有B是完全否定了命题的。
23.题目说：作者可能同意那种。而不是问，文中提到的可以推测出哪个，或文中已经证明了哪个。所以，把作者不可能同意的排出即可。排除III。
24.最后一段中,Haney的实验为他们的理论提供了支持,所以他们的观点应该是最相近的。感觉自己还是有点在瞎猜，不知有没有更好的推断方法。
25.从第二段第一句可得。
26.
根据最后一段这句话：
Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.
选项：我错选了D。就是同义重述。看来功夫还是欠佳。
(D) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using data concerning the known population density of phytoplankton.
(E) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using laboratory data concerning the grazing rates of individual zooplankton

species.
27.细节题。

question:
24

SECTION B

Passage1
挺简单的，不分析了。

Passage2
word:

summary:

analysis:

20.主旨题。居然做错了: (

question:

[ 本帖最后由 banyanweng 于 2007-9-4 10:39 编辑 ]