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标题: 【反衬】TPO阅读疑难解答贴--索引版(欢迎各位同学提问) [打印本页]

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 11:37:40     标题: 【反衬】TPO阅读疑难解答贴--索引版(欢迎各位同学提问)



感谢caoxuemei版主开了一个“进军美利坚tpo阅读疑难解答帖”https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1114104&;extra=&page=1

鉴于版主事务繁忙，而帖子内的问题重复提问太多，特另辟此贴，将TPO阅读中的问题和解答整理，方便同学们查找，也避免了大家重复劳动。

楼层预留到TPO17为止。各位童鞋提问之前可以先查阅各楼层。我会不定期地整理和更新各楼层的信息。

提问格式：

题目出处：

题目原文：

题目选项：

题目答案：

疑问所在：



欢迎各位童鞋提问和提供解题思路。集思广益，一起攻克TPO和iBT

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 11:37:53



Tpo1
第一篇
Paragraph 2: The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.
4. According to paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found? ( M( P0 f+ J2 ]' h, l; t0 h
○Inside pieces of sand and gravel , I9 L* C3 `5 f, i
○On top of beds of rock
○In fast rivers that are flowing beneath the soil / i# b. Y) T5 h' |6 F$ b* w
○In spaces between pieces of sediment
请问为什么不选A？
文中明明说“The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel.”啊？

【反衬解答】A是inside， 原文是among。意思完全不一样。




TPO1 第二篇

Paragraph 3：At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.& i) c; U* t! d
) k. h& p- C. L, [+ |
8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of trees in the middle and upperlatitudes?
○Tree growth is negatively affected by the snow cover in valleys.6 D! }& i$ F$ l7 ~& Q
○Tree growth is greater in valleys than on ridges.- `: Z9 M( P  b
○Tree growth on ridges is not affected by high-velocity winds.& {  K, M8 H  A* Y
○Tree growth lasts longer in those latitudes than it does in the tropics.
从哪看出来是负面影响呢
后来不是说valley土好，水多，适合生长么

【反衬解答】：找信息一定要对两个东西，1是原文，2是题目要求。不能看到和原文一样的选项就选。虽然原文说过valley土好，水多，但是不要忘记，题目问的是middle and upper latitudes；原文讲valley好，是讲tropics。

原文这句话已经告诉我们答案了。This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover.



Paragraph 8: Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain
Ufrom it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.█ But some will remain, clinging to all solid
surfaces.█ It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain
dinstantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.█ The total volume of water in the saturated0 ^3 T& B- o3 w) W
sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain3 f* A" R% C7 _* D: Q0 y
away.█
. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added tothe passage.1 v# i) B; {& w. Y
( R' u" Z" _% N4 |1 K1 v% M
What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away?
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.. E+ z+ h7 }+ k, D6 x5 I/ \5 r
- x- F: I$ I9 Q% b0 J
正确答案：4（我选3）
不明白！以问句结尾，和下文接不起来啊～～   会不会是文勇的答案错啊？
【反衬讲解】
答案没错。可以接起来。要讲两者的比例各占多少之前，应该先出现两者的介绍。所以应该放在4。你放在3就刚好颠倒了讲话的正常顺序。

问：噢～～多谢反衬老师指点！

看到这题的下面一段是：

The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or& _) K4 H# ?( M1 {
sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on
Mpore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension
`to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as
fthin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water
will be firmly held.
虽然题目只显示了一段的内容，但应该两段连起来看。就通顺了。
【反衬答】：其实如果四个方格在同一段里面，通常不需要看下一段。
要先满足一段的内部关系。如果连一段的内部关系都无法满足，那么另一段也就不用看了

问：嗯嗯～之前做的句子插入题也是只看这一段就可以选了。不过很多句子没有连接词逻辑关系不明显，就一定需要读懂上下文才行。

TPO比OG难好多啊～～OG只错2个TPO就错惨了555～～   单词不懂长句又多做题纠结....-_-ll

【反衬解答】：只有四个方格分列两段才需要读上下两段。
否则只需要读一段。
2 l:插入题是有很多方法的。但是大前提是一致的，先找名词的重复，再考虑先后。

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided

below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Much of the ground is actually saturated with water.

●

●

●

Answer choices

○1.Sediments that hold water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and streams.

○2.Water is stored underground in beds of loose sand and gravel or in cemented sediment.

○3.The size of a saturated rock’s pores determines how much water it will retain when the rock

is put in a dry place.

○4.Groundwater often remains underground for a long time before it emerges again.

○5.Like sandstone, basalt is a crystalline rock that is very porous.

○6.Beds of unconsolidated sediments are typically located at inland sites that were once

underwater.
这里面为何要选1，而不选4呢？我觉得1没有根据，而4却在文章第一段提到了。
【反衬解答】：
不是文章提到就要选。答案是对全文主旨或者段落主旨的概括。所以我们要区分是概括信息还是次要细节。4虽然提过，但它是个很次要的细节，所以不选。

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 11:38:20



OG 12篇

OG7 NINETEENTH-CENTURY POLITICS IN THE UNITED STATES
.Paragraph 5: The Whigs, in contrast, viewed government power positively. They believed that it should be used to protect individual rights and public liberty, and that it had a special role where individual effort was
ineffective. By regulating the economy and competition, the government could ensure equal opportunity.
Indeed, for Whigs the concept of government promoting the general welfare went beyond the economy.
In particular, Whigs in the northern sections of the United States also believed that government power
' @) T& `$ u3 g% y5 ^should be used to foster the moral welfare of the country. They were much more likely to favor
: |6 D. E' m, O4 y' U7 p' V7 P- T7 ^social-reform legislation and aid to education.
9. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about variations in political beliefs within the
1 C3 ]1 `% O$ ]% U* c
Whig Party?
   1.They were focused on issues of public liberty.  " w- F* M2 Y: J5 P
   2.They caused some members to leave the Whig party.  % i/ O! R9 ]( E" {' g& m& e
   3.They were unimportant to most Whigs.
! c( [/ `/ O. B) E5 d; X- g
   4.They reflected regional interests.

【反衬解答】：
第一点：关注文章内在逻辑
第一句抽象，第二句具体，第三句具体，第四句转折（注意indeed, went beyond），提出与上文不同的现象，第五句具体
第六句具体。(indeed这个词到底是是转折还是递进不是关键。我们只需要把它理解为一个逻辑关系改变的标志。关键是你要读懂 indeed前后内容的差异点。economics vs moral welfare. whigs in general vs northern sections)
第二点：关注题干关键字variations没有在文章直接提到，涵盖原文两种对象：political beliefs (注意单复数)，需要自己总结。
第三点：关注迷惑项A选项为迷惑项，因为只涵盖了一种对象。没有涵盖出两者的Variations.第四点：关注答案与原文的关系
第四个选项
并非原文的直接同义替换，而是将原文进行了抽象概括。
详细解释请看https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1126765-1-1.html
题干说的很清楚 Variations in political beliefs. beliefs是复数。所以答案一定要讲出两种beliefs间的关系。第一个很明显只讲了第一个belief的内容。】

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 11:38:36



TPO 1
第二篇
Paragraph 1: In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.
7
According to paragraph 1, why did some societies develop and repeat ceremonial actions? !
○To establish a positive connection between the members of the society
○To help society members better understand the forces controlling their food supply
○To distinguish their beliefs from those of other societies 0 x% T( I' {8 p! A! ^- s  r. p+ ]
○To increase the society’s prosperity $ R" V: `! N1 S
我选的是B 我好象两次都选的B。请问答案为什么是D谢谢


Paragraph 5:In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.+ i& h" |5 @+ s$ r/ x; o. [
9. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 5?
AThe author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.
BThe author argues against theories expressed earlier in the passage.
CThe author argues for replacing older theories with a new one.
DThe author points out problems with two popular theories.
为何第九题选A，不选D????
【反衬讲解】
第四个选项中心词是problems。可是文章并没有说两个theories有什么problems哦。

第三篇
The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.
which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about oth the upper and lower timberlines?
A.Both are treeless zones.
B. Both mark forest boundaries.
C. Both are surrounded by desert areas.- B* n- I7 v$ R+ g
D. Both suffer from a lack of moisture.& v, s9 [7 {6 m+ v( v
/ H: ~$ L  m- ^& A
答案是B，但我选择的是A，不知道那句话暗示了B是正确选项呢？看了好几遍都没明白。谢谢大家！$ N: E+ I1 {9 T5 ]( `2 O
（此题出处：TPO第一套，第一篇阅读，Q3）

这道题目关键是要读懂题干：
题干的关键字是both，表明考的是两者的共性。
那么你自然要回去找两种timberline的共同点。共同点往往是同义表达。' U1 k/ `  V' b
3 |" b# U) _* y' b5 _5 K" z  _
The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.
我把关键字都标出来了。这个就是阅读理解的真正过程。如果你看了很久都没有看懂，原因可能是你只关注了具体单词的含义，却没有关注词汇之间的关系。; I- ^/ q& W+ ]! C
【反衬讲解】这道题目应该这样去理解：读到第一句话Transition的时候，我们应该把transition认为是一个抽象概念。而读第二句话的时候，应该带着transition这个未解之谜来读，看看第二句与第一句的关系。很明显，第二句中出现了trees disappear and are replaced这些动作，很明显，这是对于transition的具体解释。第三句将这种transition定义为timberline了，这样也就可以把A选项排除了。因为A说的是tree-less zone，而很明显，原文的timeberline并不是无树，而是 a zone of transition。第四句用also这个词给出了同类现象lower timberline，而transition 又再次出现，只不过换成了pass into这个词。lack of moisture这个细节只在最后出现，不是两者共性。
因此，共性就是transition。再抽象一点：
第一句抽象，提出一种自然现象，第二句具体解释，第三句将自然现象定义为一个术语，第四句提出自然现象的同类现象。题目考这两个现象的共性。  
但是这道题的最难的一点是读懂原文与答案的对应关系。但其实这个貌似很难的问题的解决方案却非常简单。症结在于，我们对于词汇的理解不够准确。

其实boundary 就是border: the official line that divides one area of land from another。根据boundary这个词的含义，我们就不难看出，其实原文中的timberline其实就是一个zone，divides forest from other plants. ( D) H( e3 G; ^# {4 ?4 i6 x$ p  X
结论：1. 读原文要重句间关系，轻具体含义。
2.背单词不仅要提高数量，还要提高质量。



Paragraph 4：There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.
10. In paragraph 4, what is the author’s main purpose in the discussion of the dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline?
A argue that none of several environment factors that are believed to contribute to that phenomenon do in fact play a role in causing it
B argue in support of one particular explanation of that phenomenon against several competing explanations

C explain why the primary environmental factor responsible for that phenomenon has not yet been identified.
D present several environmental factors that may contribute to a satisfactory explanation of that phenomenon
为什么不是选B，
文中红色部分说了the most important就是带有某种倾向性和支持性啊，

【反衬讲解】

请读懂B选项中最关键的逻辑关系： argue  in support of one.... against several competing. 何为 argue.... against？
不仅是支持一种，而且还要反对其他哦。
原文中并没有反对其他。

请问TPO1中TIMBERLINE那篇文章的最后一题：4 }' O4 ?5 h9 n/ S+ W2 I
At the timberline, whether upper or lower, there is a profound change in the growth of trees and other plants.
选项2：There is no agreement among scientists as to exactly why plant growth is sharply different above and below the upper timberline.  为何是对的?选项3：The temperature at the upper timberline is probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as the amount of snowfall or the force of winds.为何是错的？依鄙人愚见
此题应该选3、4、6  请高人指点
【反衬讲解】
选项2，来自第四段开头There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role.
选项3当中的描述属于第二段中的细节。是从属于选项2的。摘要题的答案应选取抽象信息，所以不选第三个

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 11:38:51



Tpo3
第一篇

Paragraph 4：Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred ago.
7. In paragraph 4, what does the author imply about modern buildings?2 E) P; G3 d  ?+ ?
○They occupy much less space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
○They are not very different from the building of a few generations ago.
○They weigh less in relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
○They take a long time to build as a result of their complex construction methods.
不明白为神马选3,总觉得定位画底线那句跟3讲的是两回事

【反衬讲解】答案应该是在这两句话。Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred ago.
第一句话提出了材料更少。第二句暗示了一个比较关系，两句话连在一起也就意味着重量更少

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paragraph 5: Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecture-such as igloos and adobe structures-there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.


\which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body and architecture that is described in paragraph 5?
1 complex equipment inside the buildings is one element in modern architecture that resembles a component of a human body.
2 in general, modern buildings more closely resemble human body than early buildings do.

其他两个选项我都排除了，在这两个选项中徘徊不定，我觉得两个都有道理，但是答案是第二个。第一个哪里不对了呢？

【反衬讲解】
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1126765-1-1.html 请看我这篇文章。
：第一句前半句抽象，第后半句具体，第二句具体，第三句转折提出与上文不同的现象。
题干关键字the relationship between the human body and architecture 并非直接来自原文，而是涵盖了原文两种对象: architecture= modern + early。
最后一个选项涵盖转折关系前后两种对象的共性，A选项为迷惑项，因为只涵盖了一种对象。
答案源自原文，但是并非原文的直接同义替换，而是将原文进行了抽象概括。关注同一段中2种现象的差异。
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Paragraph 6: Much of the world’s great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground

structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.

11．According to paragraph6, which of the following statements is true of the arch?

○The Romans were the first people to use the stone arch.

○The invention of the arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.

○The arch worked by distributing the structural of a building toward the center of the arch.

○The Romans followed earlier practices in their use of arches.

怎么排除A选项？是因为有stone么？

【反衬讲解】不是因为有stone，而是因为有first. 原文讲到first是first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground，但是选项A把后面的具体信息删掉了，就变成绝对的第一个了。

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第二篇
Paragraph2: Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders ere variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). In1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.

1. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph2 about early theories of where the first inhabitants of the Pacific islands came from?
They were¡ generally based on solid evidence.
They tried to account for the origin of the characteristic¡ features of the languages spoken by Pacific islanders
They assumed that the peoples living in Southeast Asia did not have the skills needed to sail to the Pacific islands
They questioned the ideas of G. Elliot Smith¡ and W. J. Perry
答案为什么是第三个？？



【反衬讲解】
For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific
这句话，取反理解。其他民族不行
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5：The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. Other, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region’s water supplies

11．Paragraph 5 mentions which of the following as a source of difficulty for some farmers who try to conserve water?

Crops that do not need much water are difficult to grow in the High Plains
Farmers who grow crops that need a lot of water make higher profits.


ZIrrigating less frequently often leads to crop failure.


Few farmers are convinced that the aquifer will eventually run dry.
答案选的第二个
我选定第四个
我觉得这个是有原文支持的啊   who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water,不就是Few farmers are convinced that the aquifer will eventually run dry.的结果吗？

4：This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an

almost negligible natural recharge rate—that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 1930’s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters or more. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980.

9. According to paragraph 4, compared with all other states that use Ogallala water for

irrigation, Texas

○Has the greatest amount of farmland being irrigated with Ogallala water

○Contains the largest amount of Ogallala water underneath the soil

○Is expected to face the worst water supply crisis as the Ogallala runs dry

○Uses the least amount of Ogallala water for its irrigation needs

第三篇

Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always

associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)

9. In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “(A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle)”?

○To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example

○To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help

understand stability in other situations

○To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity

○To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystems

答案选C，我选B

Paragraph 6: █Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. █The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. █We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. █ 6 i- H6 G$ n7 P/ W
13．Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. ' @/ z5 A* g' J, k5 \$ W) Z
In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.4 T2 P* {' P7 W* G
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
我觉得第一个空格更合适。答案给的是第二个空。因为原文第一句提到了“ because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities.”部分证明了要加进去的这句话。
请解疑

The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change over time.

Answer choices
○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation
○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ecosystem
○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term stability.
○Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of ecosystems
○Disagreements over the meaning of the term “stability” make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems.
○The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans

为什么选 3 和 5 啊

我选的是126，答案是235。
说一下我当时的解题思路，我把题干分成了三块儿，the process of succession 和the stability of a climax conmmunity 这两块儿是两个主语，change是第三块儿。然后我就在选项中说了涉及到两个主语的并且是表达了change意思的。
看了答案之后，自己又分析了下，能解决前面的4个，但是依旧不明白5为什么对，6为什么错，求解答。

对于阅读中的最后一题，我总是出现错误，是不是解题方法不对啊？我现在做最后一题是先看题干，抽出当中的关键词，然后在选项里找对应，偶尔会用一些排除法。做完了觉得挺对的，可是一看答案就傻眼了。。。求帮助啊！谢谢啊！

【反衬解答】第六个和原文讲的不一样啊

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 11:39:06



Tpo4
第一篇
Paragraph 2: Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salad, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.
2.  It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions,
A Cause some deer to hibernate 矛盾
B Make food unavailable in the highlands for deer
C Make it easier for deer to locate understory plants
D Prevent deer from migrating during the winter 矛盾

文勇的Answer是C。我选的B，理由为段2中的红字部分。鹿群从高低迁徙到低地平原是因为在冬季的时候高地食物匮乏。而低地上有足够食物，因为林叶层厚，还有雪砸下来的树枝树叶之类的。
不知为啥答案是C。求指点。
【反衬讲解】
文勇是错的，B对
Even with snow on the ground, the highbushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches ofcedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder

这句话，有没有注意到Even? 表明雪是一个让步因素，而不是一个便利因素。“即使有雪”怎么可能表达“make it easier”呢？
后面那半句文字讲的不是 understory了，讲的是高大的树，与understory 无关。


14．Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate seasonally food

Answer Choices


○ The balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of deer.

○ Deer populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in the deer populations of the areas at that time.

○ In the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested areas.

○ Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deers are living at any one time the western United States.

○ Although it was believed that human settlement of American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer. 6 o$ S0 E! z5 r; ~6 Q- c
○ Wildlife biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for deer.
3 ^/ P7 a8

我选的是346，答案是235
我的想法：选项中只要是涉及到Deer eat a wide variety of foods或者Deer migrate seasonally food的就选择。看了答案以后就懵了，不明白为什么3和5是对的，4和6是错的。针对这个类型的题有点不知道该怎么办了。求解答、求帮助！谢谢！

第二篇
Paragraph 3：The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death of injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.
7．According to paragraph 3, scholars explained chips in the painted figures of animals by proposing that
|○Upper Paleolithic artists used marks to record the animals they had seen
O7 n# `7 M○the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals for hunting
○the artists had removed rough spots on the cave walls
○Upper Paleolithic people used the paintings to increase their luck at hunting. I
这个题我不知道2 和 4 中间应该选哪个。。。答案是4 我选了 2.。。谢谢~~
【反衬讲解】
首先要紧扣题目，题目问的是chips。定位句是This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. 这句话开头明显有对上文的指代，所以答案在上文：Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. 答案就是第四个了。
第二个很明显在转折以后才出现，But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. 已经与chips无关了。

提醒：不要因为一个选项在原文出现过就对它纠结。要根据题目的指示和原文的提示去判断这个细节的功能。


Paragraph 4：The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides. For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.
11．According to paragraph 4, what change is evident in the art of the period following the Upper Paleolithic?
○This new art starts to depict small animals rather than large ones.
○This new art ceases to reflect the ways in which people obtained their food.
○This new art no longer consists mostly of representations of animals.
○This new art begins to show the importance of hunting to the economy.

我选D的
因为看到文章中蓝色的话...但看了很久都不懂为什么选C 求解...先谢谢~
【反衬讲解】
But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals  X; K: V0 W% K2 G
请看黑体字
D当中的begins to show，文章没提过




最后一道排序大题
Upper Paleolithic cave paintings in Western Europe are among humanity’s earliest artistic efforts.
.Researchers have proposed several different explanations for the fact that animals were the most common subjects in the cave paintings. 正确
2. The art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic ceased to portray large game animals and focused instead on the kinds of animals that people of that period preferred to hunt. 与原文矛盾
3. Some researchers believe that the paintings found in France provide more explicit evidence of their symbolic significance than those found in Spain, southern Africa, and Australia. 原文未提及
4. The cave paintings focus on portraying animals without also depicting the natural environments in which these animals are typically found. 细节而非主枝
5. Some researchers have argued that the cave paintings mostly portrayed large animals that provided Upper Paleolithic people with meat and materials.
6. Besides cave paintings, Upper Paleolithic people produced several other kinds of artwork, one of which has been thought to provide evidence of complex thought. 正确

我有疑问的是，第５个选项为什么也正确？
我认为它是一个Minor　Idea，是细节而非主枝。在文章第四段里确实有提到选项５陈述的内容（红字部分），但只是作为列举的例子之一出现。这样可以成为Main　Idea？！

第三篇
Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.
2．According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about petroleum formation?
○Microscopic organisms that live in mud produce crude oil and natural gas.
○Large amounts of oxygen are needed for petroleum formation to begin.
○Petroleum is produced when organic material in sediments combines with decaying marine organisms.
○Petroleum formation appears to begin in marine sediments where organic matter is present.
这道题我不是问别的，是问有没有快捷的方法？虽说有关键词可以找
但是不幸的是这段都在讲跟关键词有关的。这个题我做了2min虽然对了
但是求速解方法！

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 11:39:17



Tpo5
第一篇
This scenario(plan) begins with the planting of hyper accumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff
10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

Before considering phytoremediation, hyper accumulating species of plants local to the target area must be identified.
The investigation begins with an evaluation of toxic sites in the target area to determine the extent of contamination.
The first step in phytoremediation is the planting of hyper accumulating plants in the area to be cleaned up
Mines and irrigation ponds can be kept from becoming contaminated by¡ planting hyper accumulating species in targeted areas.
正确答案 C，我觉得B也没什么错的。为什么？



11. It can be inferred from Paragraph6 that compared with standard practices for remediation of contaminated soils, phytoremediation


does not allow for the use of the removed minerals for industrial purposes.
can be faster to implement
his equally friendly to the environment¡
is less¡ suitable for soils that need to be used within a short period of time.

是要很长时间，所以不适合短期，那C为什么不能选？

第二篇

第三篇
JScientists have asked important questions about this explosion for more than a century. Why did it occur so late in the history of Earth? The origin of multicellular forms of life seems a relatively simple step compared to the origin of life itself. Why does the fossil record not document the series of evolutionary changes during the evolution of animals? Why did animal life evolve so quickly? Paleontologists continue to search the fossil record for answers to these questions
5. According to Paragraph2, which of the following is NOT a question that paleontologists asked about the Cambrian explosion?
1Why was the origin of life a¡ simple step in Earth’s history?
2Why did it take so long for multicellular organisms to¡ develop?

3Why¡ did animal life evolve so rapidly?
4Why does the fossil record lack evidence¡ of animal evolution during that time?
这题答案给1，我明白，可我觉得2也不对，怎么在这段看不出来哪里说了 multicelluar organism的develop???请求高人指点~~

看了文勇的解释，很不理解~原文中的multicellular形容的事forms of life，貌似与A中的simple并不矛盾吧，我认为，原文中第三句话是用来解释第二句话的，因此第一个问题恰好可以同意转换成A的形式，没什么问题的啊~反倒是B，根本就是与原文相反，原文通篇的意思都是说这个进化过程太快了，B却说take so long，怎么能对呢
【反衬讲解】
做题最重要的第一步：读懂题干要我们干什么。题目问的是 "not a question" 所以就算A当中的文字在文章出现过提过，它也不是个问题啊。作者并没有对此发问。
其二，原文中origin of life 和simple step不是同一个东西啊。The origin of multicellular forms of life seems a relatively simple step compared to the origin of life itself. 请同学看清楚这个simple step到底是指
哪一个origin.; R# g  g# q% C3 J4 C9 A
其三第三句和第二句的关系，应该是这样的：第二句是一个问题，第三句解释为什么这是个问题。第二句说why did it occur so late? 而第三句告诉我们这个东西相对简单。所以两句结合在一起，就显得这东西发生的很晚，简单的东西照理不应该发生得这么晚啊!
f所以so late就变成了B当中的So long了。
这种题目其实不需要想这么多。题目叫我们找不是问题的选项，你把文章三个why找出来，没有在why里面出现过的文字就错了。那不就把A搞定咯


最後一題:
1. Little is known about the stages of evolution during the Cambrian period, in part because early animals were soft bodied and could fossilize only under particular conditions.
2. While animal fossils from before the Cambrian explosion have no modern descendants, many animals that evolved during the Cambrian explosion can be assigned to modern groups
3. The Cambrian period is significant because it marks the emergence of eukaryotic life-forms – organisms that have cells with true nuclei
4. The Ediacara fossil formation provides the most information about the Cambrian explosion, while the earlier, Tommotian and Burgess Shale formations give clues about Precambrian evolution.
Zoologists are awaiting the discovery of a 600-million-year-old fossil formation in order to be able to form a theory of how animal evolution progressed.
6. Although the reasons for the rapid evolution of animals during the Cambrian period are not known, one proposed explanation is an abundance of niches with a lack of competitors.
為什麼選項2是對的?' f:
求解!
【反衬讲解】
第二个选项概括了四、五、六三个自然段的关系, o8 [1 n4 w! Y5 b. H

Tpo6
第一篇
GParagraph 2: The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in the century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder，and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum．This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner．Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption
6. According to paragraph 2, Watt's steam engine differed from earlier steam engines, in each of the following ways, except:

It used¨ steam to move a piston in a cylinder.
It worked with greater speed.¨
It was more efficient¨ in its use of fuel.) ]5 A1 ?" G) G+ L

It could be used in many different ways.
我选的D，答案A，求教


13.The Industrial Revolution would not have been possible without a new source of power that was efficient, movable，and continuously available．0 P' e+ _. F/ Answer Choices) S!

1.In the early eighteenth century, Savery and Newcomen discovered that expanding steam could be used to raise a piston in a cylinder
2.  Watt’s steam engine played a leading role in greatly increasing industrial production of all kinds.
Until the 1830s，Britain was the world’s major producer of steam engines.
In the mid-1700s James Watt transformed an inefficient steam pump into a fast，flexible，fuel-efficient engine.
In the 1 790s William Murdoch developed a new way of lighting houses and streets using coal gas.
The availability of steam engines was a major factor in the development of railroads，which solved a major transportation problem .
答案是2,4,6
为什么第二个是对的,他说的是all kinds,可是原文中只是举了好几个在工业中应用的例子啊,什么火车,照明一些的..这个选项应该是对应原文的第三段吧?
我选了第五个,为什么又是错了呢?是不是construction是错的呢?
请多多指教啦~~辛苦了

第二篇

Paragraph 4: As he collected fossils from strata throughout England, Smith began to see that the fossils told a different story from the rocks Particularly in the younger strata the rocks were often so similar that he had trouble distinguishing the strata, but he never had trouble telling the fossils apart．While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shale and in another sandstone, the fossils in that shale or sandstone were always the same．Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear In many strata，but others occur only in a few strata, and a few species had their births and extinctions within one particular stratum．Fossils are thus identifying markers for particular periods in Earth's history．

8.According to paragraph 4，it was difficult for Smith to distinguish rock strata because

○the rocks from different strata closely resembled each other

○he was often unable to find fossils in the younger rock strata

○their similarity to each other made it difficult for him to distinguish one rock type from another

○the type of rock between two consistent strata was always the same
打死都想不到是选第一个
怎么想都觉得是第三个

第三篇：Infantile Amnesia

Paragraph 3: Three other explanations seem more promising．0ne involves physiological changes relevant to memory. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood．And this part of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved later. Demonstrations of infants’ and toddlers' long-term memory have involved their repeating motor activities that they had seen or done earlier，such as reaching in the dark for objects, putting a bottle in a doll’s mouth, or pulling apart two pieces of a toy. The brain’s level of physiological maturation may support these types of memories，but not ones requiring explicit verbal descriptions.

5. What does paragraph 3 suggest about long-term memory in children?
○Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain is important for the long-term memory of motor activities but not verbal descriptions．
○Young children may form long-term memories of actions they see earlier than of things they hear or are told．
○Young children have better long-term recall of short verbal exchanges than of long ones．
○Children’s long-term recall of motor activities increases when such activities are accompanied by explicit verbal descriptions

第二部分第十九题 答案选择B
C/D选项明显是错误 B选项我觉得不对啊 文中没有提及hear told啊 A选项也不知道是哪里错了 希望大家可以给我解释一下 谢谢

【反衬解答】：答案在段落最后一句话中：The brain’s level of physiological maturation may support these types of memories，but not ones requiring explicit verbal descriptions.

verbal descriptions就对应答案B中的hear or are told。

A错得微妙。以下解答来自zxkingsey(zxkingsey)

A错误的原因在于，注意原文中的用词为 the brain's level of physiological maturation.这里level一词很重要。大脑的是在慢慢成熟过程中。所以原文的意思是younger children拥有的大脑的成熟程度可以帮助形成对行为的长久记忆，对于其他长期记忆的形成没有帮助。A的意思是大脑的成熟对于其他记忆不重要。原文意思换句话说就是大脑的成熟对其他类的长期记忆形成是有用的，只是在人们小的时候，由于大脑的成熟度还不够，只能帮助形成行为的长期记忆。不晓得我解释清楚没有~

我觉得这位朋友解释得很对，谢谢你的热心参与。
但是解释得有点复杂。归结起来就是原文是 level of maturation support X, not Y，但是选项A把支不支持的概念偷换为重不重要，这就是A为什么错的原因。

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 11:39:32



Tpo7
第一篇
Paragraph 3 With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Inter bedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.5

3．What does the author imply by saying “Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent”?
.○The most obvious explanation for the origin of the pebbles was not supported by the evidence
○The geologists did not find as many pebbles as they expected.
○The geologists were looking for a particular kind of pebble r:
○The different pebbles could not have come from only one source
答案是A
其实我选的也是A，但是想问一下这句话的准确翻译是什么？为什么要选A呢？谢谢！


Paragraph 3 With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.- L7 f) l4 x) a0 B3 ^6 L
3．What does the author imply by saying “Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent”?7 |+ c/ R2 l* u* b+ g. q

The¨ most obvious explanation for the origin of the pebbles was not supported by the evidence.- T( t/ s) @2 N8 K, ^

The geologists did not find as many pebbles as they¨ expected.
The¨ geologists were looking for a particular kind of pebble.# t8 a3 b, A# W

The different¨ pebbles could not have come from only one source.


4．Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?
○It did not contain any marine fossil.
○It had formed in open-ocean conditions.
○It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.
^○It contained sediment from nearby deserts.
答案是A，我选的是D。A选项不是绝对化了marine fossil的不存在吗？但是文章中有提到 contained tiny marine fossils啊,
6. What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?
○To describe the physical evidence collected by Hsu and Ryan.
○To explain why some of the questions posed earlier in the passage could not be answered by the findings of the Glomar Challenger.
○To evaluate techniques used by Hsu and Ryan to explore the sea floor.
○To describe the most difficult problems faced by the Glomar Challenger expedition
答案A，我选的是B。这道题目我有点混乱，CD可以排除掉，就是不清楚AB的区别。

第二篇
Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, peitas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order
V
1.Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following about the people of Latium?
○Their economy was based on trade relations with other settlements
○They held different values than the people of Rome.
○Agriculture played a significant role in the society.2
○They possessed unusual knowledge of animal instincts
选A 还是C？我选c，通过fertile 和在land上判断，A应该是不对的吧。land economy怎么理解~~


Paragraph 2 The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The Key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman

3.The phrase “obsession with” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○thinking about
○fixation on
○interest in
○attitude toward
我选的C。文勇答案及寄托官方答案皆为B。obsession with是“沉迷”的意思，fix on "确定,固定,决定,选定,注视"
觉得这题出得好流氓。求讨论。


Paragraph 4 Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thorough disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans.” had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist?
According to paragraph 4, intellectual Romans such as Horace held which of the following opinions about their civilization?
○Ancient works of Greece held little value in the Roman world.,
○The Greek civilization had been surpassed by the Romans.
○Roman civilization produced little that was original or memorable.
○Romans valued certain types of innovations that had been ignored by ancient Greeks.


Paragraph 3 Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, peitas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order.
8 Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following about the people of Latium?
○Their economy was based on trade relations with other settlements
○They held different values than the people of Rome.
○Agriculture played a significant role in the society
○They possessed unusual knowledge of animal instincts
答案是C，我想知道是从哪里看出来的，是不是因为文中提到了Latium是个fertile plain所以就选C了啊

Paragraph 4 Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thorough disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans.” had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist?”7
According to paragraph 4, intellectual Romans such as Horace held which of the following opinions about their civilization?
○Ancient works of Greece held little value in the Roman world.
○The Greek civilization had been surpassed by the Romans.
○Roman civilization produced little that was original or memorable
○Romans valued certain types of innovations that had been ignored by ancient Greeks
答案是C，我想知道划线句的意思。这段从at the same time开始反驳对罗马的赞颂，认为罗马是对希腊的copy，那划线句是不是也包含同样的意思呢？:


Paragraph 5 Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.
Paragraph 6 Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.
12 Which of the following statements about leading Roman soldiers and statesmen is supported by paragraphs 5 and 6?
○They could read and write the Greek language
○They frequently wrote poetry and plays
○They focused their writing on military matters.
○They wrote according to the philosophical laws of the Greeks.
我觉得第四个选项是第六段后半部分想表达的意思啊~~~谢谢O(∩_∩)O
【反衬讲解】
laws of the Greeks文章都没有提过。


14.        Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question worth 2

     The Roman world drew its strength from several important sources
Answer choices6 e,
1. Numerous controls imposed by Roman rulers held its territory together.
2 [# M# g5 T( F2. The Roman military was organized differently from older military organizations.
3. Romans valued sea power as did the Latins, the original inhabitants of Rome.
4. Roman values were rooted in a strong attachment to the land and the stability of rural life
5. Rome combined aspects of ancient Greek civilization with its own contributions in new areas.
6. Educated Romans modeled their own literature and philosophy on the ancient Greeks
答案是145
可是我觉得2也没错啊，根据最后一段：
Paragraph 6 Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.
粗体那句难道不能说明吗？
【反衬讲解】
millitary明显是段落中的多个下属细节中的一个。当然不选。

摘要的答案不能以文章有没有说过为准。
要以是否“概括”和“抽象”为准

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 11:39:44



Tpo8
第一篇
Paragraph 2 How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacán Valley? Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation. The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C
3. The word pinpoint in the passage is closest in meaning to
○identify precisely
○make an argument for
○describe
○understand
这个pinpoint的意思是：找出或描述，答案怎么会选择第一个？


Paragraph 2 How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacán Valley? Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation. The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C
5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a main factor in The development of Teotihuacán?
○The presence of obsidian in the Teotihuacán Valley
○The potential for extensive irrigation of Teotihuacán Valley lands, \7 M( p! P1 T0 s+
○A long period of volcanic inactivity in the Teotihuacán Valley1 O8 O/ Z2 m% \
○Teotihuacán’s location on a natural trade route
我觉得应该选D ，段落开头就说了
但答案却为C  / D% f$ |+ i) p' F4 l
不明白，
大家帮忙解释下啊！！！！

Paragraph 3 This last factor is at least circumstantially implicated in Teotihuacán’s rise. Prior to 200 B.C., a number of relatively small centers coexisted in and near the Valley of Mexico. Around this time, the largest of these centers, Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by a volcanic eruption, with much of its agricultural land covered by lava. With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico. The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, that Teotiluacan was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D
6. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about the Volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.?
○They were more frequent than historians once thought.
○They may have done more damage to Teotihuacán than to neighboring centers
○They may have played a major role in the rise of Teotihuacán.
○They increased the need for extensive irrigation in the Teotihuacán Valley9
答案选3，可我觉得3的mayor 有问题，因为上面的main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation. 没有包括火山，而且，第三段开头只说，两者有关联，不足以说明是mayor（主要的）因素啊？恳请大家帮我看一下，这个mayor跟什么对应？

Paragraph 3 This last factor is at least circumstantially implicated in Teotihuacán’s rise. Prior to 200 B.C., a number of relatively small centers coexisted in and near the Valley of Mexico. Around this time, the largest of these centers, Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by a volcanic eruption, with much of its agricultural land covered by lava. With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico. The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, that Teotiluacan was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D.

7. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about Cuicuilco prior to 200 B.C.?

A  It was a fairly small city until that date.

B  It was located outside the Valley of Mexico.

C  It emerged rapidly as an economical and political center.

D  Its economy relied heavily on agriculture.

答案是D，我选的是C。

【反衬讲解】
答案在这一句：
Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by a volcanic eruption, with much of its agricultural land covered by lava.
C选项是明显照抄原文，但是忽略了原文一个非常重要的信息
With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of' # l" ?; R+ ]* g
relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico.
这句话开头是 Cuicuilco eliminated ,主语是any one of a number of' J) i. z. j7 C5 ^relatively modest towns。根本不是 Cuicuilco 啊


It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources―along with the city elite’s ability to recognize their potential―gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbors, The valley, like many other places in Mexican and Guatemalan highlands, was rich in obsidian. The hard volcanic stone was a resource that had been in great demand for many years, at least since the rise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it apparently had a secure market. Moreover, recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmecs sites has shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated near Teotihuacán. Teotihuacán obsidian must have been recognized as a valuable commodity for many centuries before the great city arose
9. Which of the following allowed Teotihuacán to have “a competitive edge over its neighbors”?'

A well-exploited and readily available commodity
The presence of a highly stable elite class
Knowledge derived directly from the Olmecs about the art of tool making

Scarce natural resources in nearby areas such as those located in what are now the Guatemalan and Mexican highlands为什么选第一个？我选第二个~
【反衬讲解】
第二个选项明显来自第一句的破折号里面，along with表明它是次要信息,句子主语明显是natural resources。而且文章压根儿没讲过 highly stable。
第一个选项就是本段的讨论中心。整个段落都在讲这个。commodity在最后一句话也出现了
同学做这种题千万不要看到第一句的某些文字就马上选答案。
一定要想一想，这句话到底主要讲什么。题目和这句话的关联性是什么。最好还要想一想下面的文字和第一句有什么关联性。不要把自己的阅读理解能力降级到简单的视觉辨认，否则考试死得很惨。
其实这道题做的过程很简单。
第一步看题目，知道题目要你找啥。
第二步看第一句，找到这句话的主干，判明答案与natural resources 有关。
第三步扫选项，排除BC，保留AD，明显与第一句的主要意思natural resources 无关。
第四步，扫到最后一句话，发现对应单词，这时候选择偏向A了。再根据本文的讨论重点，排除D，因为他讲的是其他地区，而不是本段的对象地区。

第二篇
Paragraph 4 Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis. Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of clay. Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium (lr) it contained.
8. In paragraph 4, all the following questions are answered EXCEPT:
○Why is there a layer of clay between the rocks of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic?
○Why were scientists interested in determining how long it took to deposit the layer of clay at
9 d+ e  J2 g5 i# Xthe end of the Cretaceous?
○What was the effect of the surprising observation scientists made?
○Why did scientists want more  information about  the dinosaur extinctions at  the end of the - Z) h1 A- n, _0 L( O2 J3 SCretaceous?
答案为什么是A？

Paragraph 5 lr has not been common at Earth’s since the very beginning of the planet’s history. Because it usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth’s core as the planet cooled and consolidated. lr is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, in which the solar system’s original chemical composition is preserved. Even today, microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea. By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of lr in the boundary clay. These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been required. However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken one million years. So the unusually high concentration of lr seems to require a special explanation.

10. Paragraph 5 implies that a special explanation of lr in the boundary clay is needed because

A  the lr in microscopic meteorites reaching Earth during the Cretaceous period would have been incorporated into Earth’s core

B  the lr in the boundary clay was deposited much more than a million years ago

C  the concentration of lr in the boundary clay is higher than in microscopic meteorites

D  the amount of lr in the boundary clay is too great to have come from microscopic meteorites during the time the boundary clay was deposited

这道题目答案是D，我选的是B。这道题目我看都看不大懂。。。。

【反衬讲解】

读懂这一句。0 N' \' D) T, r' m- w  E; r
However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken one million years. So the unusually high concentration of lr seems to require a special explanation.
Lcould not have taken one million years. 读懂这个虚拟语气。
反推得出D

问：不好意思。。。这句我还是不大懂。。。，能详细解释下嘛，谢谢！！！！！

答：These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been required. However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken one million years. So the unusually high concentration of lr seems to require a special explanation.These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been required. 4 ~' H* G7 k) D
你要读懂这三句话的内在联系。
第一句给出一个结论，第二句转折，指出这有其他证据表明这个结论有错，（关键： could not have taken，表过去不可能）第三句因果，得出结论。
所以答案考点就在这个could not have taken否定信息上啊。+ @3 u8 C/

第三篇

Paragraph 1 Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars. Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow channels. Runoff

channels are found in the southern highlands. These flow features are extensive systems― sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length― of interconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into
larger, wider channels. They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains
down into the valleys. Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billion years ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface warmer, and liquid water widespread.

2. What does the discussion in paragraph 1 of runoff channels in the southern highlands suggest about Mars?

A  The atmosphere of Mars was once thinner than it is today.

B  Large amounts of rain once fell on parts of Mars.

C  The river systems of Mars were once more extensive than Earth’s.

D  The rivers of Mars began to dry up about 4 billion years ago.

答案是B，我选的是D。

还有20天就考了。。。。我感觉我阅读总上不去啊。。。。。每次有点信心了，做套TPO信心又被打压下去了。。。。我想死的心都有了。。。。。救命啊。。。。

【反衬讲解】
D文章没提过。
从这几道题目的问题，我觉得同学的问题可能有以下几个：
1.同义替换能力还需要提高。特别是具体概念的抽象化。
2.出现复杂信息的时候信心不够坚定，容易选择那些原文没提过，但是近似原文的信息。做题应该坚定，文章没讲过的，不能选。
3.理解否定信息并进行反推的能力较弱。


Paragraph 2 Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous―perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.
6. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT:
They¨ formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains.0 B* a; a$ @$ a0 Q8 b

They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface.¨! Z: |4 b& l0 ?& i, K* h4 P2 q

They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet¨ sands of tidal beaches.: o- U5 K: B# q

They are thought to have carried water northward from the¨ equatorial regions.& N% W& D: v6 `5 s" }6 U# b3 Q* s
分析下c，d选项，怎么正确，怎么错误，答案选c

Paragraph 3 Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta―a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin’s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea.
7. All of the following questions about geological features on Mars are answered in paragraph 3 EXCEPT:
What are some¨ regions of Mars that may have once been covered with an ocean?: U  m6 x7 O0 D6 S" S4 ]1 Q1 B* U& c

Where do mission scientists believe that the river forming the¨ delta emptied?5 f6 l5 T- {1 K. x/ t! w  {

Approximately how many craters on Mars do mission scientists¨ believe may once have been lakes filled with water?
During what period of Mars’¨ history do some scientists think it may have had large bodies of water?
请分析下这个题目

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 11:39:56



TPO 9

Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast

Paragraph 3: The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmark's hypothesis received additional support from the fact that the greatest diversity in Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.
' s
6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways to leave out essential information. # _* \) y2 b2 z4 t% R
○Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.0 L4 h3 q+ g8 Q- G
○Fladmark's hypothesis states that the west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.' G* W& U+ }5 N4 I7 r# x
○The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans lends strength to Fradmark's hypothesis" v. x% E* Q4 {; N* y
○According to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the longest along the west coast of the Americas. / D, P$ l7 ?4 p! J8 ~4 B
这个C怎么会是对的啊" h2 R1 Z5 l, o1 N: d0 W) S
明明就没有提及the region has been settled the longest...Cheryll 发表于 2010-9-11 15:46

这种题目一定要搞清楚题目要求。答案只要表达出关键信息即可。次要信息省略也是可以的。
这种题目要比照的不是全部信息，而是句子的关键逻辑和主干。
如果把原文的主干提取出来，其实就是“hypothesis received support from the fact that ”
第一个是因果关系，主干是displays
第二个是states，后面有一个比较关系
第三个是the fact lends strength to hypothesis。有点接近原文。语序反了。
第四个是 languages have survived.
就只能选第四个了。
原文的suggesting那一堆是一个状语。删掉也无关痛痒。


第二篇
Paragraph 3: Wildman and Niles observed that systematic reflection on teaching required a  ^4 W- s! l1 Q( I8 K
sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being "utilitarian... and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection." Teachers rarely have the time or opportunities to view their own or the teaching of others in an objective manner. Further observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate events rather than review the contributory factors in a considered manner by, in effect, standing outside the situation.
7. According to paragraph 3, what did the teachers working with Wildman and Niles often fail1 E) q+ }- A  ]5 a7 p+ \# i
to do when they attempted to practice reflection?# w8 w3 p: l% ?5 M6 Z# e
○Correctly calculate the amount of time needed for reflection
○Provide sufficiently detailed descriptions of the methods they used to help them reflect
○Examine thoughtfully the possible causes of events in their classrooms& W' u* H/ X5 e! M4 y/ J1 M
○Establish realistic goals for themselves in practicing reflection* {9 L5 |& W8 _2 @* v8 |
请问从哪里可以看出是classroom？我定位在not 和 rarely这两处（C）,


Paragraph 6: The work of Wildman and Niles suggests the importance of recognizing some of the difficulties of instituting reflective practice. Others have noted this, making a similar point about the teaching profession's cultural inhibitions about reflective practice. Zeichner and Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher as a (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher as a technician, putting into practice the ideas of others. More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation. Becoming a reflective practitioner requires extra work (Jaworski, 1993) and has only vaguely defined goals with, perhaps, little initially perceivable reward and the threat of vulnerability. Few have directly questioned what might lead a teacher to want to become reflective. Apparently, the most obvious reason for teachers to work toward reflective practice is that teacher educators think it is a good thing. There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect-for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit. $ ]/ X" ^4 }5
10. According to paragraph 6, teachers may be discouraged from reflecting because
○it is not generally supported by teacher educators+ J3 f% L# k2 z4 O9 g
○the benefits of reflection may not be apparent immediately
○it is impossible to teach and reflect on one's teaching at the same time2 A& e! J' x' [7 L! k( v  l
○they have often failed in their attempts to become reflective practitioners0 x' r0 U, o- X) c3 b, ]
选2，我怎么找不到对应处？



14 Wildman and Niles have conducted research on reflection in teaching0 m- I& D/ e5 |


Answer Choices " ~& x, }4 ?1 i; A$ B; H, N
1.      Through their work with Virginia teachers, Wildman and Niles proved conclusively that reflection, though difficult, benefits both teachers and students.! _+ n; w5 w  k
2.     Wildman and Niles found that considerable training and practice are required to understand classroom events and develop the skills involved in reflection.0 b% p. d& l7 j+ c5 s1 ]7 \9 n# ?
3.      Wildman and Niles identified three principles that teachers can use to help themselves cope with problems that may arise as a result of reflection.
4.      Wildman and Niles concluded that teachers need sufficient resources as well as the cooperation and encouragement of others to practice reflection.) K. |7 y) D9 Z6 q6 L
5.      There are numerous obstacles to implementing reflection in schools and insufficient understanding of why teachers might want to reflect.
6.      Whether teachers can overcome the difficulties involved in reflection may depend on the nature and intensity of their motivation to reflect.                        
答案是2，4，6      ,2,4没问题，主要是5，6选项。我觉得文中并没提到nature and intensity of their motivation 而且5哪里不对呢
【反衬讲解】
1 The work of Wildman and Niles suggests the importance of recognizing some of the difficulties of instituting reflective practice.

2 Others have noted this, making a similar point about the teaching profession's cultural inhibitions about reflective practice.  
3 Zeichner and Liston   (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher as a (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher as a technician, putting into practice the ideas of others. '
4 More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation. 5 Becoming a reflective practitioner requires extra work (Jaworski, 1993) and has only vaguely defined goals with, perhaps, little initially perceivable reward and the threat of vulnerability. 6 Few have directly questioned what might lead a teacher to want to become reflective. 7 Apparently, the most obvious reason for teachers to work toward reflective practice is that teacher educators think it is a good thing. 8 There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect-for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.
很明显，文勇的答案是错的。
按照上面的分层理解，我们不难发现，段落1句给出：集合概念“difficulties”,2句给出子集概念“cultrual inhibitions”，3句解释cultural，4句通过递进给出“difficulties”的第二种类型the matter of motivation”，5 6 7 8解释motivation。
看选项：
5 There are numerous obstacles to implementing reflection in schools and insufficient understanding of why teachers might want to reflect。
这个选项，obstacles=段落首句的difficulties， "insufficient understanding of why teachers might want to reflect"=motivation。完美概括第六段。

6 Whether teachers can overcome the difficulties involved in reflection may depend on the nature and intensity of their motivation to reflect. 此选项逻辑关系为  A depends on B. 是一个取决于的关系。很明显，第六段并没有说困难的解决在于 the nature and intensity of their motivation。

第三篇
Paragraph 2: Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the Sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae. It is significant that the earliest living things that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.
2. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the fungi in lichens benefit from their symbiotic relationship with algae in what way?- ^/ Z1 d/ r% }: y7 N' T* C0 j
○The algae help the fungi meet some of their energy needs.
○The algae protect the fungi from the Sun's radiation.
○The algae provide the fungi with greater space for absorbing water.
○The fungi produce less waste in the presence of algae.
这道题我选的是D项，A也觉得有点道理。但是原文不是主要说的是fungi的waste product nourish algae吗？+




14. _
1 f4 f/ J8 u( R' l
After the formation of the Hawaiian Islands, much time passed before conditions were suitable for plant life. 4 Z$
Answers Choices
'Algae are classified as symbiotic because they produce energy through the process of photosynthesis.; T" i" ]5 [* K- ]
2. The first successful plants on Hawaii were probably lichens, which consist of algae and fungi living in a symbiotic relationship.; l! d# [. f# x; U' `( t
3.Lichens helped create favorable conditions for the growth of spore-producing plants such as ferns and mosses.' N# E) L8 `- T* H8 T: T8 C
4.)Seed-bearing plants evolved much later than spore-producing plants, but both types of plants had evolved well before the formation of the Hawaiian Islands.
5. FUnlike spores, seeds must move to new habitats in order to have a strong chance of survival and growth.5 Y! `- m& d! g9 s9 V, q
Seed-bearing plants arrived and spread quickly in Hawaii, thanks to characteristics that increased their seeds’ ability to survive and to move to different areas.
为什么4不对
【反衬讲解】
Seed-bearing plants evolved much later than spore-producing plants, but both types of plants had evolved well before the formation of the Hawaiian Islands.
这个选项的核心逻辑是一个时间先后比较。很明显，原文提到这个时间是用括号提到的。文章的剩余部分根本就没有提到关于时间比较的问题。所以这个信息只是一个次要信息。本文的核心逻辑是植物到达夏威夷的方法方式，而不是时间。

---

作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 11:40:08



Tpo10
第一篇
Paragraph 3：The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazed surfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of China's ceramic industry. The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip- as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.

5. Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:  T/ l! K5 v) a
○ The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality.
○ Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors./ H7 A" K4 F. F) Q
○ Earthenware ceramics were produced in China before stonewares were.
○ The Song dynasty period was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.6 r6 E% @4 Q" E2 J) K
a确实是个except项，但我觉得C也不对也，C说earthenware在stonewares之前，原文说stonewares在earthenware之前

【反衬解答】第一句The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures，已经讲得很清楚了。earthenware最早。



Paragraph 5：Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots.
11. Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following about the decorations on Chinese pottery?
○ They had more importance for aristocrats than for ordinary citizens./ s/ c+ J, h5 I# ?0 m
○ Their significance may have remained clear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.
○ They contain some of the same images that appear on Greek pots8 ?9 Q  p% {. M. y5 P2 W9 F
○ Their significance is now as clear to twentieth century observers as it was to the early Chinese. 8 F) T; \7 s( g7 Z7 Z
不是很理解第五段的首句，为什么选B。
【反衬讲解】
这道题不是看首句的。也不是版主找的第二句
答案在此段末句 Only 的强调信息。
Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost.( @) ^* p5 t0 X- x
原文信息取反，得到B选项。
过程很简单。不需要这么麻烦。而且关键是看懂原文是个倒装，B选项倒装+虚拟语气。B选项是把原文陈述的事实取反得出相反的假设。
原文取反是一个很重要的考点。多次考到


Paragraph 4：! K7 w' {/ d5 ?2 S+ U
Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. . E4 p& S/ y5 z! X+ u- I5 s: ~" W
红色So admired were...那句没对应题目，但有点不懂，搞不清里面的these呀，they啊，还有最后their分别指代的是啥，they 和their 到底值中国还是阿拉伯啊？求教
【反衬讲解】
这个是一个so...... that.....结构。所以你只要读懂了这个逻辑关系，那么就应该很快可以看到，句子内部的对象是前后一致的。
|: U3 b4 F
其次，按照代词单复数一致的关系，they只可能指复数。在它前面只有these pieces。 their和they是一样的。these pieces指的肯定是上一句的复数名词。那就只有上一句的Chinese porcelain wares 了。 Arab world是单数，根本不可能被they指代。
读文章要读懂句内的一致关系。
还有另外一点，本文主体是Chinese pottery.所以全文不管在什么地方，浓墨重彩的一定是讲chinese。理解主旨也是理解细节的一个方法之一。

Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. To twentieth-century eyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment had meaning and significance. The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair offish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost.

11. Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following about the decorations on Chinese pottery?

○ They had more importance for aristocrats than for ordinary citizens.

○ Their significance may have remained clear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.

○ They contain some of the same images that appear on Greek pots

○ Their significance is now as clear to twentieth century observers as it was to the early Chinese.

B是怎么推出来的~~~

【反衬讲解】
Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost.; Q+ ^. x8 C( [
这句话推出来

学生问：B选项说
没有
被国外影响 ~~~但最后一句话说
当欧洲的装饰元素被引进后，这些元素也许慢慢的不再那么流行甚至开始落后。
这不是说明还是被国外影响了吗？

答：请这位同学看清楚B选项。
是虚拟语气啊。


The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazed surfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of goodquality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of China's ceramic industry. The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip- as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the higlighted sentence in the passage ?
A. While stonewares and porcelains are found throughout most historical peroids, religious sculpture is limited to the ancient period.
B. Regligious sculpture was created in most periods, but its history is less clear than that of stonewares or porcelains because some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.  k$ X# O. }; K, L
C. While stonewares and porcelains charged throughout history, religious sculpture remained uniform and use.1 G- n$ T( `( M% g- i3 h
D. The historical development of regilious sculpture is relatively unclear because religious scupltures sometimes resemble earthenware architectural ornaments.
【反衬讲解】
同学看句子没有看到关键。
这个句子首先要看懂的是 embrace A with B，
然后在看懂 embraces the old..... with later.....当中的对称结构  old : later。所以这句话中的重点根本不是custom of earthenware burial ceramics，只是 old with later。很可惜的是，你把重要的词的omit了，只看到了不重要的细节。


第二篇

One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the$ L& Z6 D7 h- y. Z  t8 r
climate. We know that over the past millennia the climate has undergone major changes without any significant human intervention. We also know that the global climate system is immensely complicated and that everything is in some way connected, and so the system is capable of fluctuating in unexpected ways. We need therefore to know how much the climate can vary of its own accord in order to interpret with confidence the extent to which recent changes are natural as opposed to being the result of human activities.

1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following must we find out in order to determine the impact of# q- f2 b  m3 e7 q+ W1 K
human activities upon climate?; g) u$ @- ~/ n5 K1 T9 Z, z
A  The major changes in climate over the past millennia

B The degree to which the climate varies naturally4 {' [8 F  |6 n6 P
C  The best method for measuring climatic change! Y' b' G. Y! ~) b+ c% v* {
D  The millennium when humans began to interfere with the climate
答案是B，我选的是C。文章中有提到是很难找到一个方法来检测啊，为什么C不行，这个应该和C选项的绝对此没关系吧

【反衬讲解】
同学，C可是用的最高级啊。文章没提过最高级啊。
而且，如果你把这句话的意思来理解的话，关键是get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the
climate. 那 natural variability 不就是等于B. The degree to which the climate varies naturally
同学可能还要提高同意替换的理解能力。而且不要随便对原文进行类推。

Paragraph 7：In addition to the internal variability of the global climate system itself, there is the added factor of external influences, such as volcanoes and solar activity .There is a growing body of opinion that both these physical variations have a measurable impact on the climate. Thus we need to be able to include these in our deliberations. Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth century’s, but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.
The word invoked in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ demonstrated; @8 _8 ^' G7 `" v. L9 ]8 v
○ called upon
○ supported2 o* L+ b4 j3 l: q
○ expected+ o/ Y4 _; R' ],
为什么选第二个？我选第四个~~

---

作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 11:40:19



TPO10
第三篇
Paragraph 7：Bills of exchange contributed to the development of banks, as exchangers began to provide loans. Not until the eighteenth century, however, did such banks as the Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of England begin to provide capital for business investment. Their principal function was to provide funds for the state.6 G+ K; ^9 @( z  {0 l( n. e
; s; X5 s. f! \
10. According to paragraph 7, until the eighteenth century, it was the principal function of which of the following to provide funds for the state?* _, J4 k2 N; \
○ Bills of exchange; W8 j6 \  b' c. }; J( M1 \: a: p# Y
○ Exchangers who took loans
○ Banks) @0 k5 {, h! G# _. x( J& Q
○ Business investment
{答案是c，但是我觉得文章是说18世纪之后银行就开始provide funds，而问题是问until18世纪，那不是说18世纪之前的事吗？银行应该还没开始provide funds啊。。。我选的b。。。虽然觉得b也不好，因为文章里没有提到。。。可以解释一下这一题吗？谢谢！


The rapid expansion in international trade also benefitted from an infusion of capital, stemming largely from gold and silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americas. This capital financed（v. 提供资金） the production of goods, storage, trade, and even credit across Europe and overseas.（14） Moreover an increased credit supply was generated by investments and loans by bankers and wealthy merchants to states（12） and by joint-stock partnerships - an English innovation （11）(the first major company began in 1600). Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking, （12）joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital（12） by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors who purchased shares in the company.
In late sixteenth-and early seventeenth-century Europe, increased agricultural production and the expansion of trade were important in economic growth
● 5 `/ y  C. C! L
● 6 v' V- c* a& d. R7 [9 `! a
Answer choices
○ Bringing more land under cultivation produced enough food to create surpluses for trade and investment as well as for supporting the larger populations that led to the growth of rural industry.( q; L9 Q% I; G8 w) P
○ Most rural villages established an arrangement with a nearby urban center that enabled villagers to take advantage of urban markets to sell any handicrafts they produced.+ Z* a: t, [) Z' i/ ?( u( E
○ Increases in population and the expansion of trade led to increased manufacturing, much of it small-scale in character but some requiring significant capital investment.0 m5 O6 m9 d9 A7 G6 {
○ Increased capital was required for the production of goods, for storage, for trade, and for the provision of credit throughout of Europe as well as distant markets overseas.？？？？6 W. u# o& Y, ~: _/ N9 L. d0 k
○ Bills of exchange were invented in medieval Italy but became less important as banks began to provide loans for merchants.
○ The expansion of trade was facilitated by developments in banking and financial services and benefitted from the huge influx of capital in the form of gold silver from the Americas？？？？
我个人认为应该选134，
但是刘文勇老师的答案是136 我觉得6的金银的阐述是错误的。。。摆脱大家帮帮忙啦O(∩_∩)O
【反衬讲解】
4错，6没错。 Gold在那段话的首句已经提到了。4不是本文要说的主要问题。4直说了需要大量Capital，但是文章说的是什么东西提供了这些capital



Paragraph 7：Bills of exchange contributed to the development of banks, as exchangers began to provide loans. Not until the eighteenth century, however, did such banks as the Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of England begin to provide capital for business investment. Their principal function was to provide funds for the state.
        10. According to paragraph 7, until the eighteenth century, it was the principal function of which of the following to provide funds for the state?
○ Bills of exchange
○ Exchangers who took loans
○ Banks
○ Business investment9
文章中说18世纪以后(Not until the eighteenth century)banks开始provide funds for the state，题目问18世纪以前(until the eighteenth century)谁provide funds for the state。怎么能选第三个呢~~~我理解错了？1 |' o2 U, t' z/ L# k9 K




Paragraph 8：The rapid expansion in international trade also benefitted from an infusion of capital, stemming largely from gold and silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americas. This capital financed the production of goods, storage, trade, and even credit across Europe and overseas. Moreover an increased credit supply was generated by investments and loans by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint-stock partnerships - an English innovation (the first major company began in 1600). Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors who purchased shares in the company.$ F( N  a; h5 T2 E
12. According to paragraph 8, each of the following was a source of funds used to finance economic expansion EXCEPT; b) c5 m8 h7 k* j% ]6 [
○ groups of investors engaged in short-term
○ financial cooperation the state
○ wealthy merchants
○ joint-stock companies! T+ b2 n. e& n( V4 f5 E& v" J5 r
为什么选第二个？第二个那个the state是什么成分？short-term financial不就是cooperation吗~  i
还有就是这篇文章的14题选神马~~看了好几个版本，得到好几种答案···

TPO11

第一篇9 r  l# C  Q# v; S: X. h
In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptians' view of the world and the functions and contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance? The answer to such questions has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were producing their art.

2. Paragraph 1 suggests that one reason Egyptian art is viewed less favorably than other art is that Egyptian art lacks

○ a realistic sense of human body proportion
○ a focus on distinctive forms of varying sizes3

○ the originality of European art
○ the capacity to show the human body in motion5

看到答案选D后，再仔细读几遍才觉得D似乎有道理。
但是 怎么才能立即分析出这个答案呢...我一开始选了C

解题步骤：
1.读题，确定关键字：“one reason Egyptian art is viewed less favorably than other art is that Egyptian art lacks......”
2.回原文定位，找到定位句：In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures:。比较选项发现选项中的文字并不对应这个句子。然后看到定位句有个冒号，所以看冒号后面。（提示：如果定位句本身找不到答案，就要看与定位句逻辑关系最紧密的其他句子。逻辑关系通常会通过关系词或者标点符号给出，例如本句的冒号。冒号后解释冒号前。）
3.冒号后出现三个问题：所以把这三个问题比照一下选项就可以了。
选项一中的“body propotion”文章没提过。
选项二中的“varing sizes”没提过。
选项三中的“European art”提过，但是originality不是原文信息。原文讲的是“geometric perspective”。如果这个单词不懂，那就没办法了。（不要因为选项的字眼有一两个与文章相同就选它，一定要整个选项整体考察。）
剩下第四个。找到‘ the body turned and twisted ’，对应“in motion”。选这个。


考试中找错项往往比找正确答案容易。
如果文章读的不是很懂，可以通过选项理解原文。把原文与选项比较，无关的先排除，剩下的再比一次原文，通常答案就出来了。不要因为选项的字眼有一两个与文章相同就选它，一定要整个选项整体考察

Paragraph 1：In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptians' view of the world and the function sand contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to under stand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures : Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance? The answer to such questions has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were producing their art

3. In paragraph 1, the author mentions all of the following as necessary in appreciating Egyptian art EXCEPT an understanding of

○ the reasons why the art was made

○ the nature of aristocratic Egyptian beliefs○ the influences of Egyptian art on later art such as classical Greek art

○ how the art was used ？

A选项来自we will fail to understand why it was produced
C（错）定位句：Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary?（没有提到influence的关系）
BD的定位感觉都不是很明确
B选项是综合了why的结果？这些why都是nature本质?
D选项 why里面好像都没提到，难道是段落首句里的the functions？
【反衬讲解】
第一句里面： the elite Egyptians' view of the world



Paragraph 2：The majority of three-dimensional representations, whether standing, seated, or kneeling, exhibit what is called frontality: they face straight ahead, neither twisting nor turning. When such statues are viewed in isolation, out of their original context and without knowledge of their function, it is easy to criticize them for their rigid attitudes that remained unchanged for three thousand years. Frontality is, however, directly related to the functions of Egyptian statuary and the contexts in which the statues were set up. Statues were created not for their decorative effect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods, the king, and the dead. They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual actions. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it, so that the living performer of the ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often such statues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front, making it natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.
6. The author mentions an architectural setting in the passage in order to: D/ q8 r0 |! B& U6 ~, x1 T. |
○ suggest that architecture was as important as sculpture to Egyptian artists
○ offer 3 further explanation for the frontal pose of Egyptian statues
○ explain how the display of statues replaced other forms of architectural decoration
○ illustrate the religious function of Egyptian statues+ f. J( u3 M' q# r
这道题当时做题是纠结了好久，
在2和4 中犹豫不定。。。还请各位大侠帮帮忙~~~万分感谢（正确答案是2 ）
【反衬讲解】
你看看第四个选项中的religious function有没有在最后一句话的for instance之后提过？
完全没有。所以立马排除。

问：可是老师为什么只看最后一句呢？
她这段的大意就是想说status的religious function 啊。。。纠结。。还请老师赐教。。。

答：首先要搞清楚题目问的是哪一个字眼。搞清楚他的位置了，你就知道为什么看最后一句了

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 11:40:31



TPO11
第二篇
The question is not why they would leave the cold of winter so much as how they find their way around. . I# I% b( l$ U: l/ B
The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and in the process, raised new questions./ i
红色的句子应该怎么翻译呢，为何the question is 后面要加一个not呢。。。。



Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild. Furthermore, he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage, they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route. He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was. in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements. Kramer surmised, therefore, that they were orienting according to the position of the Sun. To test this idea, he blocked their view of the Sun and used mirrors to change its apparent position. He found that under these circumstances, the birds oriented with respect to the new "Sun." They seemed to be using the Sun as a compass to determine direction. At the time, this idea seemed preposterous How could a bird navigate by the Sun when some of us lose our way with road maps? Obviously, more testing was in order

6. According to paragraph 3, when do caged starlings become restless?. {# J) Z1 m! T' c8 _
○ When the weather is overcast

○ When they are unable to identify their normal migratory route
○ When their normal time for migration arrives. l- E" N- d8 d0 `0 l) X$ p

○ When mirrors are used to change the apparent position of the Sun& {" K& F! e& j5
答案是C，不解，求教



Paragraph 5：In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery. If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky. Apparently, the birds were assuming that the "Sun" they saw was moving at that rate. When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky. In other words, they were able to compensate for the Sun's movement. This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that. * o) \% v, U) V6 n
8. According to paragraph 5, how did the birds fly when the real Sun was visible?
○ They kept the direction of their flight constant.
○ They changed the direction of their flight at a rate of 15 degrees per hour.
○ They kept flying toward the Sun.8 }7 ]7 n- ]' O) ^% Z. K
○ They flew in the same direction as the birds that were seeing the artificial Sun
为什么选Ａ不选Ｂ

Paragraph 3：Statues were normally made of stone, wood, or metal. Stone statues were worked from single rectangular blocks of material and retained the compactness of the original shape. The stone between the arms and the body and between the legs in standing figures or the legs and the seat in seated ones was not normally cut away. From a practical aspect this protected the figures against breakage and psychologically gives the images a sense of strength and power, usually enhanced by a supporting back pillar. By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work, and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process. The arms could be held away from the body and carry
vseparate items in their hands; there is no back pillar. The effect is altogether lighter and freer than that achieved in stone, but because both perform the same function, formal wooden and metal statues still display frontality.: M% Y$ g5

10. According to paragraph 3, which of the following statements about wooden statues is true?

○Wooden statues were usually larger than stone statues.

○Wooden statues were made from a single piece of wood.

○Wooden statues contained pieces of metal or stone attached to the front.

○Wooden statues had a different effect on the viewer than stone statues.

答案是D，前三个选项我知道为什么不对，请问D选项从本段结尾可看出他们的function是相同的，VIEWER的角度来看怎么不同？

【反衬讲解】

The effect is altogether lighter and freer than that achieved in stone, 看你划的部分的前面。
比较级。

问：谢谢回答，但是还是有点不理解，这句话的”the effect"指代的是什么？是前面的一大段描述吗？为啥这个就是“viewer”的角度啊？/ ^/ Z& z) o- k: m! k3 d; Q
: N( u% o1 G6 i8 L
呃~~可能问题有点蠢

还有个问题，也是tpo11 ，第二篇
11. Which of the following best describes the author's presentation of information in the passage?
○A number of experiments are described to support the idea that birds use the Sun and the night sky to navigate.. i* k6 H. U% D, O9 a, C9 m7 n
○The author uses logic to show that the biological clock in birds is inaccurate.○
○A structured argument about the importance of internal versus external cues for navigation is presented.-g
○The opposing points of view about bird migration are clarified through the study of contrasting experiments.6 O  U. K1 g( q6 M
答案是A我选C，是因为C太泛了，而A相对较具体所以选A吗？
嘿嘿，辛苦了，回答下吧，

答：前面还有一个地方讲到。psychologically gives the images a sense of strength and power,

关键问题错了。
第三个
的argument，argument是驳论，与本文的概括不符。

4：So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the

cage, with food in only one of the boxes. ■The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass. ■However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. ■As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. ■Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery. If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15

degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky. Apparently, the birds were assuming that the "Sun" they saw was moving at that rate. When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky. In other words, they were able to compensate for the Sun's movement. This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that.

13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

He arranged the feed boxes at various positions on a compass.

Where would the sentence best fit?


第三篇
Paragraph 1：Many signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging. A classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon, resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings. In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.* A7 x5 l& ~. g1 a)
2. According to paragraph 1, the experiment with tapes of begging tree swallows establishes which of the following?
A Begging by nestling birds can attract the attention of predators to the nest.& s- w% R* q/ D: x' A) I2 J
B Nest predators attack nests that contain nestlings more frequently than they attack nests that contain only eggs
C Tapes of begging nestlings attract predators to the nest less frequently than real begging calls do.
Nest predators have no other means of locating bird nests except the begging calls of nestling birds.8 m: n  u- f8 v+ ]1 Y/ u& R

答案选A，我觉得B对! {. @1 K" V, S6 w1 y/ \2 J! ]8 f
理由：the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.在37次试验中有29次noisy的被吃掉，不就说明了more frequently吗？而且他的tape就是模仿的nests that contain nestlings 。当然我觉得A也没错，但我觉得B更对; I  z0 l! R/ _2 g( G
【反衬讲解】
原文讲的是before，是时间先后关系，不是频繁关系。这是其一* G9 u( t2 T)
其二，B当中比较对象与原文不符。
原文： noisy 对quiet。选项B:  nestlings 对 only eggs

Paragraph 2：Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. The young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relatives. These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests. David Haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on the ground beside a tape recorder that played the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of ground-nesting warblers. The eggs “advertised” by the tree-nesters' begging calls were found bitten significantly more often than the eggs associated with the ground-nesters' calls.

4. Paragraph 2 indicates that the begging calls of tree nesting warblers

○ put them at more risk than ground-nesting warblers experience

○ can be heard from a greater distance than those of ground-nesting warblers

○ are more likely to conceal the signaler than those of ground-nesting warblers

○ have higher frequencies than those of ground nesting warblers

这道题选B。比较迷糊的一点就是不知道A如何排除

【反衬讲解】

kFurther evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences inthe begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those thatnest in the relative safety of trees. 这句话表面树上是相对安全的。段落结尾的比较地点仍旧在ground上面，而不是树上。风险首先是由地点带来的，而不是声音。
说声音让树上的鸟更危险，所以不对。

Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. The young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relatives. These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests. David Haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on the ground beside a tape recorder that played the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of ground-nesting warblers. The eggs “advertised” by the tree-nesters' begging calls were found bitten significantly more often than the eggs associated with the ground-nesters' calls

The experiment described in paragraph 2 supports which of the following conclusions?
○ Predators are unable to distinguish between the begging cheeps of ground-nesting and those of tree-nesting warblers except by the differing frequencies of the calls.

○ When they can find them, predators prefer the eggs of tree-nesting warblers to those of ground-nesting warblers.

○ The higher frequencies of the begging cheeps of ground-nesting warblers are an adaptation to the threat that ground-nesting birds face from predators

○ The danger of begging depends more on the frequency of the begging cheep than on how loud it is.

为社么答案是C  C答案里的adaptation to threat是哪里看出来的~

Experiments have shed much light on the begging behaviors of baby songbirds( \+ m. I3 w5 o6 d# a! ]" t
Answer Choices% |) q: R) o5 x3 z1 c' `
○ Songbird species that are especially vulnerable to predators have evolved ways of reducing the dangers associated with begging calls.
○ Songbird parents focus their feeding effort on the nestlings that beg loudest for food

○ It is genetically disadvantageous for nestlings to behave as if they are really hungry when they are not really hungry.
○ The begging calls of songbird nestlings provide a good example of overly damaging cost to signalers of signaling. 7 p, w# O9 W- d" p& j
○ The success with which songbird nestlings communicate their hunger to their parents is dependent on the frequencies of the nestlings' begging calls.
○ Songbird nestlings have evolved several different ways to communicate the intensity of their hunger to their parents.0 x# U7 z1 K+ t0 [. ?
答案是123，
请问一下4 哪里错了，4貌似就是全文第一句的改写啊？

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 11:41:00



Tpo12
第一篇
We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed, and vice versa. Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward!aa left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if itwere a right hand. Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.
6 cave art furnishes other types of evidence of this phenomenon. Most engravings, for example, are bestlit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source onthe left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush. In the few cases where an Ice Age figure is depicted holding something, it is mostly, though not always, in the # e1 S2 G& B1 ^0 j0 Z5 b9 U
right hand.
5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraphs 1 and 2 as evidence of right-handedness in art and + T. E0 ~( R8 ?  ]artists EXCEPT
1. the ideal source of lighting for most engraving2 Z0 P& ^, i6 \) ?& a
2.  the fact that a left hand stenciled palm upward might look like a righthand                   ) t: [3 ~!

3.the prevalence of outlines of left hands
4.figures in prehistoric art holding objects with the right hand 0 Q2 `* u2 i. f9 x; \; U# N4 V$ l
怎么会是第二个？？有原文啊aa left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand 应该是第三个
【反衬讲解】
第三个就是文章讲过的啊。
第二个刚好把文章讲的东西给反过来了。

问：啊。。。还是不懂啊。。。。。' r/ C+ u; N2 i! k; b+ e$ j
明白为什么第三个不应该选了。可是还觉得第二个也是对的啊，请老师赐教
这句和选项是反的么？不是说假设手都是被stencile了，并且是手背朝上的，如果左右手心朝上，那么看起来就像是右手。不对么？One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward—a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand.

答：看清楚题目要求。证明“right-handedness”
选项二：说的是看起来像右手。但事实上文章最后提到，大多数看起来像左手。
换句话说，只有岩画看起来是左手，才能证明喷画者用的是右手。, q. n& n* L& L1 R8 @) }0 q
, M0 X+ g0 E* _. A9 _5 c0 k
这样看来你说第二个是不是和原文相反？




请问下，这都题的第四个为什么不选呢？是句子的内容不对还是和上面这句中心句没有关系呢？
Experiments have shed much light on the begging behaviors of baby songbirds" o8 H5 P, o8 B3 r
Answer Choices
○ Songbird species that are especially vulnerable to predators have evolved ways of reducing the dangers associated with begging calls.
○ Songbird parents focus their feeding effort on the nestlings that beg loudest for food.* B  f. D# U, i$ ]
○ It is genetically disadvantageous for nestlings to behave as if they are really hungry when they are not really hungry.* V( W! I- e8 W7 |4 \
○ The begging calls of songbird nestlings provide a good example of overly damaging cost to signalers of signaling. 0 l( _% k, |. I0 ^0 F
○ The success with which songbird nestlings communicate their hunger to their parents is dependent on the frequencies of the nestlings' begging calls.
○ Songbird nestlings have evolved several different ways to communicate the intensity of their hunger to their parents.



第二篇
Paragraph 2：Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes. Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies' visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States. In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.
5. Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about Eisenstein’s film The Battleship Potemkirf?& I$ ?1 Y' Y: X0 Z6 S( }4 ~
○ The film was not accompanied by sound before its Berlin screening.4 s% z3 q( J. P- j0 g* y  X  ~/ ~
○ The film was unpopular in the Soviet Union before it was screened in Berlin.
○ Eisenstein’s film was the first instance of collaboration between a director and a composer.2 @0 e; a% K/ t+ }+ ~; \
○ Eisenstein believed that the musical score in a film was as important as dialogue.5 ]# L% y2 M( W0 Q& g
这题我选的是C，哪里不对了？
是不是以前也有合作，只是没有现场？% i9 k& m( S/ F# j8 ?) l) Y

从哪里推出是A呢？是不是最后一句话& e0 W5 _0 z$ A) ]7 t# L/ Z4 ~
柏林的放映电影的同时现场演奏音乐让这种电影形式有了国际影响力。(而以前是没有的？)
【反衬讲解】
关键字： premiere。理解好了这个字就行了
问：定位句
In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.7 a( A0 t" G9 s0 t2 Z


从上句，我们可以得到三点信息：
Berlin 是 Eisenstein’s film The Battleship Potemkirf 在 Soviet Union 之外的首场放映；
在 Berlin，the film was accompanied by sound；
3、很可能在 Soviet Union 的放映时间比在 Berlin 的早，要不然，就不用强调 "the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union"。0 X- z9 b/ i& t7 E+ y
5 u5 p& s, c9 ~
然而，我认为以上前两点信息并不足以支持 A 选项的正确性。因为有一种可能性，在 Soviet Union，the film 也是 accompanied by sound，可是由于种种原因，比如说，政治原因或受众数量等原因，并没有 bring the film its wide international fame.

答：原句
开头还有个for。表明 work on a musical score的目的就是为了这次苏联外的首映。分号后的文字很明显想强调music对于international fame的重要性。所以答案必定与music有关。另外三个选项都出现了原文没有提过的逻辑关系或者对象。而原文取反就得出A选项了。, E; J+ E: l3 M
1 C" T+ y- c  K
托福不是GMAT，也不是GRE，不需要这样复杂的逻辑推理。答案是否正确，只能用原文给出的信息来判断，而不能加入文章以外的信息（包括阅读者自己的背景知识和脱离原文的主观判断）。答案就是与文章讲过信息最接近的选项。用这个标准既可以排除错项，也可以找到正确选项。“因为有一种可能性，在 Soviet Union，the film 也是 accompanied by sound，”“可是由于种种原因，比如说，政治原因或受众数量等原因并没有 bring the film its wide international fame” 这显然是同学自己的臆想。

这种较劲在考试里面可是很要命的。. I  |  Z! I- t" z* ^
& j) @, {5 @1 U4 v) q: r4 U  u
还有，如果这道题这位同学觉得A不对，那正确选项应该是哪一个呢？

问：我并没有看出句中的“for” 以及“表明 work on a musical score的目的就是为了这次苏联外的首映”对于 A 选项有什么支持作用。5 b2 Q4 N2 [* u+ X# {  y
“分号后的文字很明显想强调music对于international fame的重要性。所以答案必定与music有关。”算不算是“反衬”同学“自己的臆想”呢？
“反衬”同学的解释象是知道答案以后再反过头来举证维护正确答案的过程，对于锻炼一种正确解题的思维模式并无帮助。6 i# I1 Z9 J5 [( q4 O; F
有意思的是，我并没有拿这道题往GMAT或GRT上靠，因为我根本没想过什么“取反”，而“反衬”同学已经在“臆测”我在运用一种不适合于TOEFL 的解题方式了。事实上，“取反”这种经常用于解GMAT/GRE题的逻辑方法，不正是“反衬”同学自己用在解这道TOEFL题上的方法吗？这是不是说“反衬”同学自己在往GMAT/GRE上靠呢？
我认为TOEFL的试题也是有一定的逻辑考量的，只不过TOEFL考试的重点是语言，而非逻辑。在我看来，A 选项和其它选项一样含有逻辑脆弱点。如果“反衬”同学也同意我的观点，认为我们无谓再在一道有缺陷的题目上浪费口水了，不如我们就此打住吧。

答：不是想和这位同学打口水仗。但是如果口水仗有助于大家的提高，我觉得打下去也无妨。Q5 D2 T
1.如果这位同学没看出原文给出的信息含义，那就没有办法解决了。阅读本来就是要根据原文的信息来判断的。
2.答案与Music有关，是因为这个单词就是定位句的核心词汇，这根本就不是什么臆想，原文已经写得很清楚了。- `7 A1 m8 d6 c0 k; H% d8 X
3.我在原来做这道题目的时候就是这样想的。我只不过是把我的思维步骤重现出来而已。并不是从答案倒推。真正无助于托福的思维方式恰恰是过份推理。
4.我没有臆测你的做题方法。你已经把你的想法清楚的写出来了。我是根据你给出的文字来判断的。这本身也是一种阅读。我没有说你往G上靠。这是你自己infer出来的，属于与我的原文无关的信息。
5.“取反”是一种简单逻辑。并不能因为它在GMAT/GRE有用就认为它专属于GMAT/GRE。) i( a/ ^; ~! [  S
6.语言本身就是表达逻辑的。我并没有说托福完全不考逻辑。我强调的是，不需要这么复杂的逻辑推理（这是楼上我的原话，貌似这位同学把我的话绝对化了。）。更不应该用自己想象出来的其他理由来否定某个选项。( B' B0 v- k/ D3 b  @0 v" w9 }
7. A选项的确说的不严谨。但是它是4个里面最好的。就算这道题有缺陷，考试的时候还是要作出选择的。况且，像这种不完美的题目还不止一道。如果考试遇到这种题目，我们怎么办呢？



第三篇

Paragraph 6：Groundwater is stored in the pore spaces and joints of rocks and unconsolidated (unsolidified) sediments or in the openings widened through fractures and weathering. The water-saturated rock or sediment is known as an "aquifer". Because they are porous, sedimentary rocks, such as sandstones and conglomerates, are important potential sources of groundwater. Large quantities of water may also be stored in lime stones when joints and cracks have been enlarged to form cavities. Most limestone and sandstone aquifers are deep and extensive but may contain ground waters that are not being recharged. Most shallow aquifers in sand and gravel deposits produce lower yields, but they can be rapidly recharged. Some deep aquifers are known as "fossil waters. The term "fossil" describes water that has been present for several thousand years. These aquifers became saturated more than 10,000 years ago and are no longer being recharged.

8. According to paragraph 6. Which of the following statements about aquifers in deserts is

true?

○ Water from limestone and sandstone aquifers is generally better to drink than water from sand and gravel aquifers

○ Sand and gravel aquifers tend to contain less groundwater than limestone or sandstone aquifers

○ Groundwater in deep aquifers is more likely to be recharged than groundwater in shallow aquifers

○ Sedimentary rocks, because they are porous, are not capable of storing large amounts of groundwater

答案选第一个
根本没有原文支持。。。这种比较级的选项按套路都是错的。居然。。。。。。

Paragraph 7：Water does not remain immobile in an aquifer but can seep out at springs or leak into other aquifers. The rate of movement may be very slow: in the Indus plain, the movement of saline (salty) ground waters has still not reached equilibrium after 70 years of being tapped. The mineral content of groundwater normally increases with the depth, but even quite shallow aquifers can be highly saline
11. The passage supports which of the following statements about water in the desert?
○ The most visible forms of water are not the most widespread forms of water in the desert.9 c: T3 y* \  Q

○ Groundwater in the desert cannot become a source of drinking water but can be used for irrigation.1 m; n: _$ V( x

○ Most of the water in the desert is contained in shallow aquifers that are being rapidly recharged.
○ Desert areas that lack endogenous or exogenous rivers and streams cannot support life.) V1 A" _5 B# l$ N9 f
这道题选第一个
我很纳闷
从这段里读不出这样的信息啊？？？
托福的阅读除了最后一道，不是不会垮段吗？？谢谢

Paragraph 4：Regularly flowing rivers and streams that originate within arid lands are

known as "endogenous." These are generally fed by groundwater springs, and many issue from limestone massifs, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Basaltic rocks also support springs, notably at the Jabal Al-Arab on the Jordan-Syria border. ■Endogenous Rivers often do not reach the sea but drain into inland basins, where the water evaporates or is lost in the ground. ■Most desert streambeds are normally dry, but they occasionally receive large flows of water and sediment.■

Paragraph 5：Deserts contain large amounts of groundwater when compared to the amounts they hold in surface stores such as lakes and rivers. ■But only a small fraction of groundwater enters the hydrological cycle-feeding the flows of streams, maintaining lake levels, and being recharged (or refilled) through surface flows and rainwater. In recent years, groundwater has become an increasingly important source of freshwater for desert dwellers. The United Nations Environment Programme and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques. Such programs are much needed because in many arid lands there is only a vague idea of the extent of groundwater resources. It is known, however, that the distribution of groundwater is uneven, and

that much of it lies at great depths.

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be

added to the passage

These sudden floods provide important water supplies but can also be highly

destructive.

Where would the sentence best fit?
这道题目怎么看。。。: h* G. e; G# `. s,
是根据那个"large flows of water and sediments"来选吗？  W

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 11:41:13



Tpo14
第一篇
Advertisers sometimes offset or counterbalance an exaggerated claim with a disclaimer-a qualification or condition on the claim. For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may be accompanied by the disclaimer "when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast." However, research has shown that children often have difficulty understanding disclaimers: children may interpret the phrase "when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast" to mean that the cereal is required as a necessary part of a balanced breakfast. The author George Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the ages of six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toy advertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended when presented in both audio and visual formats. Nevertheless, disclaimers are mainly presented in audio format only.
我想问下，这个里面的disclaimer是什么意思呢
Host selling occurs, for example, when a children's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfast cereal. 请问这句怎么翻译呢




第二篇
To understand the ancient Mayan people who lived in the area that is today southern Mexico and Central America and the ecological difficulties they faced, one must first consider their environment, which we think of as “jungle” or “tropical rainforest.” ■This view is inaccurate, and the reason proves to be important. ■Properly speaking, tropical rainforests grow in high-rainfall equatorial areas that sixteen hundred kilometers from the equator, at latitudes 17 to 22 degrees north, in a habitat termed a “seasonal tropical forest.” ■That is, while there does tend to be a rainy “season from May to October, there is also a dry season from January through April. If one focuses on the wet months, one calls the Maya homeland a “seasonal tropical forest“; if one focuses on the dry months, one could instead describe it as a “seasonal desert” ■1 M
1. Why does the author call Mayan homeland both a “seasonal tropical forested” and seasonal desert? + X: {# Y: \5 G8 l. s) h
1To illustrate how the climate of the Mayan homeland varied from region to region0 v8 l# T, K* z# b& K. a

2To¨ explain how the climate of the Mayan homeland is similar to that of a jungle or tropical rainforest
To emphasize the vast size of the area that comprised the Mayan¨ homeland in ancient times! t2 [2 y# u$ I) c3 f/ {

4To make the point that the Mayan homeland is¨ climatically more complex than is generally assumed
我从排除法可以选出是D，但是如何从文章中判断出来呢，感觉从文章中看不出complex


第三篇
Paragraph 1: Pastoralism is a lifestyle in which economic activity is based primarily on livestock. Archaeological evidence suggests that by 3000 B.C., and perhaps even earlier, there had emerged on the steppes of Inner Eurasia the distinctive types of pastoralism that were to dominate the region's history for several millennia. Here, the horse was already becoming the animal of prestige in many regions, though sheep, goats, and cattle could also play a vital role. It is the use of horses for transportation and warfare that explains why Inner Eurasian pastoralism proved the most mobile andthe most militaristic of all major fors of pastoralism. The emergence and spread of pastoralism had a profound impact on the history of Inner Eurasia, and also, indirectly, on the parts of Asia and Europe just outside this area. In particular, pastoralism favors a mobile lifestyle, and this mobility helps to explain the impact of pastoralist societies on this part of the world3 x+ _1 ?: C* c& Q- ~/ `
1. The word “prestige” in the passage is closest in meaning to   T9 a( J( v$ X/ V6 a  M
○ interest: M% d' g! O# J& _. C3 Q
○ status& T( x+ Z6 h5 \. G
○ demand
提问：正确答案是2－status. 但是我总觉得4－profit也对。
prestige “威望、威信” ; status 在这里是“象征”的意思吗？；profit 也表示了“代表、象征”为什么不可以呢？! }  S8 I# }& \" S, j* E# ?% Z/ e/ U
请问是我对单词的理解有误吗？
【反衬讲解】
所以profit没有你说的那种意思哦。- }9 u1 e6 v3 p+ _2 z( I5 y& r
status是指地位和prestige是指威望。所以比较类似。


Nomadism also subjects pastoralist communities to strict rules of portability. If you are constantly on the move, you cannot afford to accumulate large material surpluses. Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households (though they may also encourage a taste for portable goods of high value such as silks or jewelry). So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor. Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.
请问能帮着翻一下下这段吗？
这是TPO14的一篇文章，我前面都做得很好，就到这段，读不懂了，错了好多。。。



Paragraph 4: Nomadism also subjects pastoralist communities to strict rules of portability. If you are constantly on the move, you cannot afford to accumulate large material surpluses. Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households (though they may also encourage a taste for portable goods of high value such as silks or jewelry). So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor. Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. lnequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.

9 According to paragraph 4, the fact that pastoralist communities are subject to “strict rules of portability” encourages such communities to
○ relocate less frequently than they would otherwise
○ have households that are more or less equal in wealth, w) ~5 q9 a0 B& B
○ become self-sufficient in the manufacture of silk and jewelry : D: D; h5 V1 C& x  X' v. ?8 q
○ share large material surpluses with neighboring communities ( ?' P4 i为什么选2~是根据第三句话吗
怎么也看不出这两句话意思一样啊···
【反衬讲解】
看的是第二句。 limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households 0 p' c* |4 y5 v
limit variations 就是变相否定了 material goods方面的差异。


2 According to paragraph 4, all of the following are true of social inequality in pastoralist societies EXCEPT:9 z" d' N- E6 L6 }7 v0 _6 s
○ It exists and has existed to some degree in most pastoral societies. 2 S( b1 v$ q5 x& a/ ]
○ It is most marked during periods of military conquest.0 L9 ]3 r6 f: n( x* U0 C
○ It is expressed in the form of a rigid hierarchy based largely on heredity., L" K# M+ n' q( z  A4 g
○ It is usually too insignificant to be discussed in terms of class differences.- y, @, g' ^# D; h) J& ]
为什么答案是C而不是B  文中第四行
不是写着except in periods of military conquest了吗？？' h8 ]) p0 C1 }; ^
So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor

Nomadism also subjects pastoralist communities to strict rules of portability
【反衬讲解】
这位同学，题目考的是错项哦。
inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class.

这句话
以but为界，前后是转折。后半句except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class./ b* `; y* u8
主要意思
是否定哦。关键： too slight to。所以大部分时间 inequality都是slight，除了在periods of military conquest。所以不就是B的意思咯。所以B正确，B不选。
C刚好与这句话的主要意思相反。. d# d* b+ t0 v$ M+
这句话So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor 有个so，所以你要看上一句。上一句Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households (though they may also encourage a taste for portable goods of high value such as silks or jewelry).  当中明确提到 limit variations......between pastoralist households 。所以延伸为下文中 implies a high degree of self-sufficiency 以及 inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor。
希望你不要借助翻译就可以理解这两句话间的因果关系。实在没办法，就翻译。不过翻译不是正道。Nomadism also subjects pastoralist communities to strict rules of portability. portability是个抽象概念。你读读下一句话就明白什么叫Portability了



Nomadism also subjects pastoralist communities to strict rules of portability. ■ If you are constantly on the move, you cannot afford to accumulate large material surpluses. ■ Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households (though they may also encourage a taste for portable goods of high value such as silks or jewelry). ■ So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor.■ Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.


12.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage+ Z0 Y, y4 ~5 ^3 s& s  Y) M! J
There is a good reason for this.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.3 M8 {! z- i" S7 \
为什么答案是A  这个this 指的是什么~~？
【反衬讲解】
This指 "strict rules of portability" 而A后面就解释了protability。既然黑体句是一个解释的开头，他就应该放在一个抽象概念及其具体解释之间。而两句话间有此关系的，就只有A。其他方格的前后都没有这种解释关系。

这道题目，还是考先抽象，后具体- V) V- ]" Q3 t8 K7 M$ Z" U# p8 H) h6 q
具体请看我这篇文章：* j" c- P: y5 @" Z: M7 A9 A: N7 G- @  L
http://blog.renren.com/blog/312260513/479397788



Paragraph3: Nomadism has further consequences. It means that pastoralist societies occupy and can influence very large territories. This is particularly true of the horse pastoralism that emerged in the Inner Eurasian steppes, for this was the most mobile of all major forms of pastoralism So, it is no accident that with the appearance of pastoralist societies there appear large areas that share similar cultural, ecological, and even linguistic features. By the late fourth millennium B.C., there is already evidence of large culture zones reaching from Eastem Europe to the western borders of Mongolia. Perhaps the most striking sign of mobility is the fact that by the third millennium B.C., most pastoralists in this huge region spoke related languages ancestral to the modem Indo-European languages. The remarkable mobility and range of pastoral societies explain, in part, why so many linguists have argued that the Indo-European languages began their astonishing expansionist career not among farmers in Anatolia (present-day Turkey), but among early pastoralists from Inner Eurasia. Such theories imply that the Indo-European languages evolved not in Neolithic (10,000 to 3,000 B.C.) Anatolia, but among the foraging communities of the cultures in the region of the Don and Dnieper rivers, which took up stock breeding and began to exploit the neighboring steppes.
13.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. / s( e) O9 C% E" _* s: c& m6 d
By 3000 B.C., a distinctive form of pastoralism had appeared on the steppes of Inner Eurasia.2 X+ v$ w7 ?4 Q- R* E
Answer Choices3 V4 E/ {" j3 s1 K+ d) w: E
○ The domesticated horse is primarily responsible for Inner Eurasian pastoralism's success in mobility and warfare.& D# W6 A" L3 h! E
○ As pastoralists traveled across large areas of terrain with their domesticated animals, they traded valuable material goods such as silks and jewelry.
○ Because pastoralists are highly mobile, they tend to have few material possessions and can influence the culture, ecology, and language of very large areas.) Z; U5 _* w; z0 M7 Q, ?! i
○ Because pastoralism requires a great deal of land to support its animal-based lifeway, pastoralists must continually relocate and have comparatively egalitarian societies.
○ Most scholars now believe that Indo-European languages probably evolved during the Neolithic period in the region of the Don and Dnieper rivers.' X! G% x4 z! ^. e( ^; |+ Q8 t
○ Pastorslist communities do not have social classes in the usual sense because they value spiritual attainment over material wealth.2 G4 i6 x0 ]: w
答案是1.3.4
我就是不明白选3。题目我画红的地方都说few了，
文章我画红色的地方都说有影响了。应该是反的啊。
哪位明白人帮忙解答下疑惑？从哪句得知这个3是对的呢？
谢谢

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 11:41:32



Tpo13
第一篇
Paragraph 2：People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance
4. Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2?
○ Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.( o' s/ ~* }; t5 H2 @1
○ Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.
,○ Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.     
○ Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.
这道题选第一个是根据simply cooperate判断的吗？？可是我理解的simply是指：“只是为了达到结果
而不形成关系”，和“是否合作”无关
这道题怎没考虑呢？

【反衬解答】
这道题目的关键在于这句话： Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. 而不是这一句More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance。

instead of是一个否定结构，这句话简单理解，就是：“有时候，是A而不是B”。所以我们要根据这句话来infer出，A是少数情况，而B是大多数情况，因此就得出一个结论，平时是against，有时候会变成with。而work against的同义替换就是not cooperate了。

所以第一个选项中的normally对应原文的occasionally的反面，not cooperate则对应原文的work against。所以选A。

要点：一定要把instead of看成否定和对比，找到对比双方，在infer题中，反推获得答案。
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------






Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.
8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the
passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○ Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.
○ Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups
○ Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns      
○ Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.
这道题选第三个
我就很纳闷了: r5 O* }% p( h1 j3 n
我觉得social solidarity  和society's cultural pattern  在原话中是并列关系，用and连接
可选项中都改成因果关系了，怎么还选第三个呢？






Paragraph 7：Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from us behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.
11. According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?7 O( y( k5 o( N1 O9 K" t
○ To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group' @/ c) S. f: N
○ To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group0 t+ p1 d0 ~, A6 `0 p, _
○ To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the group& S3 b% y# b2 @. @. l" e+ M

○ To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation?
这道题选第一个
这是怎麽从上下文推断出来的呢？
【反衬讲解】
我觉得这道题目完全是细心的问题。
[some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group." k3 @$ i7 U$ m; h
黑体字即为答案对应点

Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. ■ Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. ■ Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning.■ For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.■

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves.

Where would the sentence best fit?

为什么是B   从哪里可以看出~~~？

【反衬讲解】
Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. 5 }# h$ F$ @' \2 X0 t" `'
well-being= healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies 1 j, w( ?3 @! M$ w3 \( p' l" B8 U
% k: T; k: v" T4 J4 V, D2 k
看来这位同学的同义替换理解能力较弱。应加强这方面的锻炼。
方法一：把做过的题目的答案和原文的对应关系一一研究。
方法二：查字典多看英文解释。



第二篇

When crayfish are kept continuously in the dark, even for four to five months, their compound eyes continue to adjust on a daily schedule for daytime and nighttime vision. Horseshoe crabs kept in the dark continuously for a year were found to maintain a persistent rhythm of brain activity that similarly adapts their eyes on a daily schedule for bright or for weak light. Like almost all daily cycles of animals deprived of environmental cues, those measured for the horseshoe crabs in these conditions were not exactly 24 hours. Such a rhythm whose period is approximately—but not exactly—a day is called circadian. For different individual horseshoe crabs, the circadian period ranged from 22.2 to 25.5 hours. A particular animal typically maintains its own characteristic cycle duration with great precision for many days. Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly. Further evidence for persistent internal rhythms appears when the usual external cycles are shifted—either experimentally or by rapid east-west travel over great distances. Typically, the animal's daily internally generated cycle of activity continues without change. As a result, its activities are shifted relative to the external cycle of the new environment. The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.7 d9 k

8. In paragraph 2, the author provides evidence for the role of biological clocks by

○ listing the daily activities of an animal's cycle: sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones

○ describing the process of establishing the period of a biological clock

○ presenting cases in which an animal's daily schedule remained stable despite lack of environmental cues

○ contrasting animals whose daily schedules fluctuate with those of animals whose schedules are constant

我感觉这段讲了很多信息~~    答案选不好~~~  看好了之后有点晕~~ 不知道如何去定位找答案~~  为什么选C~~还有其他几个选项为什么错~~


10. In paragraph 2, why does the author mention that the period for different horseshoe crabs ranges from 22.2 to 25.5 hours?: z3 J$ Y  H) Y1 R/ n% D, R
○ To illustrate that an animal's internal clock seldom has a 24-hour cycle
○ To argue that different horseshoe crabs will shift from daytime to nighttime vision at different times3 z5 b( G; w* M
○ To illustrate the approximate range of the circadian rhythm of all animals
○ To support the idea that external cues are the only factors affecting an animal's periodic behavior, t5 D: _! w! M
为什么选4？我选3~
【反衬讲解】
这道题答案是第一个。

Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. ■Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation.
0 |2 e1 {6 A0 e11. The word it in the passage refers to

) b% X7 v, B7 E! `: e○ an external cue such as sunrise
○ the daily rhythm of an animal

^○ the local solar day

○ a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours


14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.* g' c" U* L/ V+ T8 F7 K- e3
The activity of animals is usually coordinated with periodically recurring events in the environment.
Answer Choices
○ Most animals survive and reproduce successfully without coordinating their activities to external environmental rhythms.
○ The circadian period of an animal's internal clock is genetically determined and basically unchangeable.
○ Environmental cues such as a change in temperature are enough to reset an animal's clock.
○ Animals have internal clocks that influence their activities even when environmental cues are absent.
○ Animals are less affected by large differences between their internal rhythms and the local solar day than are humans
○ Because an animal's internal clock does not operate on a 24-hour cycle, environmental stimuli are needed to keep the biological day aligned with the solar day.
哎
我极其怀疑这道题啊
怎麽答案是1 2 6？为什莫啊？？尤其对第四个疑问很大




第三篇

Paragraph 2：Such techniques, however, have limitations. First, the observation may be

unreliable in that two or more observers may not agree that the particular response occurred, or to what degree it occurred. Second, responses are difficult to quantify. Often the rapid and diffuse movements of the infant make it difficult to get an accurate record of the number of responses. The third, and most potent, limitation is that it is not possible to be certain that the infant's response was due to the stimulus presented or to a change from no stimulus to a stimulus. The infant may be responding to aspects of the stimulus different than those identified by the investigator. Therefore, when observational assessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities, care must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of the infant.

6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○ Researchers using observational assessment techniques on infants must not over generalize and must base their conclusions on data from many studies.

○ On the basis of the data from one or two studies, it seems that some infants develop a particular perceptual ability not observed in others.

○ To use data from one or two studies on infant's perceptual abilities, it is necessary to use techniques that will provide conclusive evidence.

○ When researchers fail to make generalizations from their studies, their observed data is often inconclusive.

我觉得
作者既否定了overgeneralize，又不支持光从数据里得出结论啊。那为什么会选A啊。: }! y% I# L5 {7 `- w" f2 ?
6 c  i. n9 D3 v! n! `5 y莫非我对 not to...or to 的理解有误？

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 11:41:51



TPO16

susunino 发表于 2010-9-11 13:19

第一步：定位。
第二步：定位句之后有个分号。所以与定位句最有联系的就是分号后面的文字。
选项C对应分号后的文字，所以选C
其他选项没有与文章对应的地方。

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 11:42:09



Tpo15
第一篇

第二篇
Leatherbacks keep their body heat in three different ways. The first, and simplest, is size. The bigger the animal is, the lower as surface¬to-volum e ratio; for every ounce of body mass, there is proportionately less surface through which heat can escape. An adult leatherback is twice the size of the biggest cheloniid sea turtles and will therefore take longer to cool off. Maintaining a high body temperature through sheer bulk is called gigantotherrny. It works for elephants, for whales, and, perhaps, it worked for many of the larger dinosaurs. It apparently works, in a smaller way, for some other sea turtles. Large loggerhead and green turtles can maintain their body temperature at a degree or two above that of the surrounding water, and gigantothermy is probably the way they do a. Muscular activity helps, too, and an actively swimming green turtle may be T C (12.6° F) warmer than the waters it swims through.
Gigantothermy, though, would not be enough to keep a leatherback warm in cold northern waters. It is not enough for whales, which supplement it with a thick layer of insulating blubber (fat).: r- h9 B$ j3 P$ r& `2 }# E
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Contraryto what we would expect of reptiles. the leatherback turtle is actually warm-blooded.
Answer Choices
Even though they swim into cold ocean waters, leatherbacks¡ maintain their body heat in much the same way as sea turtles in warm southern oceans do.
7 The leatherback turtle uses a countercurrent exchange system in order to keep the flippers from drawing heat away from the rest of the body.3 v/ Y7 X) \" D) B) O! ?1 U
The shape of the leatherback turtle's flippers is especially important in maintaining heat in extremely cold northern waters.' m- S& I% ^0 c! l
The leatherback turtle is able to maintain body heat through sheer size.
Leatherbacks have an insulating layer that can be " V! n0 [% X1 Z$ L; V% F/ L# }( vconsidered the reptilian version of blubber.
Young leatherbacks often do not survive to¡ adulthood r because they are not able to switch from a cold-blooded way of life to a warm-blooded one quickly enough.
答案为什么有第4个？这句话在原文哪句话有体现？我把和size有关的原文贴上了~~/ T; t+ o' `/ K" F1 H


第三篇

Paragraph2: Glaciers are open systems, with snow as the system's input and melt water as the system’s main output. The glacial system is governed by two basic climatic variables: precipitation and temperature. For a glacier to grow or maintain its mass there must be sufficient snowfall to match or exceed the annual loss through melting, evaporation, and calving, which occurs when the glacier loses solid chunks as icebergs to the sea or to large lakes. If summer temperatures are high for too long, then all the snowfall from the previous winter will melt. Surplus snowfall is essential for a glacier to develop. A surplus allows snow to accumulate and for the pressure of snow accumulated over the years to transform buried snow into glacial ice with a depth great enough for the ice to flow. Glaciers are sometimes classified by temperature as faster-flowing temperate glaciers or as slower-flowing polar glaciers.

6. Paragraph 2 implies that which of the following conditions produces the fastest moving glaciers?

○A climate characteristic of the Polar Regions

○A thick layer of ice in a temperate climate

○Warm summers

○Snow, firm and ice that have been buried for several years

答案是B,我选的是C。我B的定位在文章中没有找到啊。

【反衬解答】 Surplus snowfall is essential for a glacier to develop. A surplus allows snow to accumulate and for the pressure of snow accumulated over the years to transform buried snow into glacial ice with a depth great enough for the ice to flow. Glaciers are sometimes classified by temperature as faster-flowing temperate glaciers or as slower-flowing polar glaciers. 这两句中得出答案 Surplus snowfall+ flow得出thick，temperate glaciers比polar的要快，得出B了

paragraph 4: American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski, who have studied extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest that episodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximately every 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period. The late Cretaceous extinction of the dinosaurs and am monoids was just one of the more drastic in a whole series of such recurrent extinction episodes. The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth as meteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact.2 q+ z" N& S0 G  m
7.According to paragraph 4, what aspect of extinction episodes does the companion-star hypothesis supposedly clarify?# w+ ]1 y1 ?; s; k' n( ?
Their location9 v/ k6 Y# G& Y3 H% h& D) V
  Their frequency* {$ {  K4 _: T! x5 N
  Their duration
Their severity
为什么选第二个？因为这段讲的就是周期？

【反衬讲解】

The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star.....- g* V% D( T5 |1 i7 z
读懂这句话中recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses就知道前后的关系了

Paragraph3: Glaciers are part of Earth's hydrologic cycle and are second only to the oceans in the total amount of water contained. About 2 percent of Earth's water is currently frozen as ice. Two percent may be a deceiving figure, however, since over 80 percent of the world's freshwater is locked up as ice in glaciers, with the majority of it in Antarctica. The total amount of ice is even more awesome if we estimate the water released upon the hypothetical melting of the world's glaciers. Sea level would rise about 60 meters. This would change the geography of the planet considerably. In contrast, should another ice age occur, sea level would drop drastically. During the last ice age, sea level dropped about 120 meters

9. The discussion in paragraph 3 answers all the following questions EXCEPT:

○Where is most of Earth's freshwater?

○What effect would a new ice age have on sea levels?

○What is the total amount of water in Earth's oceans?

○How much of Earth's water is in ice?

答案是C，我选的是A，文中地点没提到吧？难道locked up as ice in glaciers也算是一种地点？

Tpo17
第一篇
The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeansto reach the East? Europe's maritime tradition had developed in thecontext of easily navigable seas—the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and.to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and theContinent—not of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed,new methods of finding one's way, new techniques for financing sovast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begincommercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profitsthat such East-West trade could create. Spices were the mostsought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved thetaste of the European diet but also were used to manufactureperfumes and certain medicines. But even high-priced commoditieslike spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify theexpense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all theway to India and China.- I- M5 ~( x  v! p

it can be inferred from paragraph 2 that spices from asia were desirable in europe in the middle ages because they:
1, were easily transported in large quantities2 P5 }+ d: Y/ {$ [( g9 {
2. could not produced in european coutries! u# c8 Q- D$ I
3. could be traded for products such as perfumes and medicins
4.were expected to increase in value over time: G1 R3 p! Q# t, N. ?, [! B. x
我选了4，
首先，我可以马上判断1，3错。 2我就很犹豫，因为2是常识，但是2又没有在文中提过，4却可以从文中推断出来。7 W) [9 J9 Y* Y9 _: U- n4 y( B7 f1 L
我想问的是，如果2是正确的，那就说明了，读这个文章是很笨的事情，因为整个文章都是无用信息，只用常识就可以判断。1 q' D: q# _% c: t1 m
请问老师，是不是这样？

那以后我首先就看选项，然后就用大众常识判断，行不？
真要这样，我还省时间了。

第二篇

第三篇
At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. For example, Australia during the 1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.! T8 i* ^4 F;

3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the action of natural selection on hosts and parasites?

○Hosts benefit more from natural selection than parasites do.

○Both aggression in predators and defensive capacities in hosts are favored for species survival.

○The ability to make toxic chemicals enables a parasite to find and isolate its host.

○Larger size equips a parasite to prey on smaller host organisms.
在A、D两项之间有些徘徊。

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-8 12:23:49

预留楼层

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作者: sl4499    时间: 2010-9-10 22:44:20

TPO16 第一篇的第四题 请楼主解答~谢谢

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作者: niunian    时间: 2010-9-11 08:24:16

lz辛苦了，这种总结非常好

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作者: susunino    时间: 2010-9-11 13:19:04

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作者: susunino    时间: 2010-9-11 13:21:25

我把在那个帖子上的粘过来了~

501# 反衬
太巧了我也是这个题有问题

我一开始选A看了答案自己分析了一下，觉得A的错误在于把因果给倒置了~不知道对么
关键是这题太迷惑了，from the fact that所以我就往前面找答案
谁知道答案是后面关于goverment跟我原来的解题思路完全对不上


还有就是，我觉得这套题明显很多事实题和推断题（这个比较正常）都闷老长
我以前都是先看题找关键词 但是这套题里关键词都不明显，我不知道是先读文章段还是先看题了~

而且有的题段前断后都有答案排除也特别费劲

我还想问一下：看文章到底是顺着给翻译下来，还是扫过去找信息点呢？ 前者很耗时间啊，像这段我读了几遍都不太明白句子的逻辑关系。。可能还是太弱了~但是我TPO13一篇也就错1~2个。。

（说的有点多希望大家帮忙~谢谢）

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-14 09:17:26

susunino 发表于 2010-9-11 13:19

第一步：定位。
第二步：定位句之后有个分号。所以与定位句最有联系的就是分号后面的文字。
选项C对应分号后的文字，所以选C
其他选项没有与文章对应的地方。

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2010-9-14 09:25:08

我把在那个帖子上的粘过来了~
反衬
太巧了我也是这个题有问题: v. ?3 c: O$ F" c! y* s# ]
9 o) {- E5 h% e6 k! Z/ a
我一开始选A看了答案自己分析了一下，觉得A的错误在于把因果给倒置了~不知道对么4 C- G$ T! M7 n% T9 l; A
关键是这题太迷惑了，from the fact that所以我就往前面找答案* R: g; A5 F  e; U* F
谁知道答案是后面关于goverment跟我原来的解题思路完全对不上


还有就是，我觉得这套题明显很多事实题和推断题（这个比较正常）都闷老长- W! T$ E% E) P: c, K7 u
我以前都是先看题找关键词 但是这套题里关键词都不明显，我不知道是先读文章段还是先看题了~

而且有的题段前断后都有答案排除也特别费劲* {% M$ ]' E  M; S2 G
6 t' [/ b+ k+ q/ ^
我还想问一下：看文章到底是顺着给翻译下来，还是扫过去找信息点呢？ 前者很耗时间啊，像这段我读了几遍都不太明白句子的逻辑关系。。可能还是太弱了~但是我TPO13一篇也就错1~2个。。

（说的有点多希望大家帮忙~谢谢）susunino 发表于 2010-9-11 13:21

1.关于阅读文章：尽量不要翻译。翻译是非常浪费时间的，而且你还不一定翻得对。翻译的过程往往要加入自己的主观理解。如果句子阅读能力本来就不高，还要搞翻译，那么翻译出来的东西与原文相比往往会走样。阅读句子关键的是还是抓住原文的主干和逻辑关系。用原文的主干和逻辑去比照选项的主干和逻辑，这样就够了。
2.做题到底是看上文还是下文是以原文为准。 form the fact that本身并没有告诉我们到底是上还是下。倒是那个分号告诉我们要看下面。

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作者: glly7    时间: 2010-10-4 13:15:02



tpo15   第一篇   a warmer-blooded turtle
Paragraph 1：When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.





2222. What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?
¡  They are considered by some to be reptiles.
¡  Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures
¡  They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.
¡  They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.
     每个选项怎么推得呢？我感觉有点问题。请求指点


¡ E       还有最后一题的第2个
¡    The leatherback turtle uses a countercurrent exchange system in order to keep the flippers from drawing heat away from the rest of the body.


         谢谢指点
¡   

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作者: 江沁然    时间: 2010-10-5 14:57:25

多谢哦~~辛苦lz了~

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2011-2-13 11:03:45

各楼层陆续更新中

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作者: hycqy    时间: 2011-2-13 12:10:42

各楼层陆续更新中
反衬 发表于 2011-2-13 11:03

反衬老师回来了？ 那很好啊！

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2011-2-13 16:42:46

反衬老师回来了？ 那很好啊！
hycqy 发表于 2011-2-13 12:10

呵呵。

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作者: hycqy    时间: 2011-2-13 18:59:06

32# 反衬 那我把这个帖子置顶啦！

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2011-2-14 11:18:28

32# 反衬 那我把这个帖子置顶啦！
hycqy 发表于 2011-2-13 18:59

谢谢，谢谢。Happy Valentine's Day

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作者: 野豌豆    时间: 2011-2-15 16:26:02

好贴终于出炉 ！！！支持！不过为何不弄到19呢？呵呵

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2011-2-17 10:53:59

好贴终于出炉 ！！！支持！不过为何不弄到19呢？呵呵
野豌豆 发表于 2011-2-15 16:26

发帖比较早，那时候只出到17。18 和19我会随后更新

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作者: hycqy    时间: 2011-2-17 12:33:00



出处TPO13
问题：which can be inferred from paragraph 2?
原文：
◆ People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.
答案：1)Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.
        2)Instrumental ties require as much emotional investments as expressive ties.
        3)Instrumental ties involve security, love and acceptance
        4)Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant
我选的是4），可答案是1），一直不明白为什么，求解答，谢谢

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2011-2-18 11:59:14

出处TPO13
问题：which can be inferred from paragraph 2?
原文：
◆ People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social link ...
hycqy 发表于 2011-2-17 12:33

回答了， 详情请看16楼

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作者: Go2011Go    时间: 2011-2-19 11:07:51

Glaciers are open systems, with snow as the system’s input and meltwater as the system' s main output. The glacial system is governed by two basic climatic variables: precipitation and temperature. For a glacier to grow or maintain its mass, there must be sufficient snowfall to match or exceed the annual loss through melting, evaporation, and calving, which occurs when the glacier loses solid chunks as icebergs to the sea or to large lakes. If summer temperatures are high for too long, then all the snowfall from the previous winter will melt. Surplus snowfall is essential for a glacier to develop. A surplus allows snow to accumulate and for the pressure of snow accumulated over the years to transform buried snow into glacial ice with a depth great enough for the ice to flow. Glaciers are sometimes classified by temperature as faster-flowing temperate glaciers or as slower-flowing polar glaciers.

Paragrapht 2 (the above) implies that which of the following condition produces the fastest moving glaciers?
1. the climate characteristic of the polar region
2. a thick layer of ice in the temperate climate
3. long warm summer
4. snow, firn and ice that have been buried for many years.

答案是2.怎么看出来的呢，难道是“ Glaciers are sometimes classified by temperature as faster-flowing temperate glaciers or as slower-flowing polar glaciers. ”

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作者: vivianho    时间: 2011-2-19 17:25:37

可不可以请反衬老师帮忙解答一下5楼的一些问题呢?

TPO3第一篇
Paragraph 6: Much of the world’s great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.


11．According to paragraph6, which of the following statements is true of the arch?
○The Romans were the first people to use the stone arch.
○The invention of the arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.
○The arch worked by distributing the structural of a building toward the center of the arch.
○The Romans followed earlier practices in their use of arches.
怎么排除A选项？是因为有stone么？


第三篇
14
○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation.
○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ecosystem.
○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term stability.
○Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of ecosystems.
○Disagreements over the meaning of the term “stability” make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems.
○The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans.
不明白5为什么对，6为什么错，求解答。

还有第二篇
Paragraph 4：Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral

parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred ago.

7. In paragraph 4, what does the author imply about modern buildings?
○They occupy much less space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
○They are not very different from the building of a few generations ago.
○They weigh less in relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
○They take a long time to build as a result of their complex construction methods.
不明白为神马选3,总觉得定位画底线那句跟3讲的是两回事


谢谢!!!

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2011-2-21 17:22:00

Glaciers are open systems, with snow as the system’s input and meltwater as the system' s main output. The glacial system is governed by two basic climatic variables: precipitation and temperature. F ...
Go2011Go 发表于 2011-2-19 11:07

请看第18楼

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作者: whf901026    时间: 2011-3-1 10:45:47

题目出处：tpo15
部分原文：
Paragraph 3: What could cause such high rates of extinction? There are several hypotheses, including warming or cooling of Earth, changes in seasonal fluctuations or ocean currents, and changing positions of the continents. Biological hypotheses include ecological changes brought about by the evolution of cooperation between insects and flowering plants or of bottom-feeding predators in the oceans. Some of the proposed mechanisms required a very brief period during which all extinctions suddenly took place; other mechanisms would be more likely to have taken place more gradually, over an extended period, or at different times on different continents. Some hypotheses fad to account for simultaneous extinctions on land and in the seas. Each mass extinction may have had a different cause. Evidence points to hunting by humans and habitat destruction as the likely causes for the current mass extinction.
问题：
1.
According to paragraph 3, each of the following has been proposed as a possible cause of mass extinctions EXCEPT
○habitat destruction
○continental movement
○fierce interspecies competition
○changes in Earth's tem perature
答案：3
我的疑问：文中怎么看出第一个选项的根据？

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2011-3-2 17:32:25

题目出处：tpo15
部分原文：
Paragraph 3: What could cause such high rates of extinction? There are several hypotheses, including warming or cooling of Earth, changes in seasonal fluctuations or ocean ...
whf901026 发表于 2011-3-1 10:45

最后一句
Evidence points to hunting by humans and habitat destruction as the likely causes for the current mass extinction.

黑体字

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作者: 周越峰    时间: 2011-3-5 00:42:28

tpo6的第二篇十九题
答案选择B
C/D选项明显是错误 B选项我觉得不对啊 文中没有提及hear told啊 A选项也不知道是哪里错了 希望可以给我解释一下 谢谢
原文◆ Three other explanations seem more promising. One involves physiological changes relevant to memory. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood, and this part of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved later. Demonstrations of infants’ and toddlers’ long-term memory have involved their repeating motor activities that they had seen or done earlier, such as reaching in the dark for objects, putting a bottle in a doll's mouth, or pulling apart two pieces of a toy. The brain's level of physiological maturation may support these types of memories, but not ones requiring explicit verbal descriptions.
题目
What does paragraph 3 suggest about long-term memory in children?
A Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain is important for the long-term memory of motor activities but not verbal descriptions
B young children may form long-term memories of actions they see earlier than of things they hear or are told

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2011-3-6 14:18:37

tpo6的第二篇十九题
答案选择B
C/D选项明显是错误 B选项我觉得不对啊 文中没有提及hear told啊 A选项也不知道是哪里错了 希望可以给我解释一下 谢谢
原文◆ Three other explanations seem more promising. One i ...
周越峰 发表于 2011-3-5 00:42

请看第一页第7楼

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作者: isax    时间: 2011-3-6 17:37:53

题目出处： TPO17 第一篇第8题
题目原文：
Paragraph 3: The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, along, low ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. The largest galleys had as many as 50 oarsmen. Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough water: hence they were unsuitable for the voyage to the East. Even if they hugged the African coastline, they had little chance of surviving a crossing of the Indian Ocean Shortly after 1400. 【Shipbuilders began developing a new type of vessel properly designed to operate in rough, open water: the caravel. It had a wider and deeper hull than the galley and hence could carry more cargo: increased stability made it possible to add multiple masts and sails. In the largest caravels, two main masts held large square sails that provided the bulk of the thrust driving the ship forward, while a smaller forward mast held a triangular-shaped sail, called a lateen sail, which could be moved into a variety of positions to maneuver the ship. 】

题目选项：
8. According to paragraph 3, what did the lateen sail contribute to the caravel as a sailing ship?
○It provided stability far the front part of the ship.
○It made it possible for the hull to be wider and deeper.
○It added considerably to the speed of the wind-driven ship.
○It improved the capacity of the ship to be guided.
答案：4
疑问所在：
我在【】中找答案，一开始选的是1，
不知道1哪里错了，也不理解哪里得到了lateen sail(斜挂大三角帆) 对增加船的容量有贡献，
上面不是说called a lateen sail, which could be moved into a variety of positions to maneuver the ship. 没提增加容量啊

还有问一下这句话的意思，
It had a wider and deeper hull than the galley and hence could carry more cargo: increased stability made it possible to add multiple masts and sails.
冒号：的作用是什么？

谢谢！

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作者: vivitangson    时间: 2011-3-7 20:18:44

题目出处：TPO18第三篇 Lightening 闪电)  FLightening8 K3 F+ ]6 A$ k5 @: y8 X
" L$ `1 i. d9 c+ K! T
题目原文：
Most lightning takes place within a cloud when the charge separation within the cloud collapses. However, as the storm cloud develops, the ground beneath the cloud becomes positively charged and lightning can take place in the form of an electrical discharge between the negative charge of the cloud and the positively charged ground. 【Lightning that strikes the ground is the most likely to be destructive】, so even though it represents only 20 percent of all lightning, it has received a lot of scientific attention.
题目选项：
The author remarks that "Lightning that strikes the ground is the most likely to be destructive" in order to explain why
A.This form of lightening has been investigated so much
C.Scientific understanding of this form of lightening is important. 8 N! f2 g( `; b# a7 {
题目答案：A
疑问所在：为嘛Ｃ不对～　感觉ＴＰＯ越来越接近ＣＥＴ了。。。。。

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作者: vivitangson    时间: 2011-3-7 20:27:17

题目出处：TPO18第三篇 Lightening 闪电)  FLightening8 K3 F+ ]6 A$ k5 @: y8 X
" L$ `1 i. d9 c+ K! T
题目原文
The separation of charged particles that forms in a storm cloud has a sandwich-like structure. Concentrations of positively charged particles develop at the top and bottom of the cloud, but the middle region becomes negatively charged. Recent measurements made in the field together with laboratory simulations offer a promising explanation of how this structure of charged particles forms. What happens is that small (millimeter-to centimeter-size) pellets of ice form in the cold upper regions of the cloud. When these ice pellets fall, some of them strike much smaller ice crystals in the center of the cloud. The temperature at the center of the cloud is about -15℃ or lower. At such temperatures, the collision between the ice pellets and the ice crystals causes electrical charges to shift so that the ice pellets acquire a negative charge and the ice crystals become positively charged. Then updraft wind currents carry the light, positively charged ice crystals up to the top of the cloud. The heavier negatively charged ice pellets are left to concentrate in the center. This process explains why the top of the cloud becomes positively charged, while the center becomes negatively charged. The negatively charged region is large: several hundred meters thick and several kilometers in diameter. Below this large, cold, negatively charged region, the cloud is warmer than -15℃, and at these temperatures, collisions between ice crystals and falling ice pellets produce positively charged ice pellets that then populate a small region at the base of the cloud.
题目选项：
It can be inferred from this pharagragh that part of the reason that the top of the storm should become positively charged is that
A.The top of the cloud is warmer than the middle of the cloud
B.The middle of the cloud is already occupied by positively charged particles
C.The negatively charged ice pellets are too heavy to be carried by the updrafts that move ice crystals
D.collisions between ice pellets in the top of the cloud produce mainly positively charged particles.

题目答案：C
疑问所在:从哪看出来的？？？？ 如果负的很重，为神马它在三明治的中间不在最下面？？？求科普~

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作者: sourjuice    时间: 2011-3-7 22:54:06

TPO10的第二篇，8题
All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as natural causes of climate change EXCEPT：
A,atmospheric changes   B,the slow movement of landmasses
C,fluctuations in the amount of ice and snow   D,changes in ocean activity   答案为什么是C，怎么看出来的，BD呢

TPO11第一篇，2题
Paragraph 1 suggests that one reason Egyptian art is reviewed less favorably than other art is that Egyptian art lacks
A,a realistic sense of human body proportion  
B,a focus on distinctive forms of varying sizes
C,the originality of European art
D,the capacity to show human body in motion
答案为什么是D，我觉得从第一段看不出来啊，只有读了后面的才知道

TPO12 第一篇，5题
All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 1 and 2 as evidence of right-handedness in art and artists EXCEPT
A,the ideal source of lighting for most engravings
B,the fact that a left hand stenciled palm upward might look like a right hand
C,the prevalence of outlines of left hands
D,figures in prehistoric art holding objects with the right hand
答案为什么是B，我开始还以为B是对的，

谢谢解答，而且最后一道题都没有对的，怎么办呢，

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作者: zxwhy825    时间: 2011-3-9 17:47:53

Paragraph 4：Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, Says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period.


        8. The phrase “indefinite period” in the passage is closest in meaning to period
        ○ Whose end has not been determined
        ○ That does not begin when expected
        ○ That lasts only briefly
        ○ Whose importance remains unknown

答案是A？请问原文出处？是因为since the early 1940s 所以B排除了嘛。。CD又没意义

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作者: waiting1    时间: 2011-3-9 22:10:20



tpo 16 mass extinction


The fossil record shows at least five mass extinctions in which many families of marine organisms died out. 【The rates of extinction happening today are as great as the rates during these mass extinctions. 】Many scientists have therefore concluded that a sixth great mass extinction is currently in progress.
According to paragraph 2, scientists base their belief that a mass extinction is going on at present on which of the following?
○The speed with which mass extinctions are happening today is similar to the speed of past extinctions.
○The number of species that have died out since the last extinction event is extremely large.
○Mass extinctions occur with regularity and it is time for another one.
○Fossil records of many marine species have disappeared.


我自己纠结的原因就是a项中的ME。p2并没有直接说ME发生，只是说e发生，根据e的表象推出这个e是ME。而a项却直接说ME了。
这个思维是我应付国内考试的思维。所以初做时就选了b。当然，b是错了，如果从错误选项来看，b肯定是多了无中生有的东西。但是a为什么就能对呢,a的主要信息与【】确实是一致的，但就是那个me。题干也明显是问了是根据什么原因得出me正在发生。总不能说是因为现在的me的速度与之前e的速度相似，所以现在的me就是me吧。呵呵。
是我在钻牛角尖吗。。。

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作者: vivitangson    时间: 2011-3-11 01:11:31

51# waiting1
求该句的翻译。。。要不是正确答案放在一个项没来得及看后面的 我就选C了  纠结于"rate"  能和 "speed" 能否等同？一个是率 一个是速度。。。。
就像纠结于MARS上的水那片文章 文章说水的speed 题目说水的size 一直认为不能等同。。。。难道也钻牛角尖了？？？

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作者: waiting1    时间: 2011-3-11 09:44:11

根据牛津双解。rate确实有spped of movement, change,etc之意。lz刷完分啦。。这个问题好解答啦。。谢谢啊。。 52# vivitangson

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作者: kila1002    时间: 2011-3-11 16:03:58

范老师啊，这帖子里很多有很多题目没有讲解。。。。。
您就把人家的问题列了出来。。

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作者: kila1002    时间: 2011-3-11 16:11:02

老师TPO9第一篇有个笔误
第三个是the fact lends strength to 有点接近原文。语序反了。
第四个是 languages have
就只能选第四个了。
这道题目的答案是第三个吧，老师分析也说第三个接近原文

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作者: daisy8936    时间: 2011-3-13 16:02:32

54# kila1002


是啊是啊，尤其是我想看的问题，TPO7的第一篇难死了，反衬老师没有回答~~呼唤~

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作者: kila1002    时间: 2011-3-13 17:51:08

56# daisy8936
握手，我也有的题目想看却没讲解
TPO7第一套？
你什么题目呀

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作者: 周越峰    时间: 2011-3-15 11:18:17

TPO8 第二部分 15题
1. The word merge in the passage is closest in meaning to
○expand
○separate
○straighten out
○combine
merge根据原文是合并的意思
而C选项是改正；清理；澄清的意思 为何还是选择呢 不理解

TPO8 第二部分 23题
9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence ？
○But detractors argue that geological activity may be responsible for the water associated with the terraces.
○But detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the
presence of water.
○But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of
Mars, rather than to Martian water in the south.
○But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemisphere so far below the level of the
south that the terraces could not have been formed by water.
原文：But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity,perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, inwhich case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water.
疑问：A、C选项可以排除 B选项是正确选项 但我感觉它遗漏了信息了 我选择的是D选项 不知错在何处

TPO9 第二部分 13题
13. Wildman and Niles have conducted research on reflection in teaching
1. Through their work with Virginia teachers, Wildman and Niles proved conclusively that reflection, though
difficult, benefits both teachers and students.
2. Wildman and Niles found that considerable training and practice are required to understand classroom
events and develop the skills involved in reflection.
3. Wildman and Niles identified three principles that teachers can use to help themselves cope with problems
that may arise as a result of reflection.
4. Wildman and Niles concluded that teachers need sufficient resources as well as the cooperation and
encouragement of others to practice reflection.
5. There are numerous obstacles to implementing reflection in schools and insufficient understanding of why
teachers might want to reflect.
6. Whether teachers can overcome the difficulties involved in reflection may depend on the nature and intensity
of their motivation to reflect.
疑问：1、3选项可以排除 2选项可以确定 4、5、6选项难以抉择 还麻烦楼主讲解

有这么多疑问 麻烦楼主了

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作者: bttommy    时间: 2011-3-18 11:36:44

我认为TPO12篇的第五题之所以不选2是因为 有关left hand 像right hand的结论并不是个evidence,而是个assumpion,对于the image of left hand 被发现的数量远远大于right，这才是一个证明提干的evidence,可见此段最后一句话。请指教

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作者: feifeionly    时间: 2011-3-19 05:21:06

TPO6-3  Infantile Amnesia

Paragraph 6: This view is supported by a variety of factors that can create mismatches between very young children's encoding and older children's and adults' retrieval efforts. The world looks very different to a person whose head is only two or three feet above the ground than to one whose head is five or six feet above it, 0lder children and adults often try to retrieve the names of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information verbally．General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures．

9. The phrase “This view” in the passage refers to the belief that
○the ability to retrieve a memory partly depends on the similarity between the encoding and retrieving process。
○the process of encoding information is less complex for adults than it is for young adults and infants
○infants and older children are equally dependent on discussion of past events for the retrieval of information
○infants encode information in the same way older children and adults do。

对于本题正确答案A，我用排除法可以确定选此项，而且此项也真是讨论encode和retrieve之间的关系，只是A项中的similarity是如何体现的了，是否要结合前段进行定位，我不太能迅速找到定位点，象这样的题如何快速破解比较好，谢谢！

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作者: zxwhy825    时间: 2011-3-21 22:50:02

TPO17第二篇阅读13题       

Less colorful birds and animals that inhabit the rain forest tend to rely on forms of signaling other than the visual, particularly over long distances.
        ■ The piercing cries of the rhinoceros hornbill characterize the Southeast Asian rain forest, as do the unmistakable calls of the gibbons. ■In densely wooded environments, sound is the best means of communication over distance because in comparison with light, it travels with little impediment from trees and other vegetation. ■In forests, visual signals can be seen only at short distances, where they are not obstructed by trees. ■The male riflebird exploits both of these modes of signaling simultaneously in his courtship display. The sounds made as each wing is opened carry extremely well over distance and advertise his presence widely. The ritualized visual display communicates in close quarters when a female has approached.
        13. Look at the four squares ■ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
        There is also the long, rather terrifying call of the male orangutan, which carries over considerable distances to advertise his presence.
        Where would the sentence best fit?
我选的D,答案B
当初看到BOTH，发现选项有also，又想到short distanct和选项 long，对应 就选了4.
现在看来，piercing cries 和terrifying call 也是对应的。also其实是指另外一种，是顺承。

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作者: zxwhy825    时间: 2011-3-21 22:51:06

5. Which of the following can be concluded from the discussion in paragraph 3 about the Australian rabbit population?
        ○ Human intervention may alter the host, the parasite, and the relationship between them
        ○ The risks of introducing outside organisms into a biological community are not worth the benefits.
        ○Humans should not interfere in host-parasite relationships.
        ○ Organisms that survive a parasitic attack do so in spite of the natural selection process.
        paragraph 3 At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. For example, Australia during the 1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.
答案是A
Human intervention may alter the host, the parasite, and the relationship between them。求解释啊。虽然。deliberately可以看出人有影响。。但是最后的H-P relationship 不是没有改变，只是稳定了。。。

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作者: hancheng1166    时间: 2011-3-22 20:46:54

有一个题目相当不解
TPO7 The Geologic History of the Mediterranean
？4．Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?      
○It did not contain any marine fossil.
○It had formed in open-ocean conditions.
○It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.
○It contained sediment from nearby deserts.
答案为何是1？
原文： Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions.
明明说的是contained tiny marine fossils,而答案却选did not contain any marine fossil.
答案不对吧，应该是2

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作者: sourjuice    时间: 2011-3-23 20:49:20

63# hancheng1166
答案是对的，因为要是在marine environment中，deposits和其上下的应该是一样，但是文中说了上下的成分，和中间不同，所以中间肯定不是生长在marine environment中。

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作者: hancheng1166    时间: 2011-3-23 21:38:53

64# sourjuice


恩恩恩，豁然开朗。
谢谢啦~

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作者: bonniewxl    时间: 2011-3-25 19:23:28

我很想要TOP17阅读的参考答案。Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia 谢谢

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作者: snowlaura    时间: 2011-3-28 21:53:35

TPO9 第二篇Reflection In TeachingParagraph 3: Wildman and Niles observed that systematic reflection on teaching required a sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being "utilitarian...and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection." Teachers rarely have the time or opportunities to view their own or the teaching of others in an objective manner. Further observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate events rather than review the contributory factors in a considered manner by, in effect, standing outside the situation. 7. According to paragraph 3, what did the teachers working with Wildman and Niles often fail to do when they attempted to practice reflection?
○Correctly calculate the amount of time needed for reflection
○Provide sufficiently detailed descriptions of the methods they used to help them reflect
○Examine thoughtfully the possible causes of events in their classrooms
○Establish realistic goals for themselves in practicing reflection

疑惑：fail to do+ 选项C的意思是W和N希望教师们周全地考虑教室事件可能的起因。但是我理解的Teachers rarely have the time or opportunities to view their own or the teaching of others in an objective manner. 教师们很少有时间或机会去客观地考虑他们自己或别人的教学工作。Further observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate events rather than review the contributory factors in a considered manner by, in effect, standing outside the situation. 这句意思是W和N希望教师们站在事件之外客观地思考有利因素而不是希望教师们评价事件。
我看过老师对这道题的定位了，我还是觉得那个fail to + C正好和WN的意愿相悖。总觉得这里的fail to是不是用错了。。咕~~(╯﹏╰)b

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作者: vivianho    时间: 2011-4-6 19:41:20



TPO6#1
POWERING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
13.The Industrial Revolution would not have been possible without a new source of power that was efficient, movable，and continuously available．
●
●
●
Answer Choices
A.In the early eighteenth century, Savery and Newcomen discovered that expanding steam could be used to raise a piston in a cylinder.
B.Watt’s steam engine played a leading role in greatly increasing industrial production of all kinds.
C.Until the 1830s，Britain was the world’s major producer of steam engines.
D.In the mid-1700s James Watt transformed an inefficient steam pump into a fast，flexible，fuel-efficient engine.
E.In the 1790s William Murdoch developed a new way of lighting houses and streets using coal gas.
F.The availability of steam engines was a major factor in the development of railroads，which solved a major transportation problem.

答案是BDF,我选ADE,不明白A和E为何错,是因为是细节而非主旨吗?但我看B和F也挺像细节的.
关于这一类的题掌握得不是很好,能不能请老师说明一下判断的技巧,这一题值2分啊!!!谢谢

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作者: sumess    时间: 2011-4-7 22:54:55

TPO 7的第二篇的那个 fixation on 和obsession with的关系还是不明白, 求解答

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作者: 黑山26    时间: 2011-4-12 10:35:25

老师,TPO16的第一篇reading，13题文本填充题，为什么选第一个啊

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作者: 黑山26    时间: 2011-4-12 11:19:06

能帮我解释一下，TP016的第一篇最后主旨题吗？我选的是Quality，stability和revenue。。。

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作者: 黑山26    时间: 2011-4-12 12:52:20

TPO16
reading第二篇第二题，感觉B比C好啊

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作者: xbj1880    时间: 2011-4-12 16:45:50

tpo7 第二篇第3题。看的两个版本答案居然不同，一个B一个D。到底选哪个？

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作者: yanguowuhen90    时间: 2011-4-13 18:07:30

Paragraph 6 The key factor in the success of thesecountries (along with high literacy, which contributed to it) was their abilityto adapt to the international division of labor determined by the earlyindustrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in internationalmarkets for which they were especially well suited.
This meant a great dependence oninternational commerce, which had notorious fluctuations;but it also meant high returns to those factors of production that werefortunate enough to be well placed in times of prosperity. In Sweden exports accounted for 18percent of the national income in 1870, and in 1913, 22 percent of a muchlarger national income. In the early twentieth century, Denmark exported 63 percent of itsagricultural production: butter, pork products, and eggs. It exported 80percent of its butter, almost all to Great Britain, where it accountedfor 40 percent of British butter imports.

10.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information

○The early industrializes controlled most of theinternational economy, leaving these countries to stake out new areas ofspecialization along the margins.
○Aided by their high literacy ratesthese countries were able to claim key areas of specialization withinestablished international markets.
○High literacy rates enabled thesecountries to take over international markets and adapt the internationaldivision of labor to suit their strengths.
○The international division of labor established bythe early industrializes was well suited to these countries, a key factor intheir success.

为什么第三个不对，第二个对？
谢谢啦

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作者: fantasyk    时间: 2011-5-14 22:38:52

TPO1 - 第三篇的最后一题我还是有些疑问；
我觉得选项1的问题在于，原文中说for example，所以不能一概而论都是冰川留下的；
而第四个算是第一段中提到的一个很重要的特性，所以还是觉得可以作为一个要点的。

当然既然答案是1不是4，那也没办法，只能想办法往答案上靠。

还有TPO1 - 第二篇的第一题，championed 可以替换哪个词，真是觉得created 没啥不妥，套过去感觉从逻辑上也完全说得通。在假如不认识这个词的前提下，没觉得可以否定created。当时就觉得champion有冠军的意思，那就是第一，进而创造和首/第一很有密切关系，就选了created。

2# 反衬

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作者: zxkingsey    时间: 2011-6-3 15:00:05

第三篇：Infantile Amnesia
Paragraph 3: Three other explanations seem more promising．0ne involves physiological changes relevant to memory. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood．And this part of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved later. Demonstrations of infants’ and toddlers' long-term memory have involved their repeating motor activities that they had seen or done earlier，such as reaching in the dark for objects, putting a bottle in a doll’s mouth, or pulling apart two pieces of a toy. The brain’s level of physiological maturation may support these types of memories，but not ones requiring explicit verbal descriptions.
5. What does paragraph 3 suggest about long-term memory in children?, q; S; a8 f' L
○Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain is important for the long-term memory of motor activities but not verbal descriptions．9 S8 A6 y! ?& w
○Young children may form long-term memories of actions they see earlier than of things they hear or are told．
○Young children have better long-term recall of short verbal exchanges than of long ones．
○Children’s long-term recall of motor activities increases when such activities are accompanied by explicit verbal descriptions

第二部分第十九题 答案选择B( q& b9 _3 e2 T9 n
C/D选项明显是错误 B选项我觉得不对啊 文中没有提及hear told啊 A选项也不知道是哪里错了 希望大家可以给我解释一下 谢谢

; |7 K7 D5 o. i0 ]+ |1 V$ [

【反衬解答】：答案在段落最后一句话中：The brain’s level of physiological maturation may support these types of memories，but not ones requiring explicit verbal descriptions.

verbal descriptions就对应答案B中的hear or are told。
A错得微妙。原文最后一句中 but not 这个结构里面，对比的两个对象是these types of memories,和 ones requireing explicit verbal descriptions.  说的是两种记忆，一种是上文中那些 they had done and seen earlier的那些记忆，一种是but后面那些 verbal的记忆。即视觉和动作的记忆对比语言记忆7 y* N( A0 @/ c1 b
: e3 q" I) j. d1 x8 Y; i
但是A选项说的是motor activities和verbal descriptions的对比。但是原文并没有说motor activities就等于视觉和动作的记忆。所以这个对比和原文不符


我认为解答不对。A错误的原因在于，注意原文中的用词为 the brain's level of physiological maturation.这里level一词很重要。大脑的是在慢慢成熟过程中。所以原文的意思是younger children拥有的大脑的成熟程度可以帮助形成对行为的长久记忆，对于其他长期记忆的形成没有帮助。A的意思是大脑的成熟对于其他记忆不重要。原文意思换句话说就是大脑的成熟对其他类的长期记忆形成是有用的，只是在人们小的时候，由于大脑的成熟度还不够，只能帮助形成行为的长期记忆。不晓得我解释清楚没有~

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作者: zhoucong323    时间: 2011-7-10 11:40:35

TPO12  第三篇
Paragraph 7：Water does not remain immobile in an aquifer but can seep out at springs or leak into other aquifers. The rate of movement may be very slow: in the Indus plain, the movement of saline (salty) ground waters has still not reached equilibrium after 70 years of being tapped. The mineral content of groundwater normally increases with the depth, but even quite shallow aquifers can be highly saline
11. The passage supports which of the following statements about water in the desert?
○ The most visible forms of water are not the most widespread forms of water in the desert
○ Groundwater in the desert cannot become a source of drinking water but can be used for irrigation
○ Most of the water in the desert is contained in shallow aquifers that are being rapidly recharged.
○ Desert areas that lack endogenous or exogenous rivers and streams cannot support life
这道题选第A
这个段落中根本看不出来啊

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2011-7-29 16:47:50

TPO1 - 第三篇的最后一题我还是有些疑问；
我觉得选项1的问题在于，原文中说for example，所以不能一概而论都是冰川留下的；
而第四个算是第一段中提到的一个很重要的特性，所以还是觉得可以作为一个要点的。

当 ...
fantasyk 发表于 2011-5-14 22:38

champion就是支持。不用瞎猜，冠军只是champion众多含义当中的一个很次要的含义

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2011-7-29 16:48:27

TPO12  第三篇
Paragraph 7：Water does not remain immobile in an aquifer but can seep out at springs or leak into other aquifers. The rate of movement may be very slow: in the Indus plain, the movemen ...
zhoucong323 发表于 2011-7-10 11:40

题干是passage，对应的是全文啊！

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2011-7-29 16:50:45

第三篇：Infantile Amnesia
Paragraph 3: Three other explanations seem more promising．0ne involves physiological changes relevant to memory. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues thro ...
zxkingsey 发表于 2011-6-3 15:00

我觉得你解释得很对，谢谢你的热心参与。

但是您的解释得有点复杂。归结起来就是原文是 level of maturation support X, not Y，但是选项A把支不支持的概念偷换为重不重要，这就是A为什么错的原因。

我已经把前面的解释修改了。

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作者: 反衬    时间: 2011-7-29 16:52:47

Paragraph 6 The key factor in the success of thesecountries (along with high literacy, which contributed to it) was their abilityto adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early ...
yanguowuhen90 发表于 2011-4-13 18:07

literacy在原文中是辅助的。第三个把它变成主要的了

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作者: 落落婧    时间: 2011-8-2 19:29:14

TPO 7  第一篇
Paragraph 4: It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources, along with the city elite’s ability to recognize their potential, gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbors, The valley, like many other places in Mexican and Guatemalan highlands, was rich in obsidian. The hard volcanic stone was a resource that had been in great demand for many years, at least since the rise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it apparently had a secure market. Moreover, recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmecs sites has shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated near Teotihuacán. Teotihuacán obsidian must have been recognized as a valuable commodity for many centuries before the great city arose.

9. Which of the following allowed Teotihuacán to have “a competitive edge over its neighbors”?
○A well-exploited and readily available commodity
○The presence of a highly stable elite class
○Knowledge derived directly from the Olmecs about the art of tool making
○Scarce natural resources in nearby areas such as those located in what are now the Guatemalan and Mexican highlands

答案选A  我选得是D
疑问在于
1.competitive edge over its neighbours的定位前面是“Teotihuacán’s natural resources, along with the city elite’s ability to recognize their potential”   那请问A是从哪里得来的啊？
2.弱弱的问下along with 是强调前面还是后面的？ 和这个题目定位有关系么？

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作者: stellachen15    时间: 2011-8-10 07:27:32

Paragraph 4: Gigantothermy, though, would not be enough to keep a leatherback warm in cold northern waters. It is not enough for whales, which supplement it with a thick layer of insulating blubber (fat).
        Paragraph 5: Leatherbacks do not have blubber, but they do have a reptilian equivalent: thick, oil-saturated skin, with a layer of fibrous, fatty tissue just beneath a. Insulation protects the leatherback everywhere but on its head and flippers. Because the flippers are com paratively thin and blade like, they are the one part of the leatherback that is likely to become chilled. There is not much that the turtle can do about this without compromising the aerodynamic shape of the flipper. The problem is that as blood flows through the turtle's flippers, it risks losing enough heat to lower the animal's central body temperature when it returns. The solution is to allow the flippers to cool down without drawing heat away from the rest of the turtle's body. The leatherback accomplishes this by arranging the blood vessels in the base of as flipper into a countercurrent exchange system.
       
        According to paragraph 4, which of the following features enables the leatherback turtle to stay warm?
        ○An insulating layer of blubber
        ○A thick, oily skin covering fatty tissue
        ○The aerodynamic shape of its flippers
        ○A well-insulated head
        原来选的是C，后来看过答案后觉得B是对的。只是我在把后来的思路和考试时的错误思路在对比，发现很容易误选B。应该怎么排除B呢？
谢谢

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作者: baktbd    时间: 2013-2-21 14:11:44

TPO 8 的二道題請教，求各位高手幫我。。。

１。修辭目的題
Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous―perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.

5. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that 105 tons of water flow through the Amazon river per second?
○To emphasize the great size of the volume of water that seems to have flowed through Mars’ outflow channels
○To indicate data used by scientists to estimate how long ago Mars’ outflow channels were formed
○To argue that flash floods on Mars may have been powerful enough to cause tear-shaped “islands” to form
○To argue that the force of flood waters on Mars was powerful enough to shape the northern volcanic plains

A是正確答案。但為什麼不能選C？文中不是說 The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” 嗎？

２。句子簡化題
These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced “beaches” shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers―layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen―that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○But detractors argue that geological activity may be responsible for the water associated with the terraces.
○But detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence of water.
○But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars, rather than to Martian water in the south.
○But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemisphere so far below the level of the south that the terraces could not have been formed by water.

答案是Ｂ。但我覺得Ｃ也可以！

謝謝各位了

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