[经验] 【反衬】托福阅读的三大考点（提出问题和概述） [复制链接]

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发表于 2010-7-22 17:21:38 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

本帖最后由反衬于 2010-7-22 17:22 编辑

环顾四周和互联网上关于托福阅读的分析，大多数的教材或者言论都是就题论题。本文希望从另外一个角度去分析一下托福阅读的几个重要考察方向。
我们先来看三道题目：

OG: NINETEENTH-CENTURY POLITICS IN THE UNITED STATES
The Whigs, in contrast, viewed government power positively. They believed that it should be used to protect individual rights and public liberty, and that it had a special role where individual effort was ineffective. By regulating the economy and competition, the government could ensure equal opportunity. Indeed, for Whigs the concept
of government promoting the general welfare went beyond the economy. In particular, Whigs in the northern sections of the United States also believed that government power should be used to foster the moral welfare of the country. They were much more likely to favor social-reform legislation and aid to education.

9.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about variations in political beliefs within the Whig Party?
○They were focused on issues of public liberty.
○They caused some members to leave the Whig party.
○They were unimportant to most Whigs.
○They reflected regional interests.

TPO3：Architecture
Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.

8. Which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body and architecture that is described in paragraph5?
○Complex equipment inside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles a component of the human body.
○The components in early buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body.
○Modern buildings have components that are as likely to change as the human body is.
○In general, modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildings do.

TPO4: Deer Populations of the Puget Sound

Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, Says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."

9. Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?

○Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to decline.
○The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.
○The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never recovered.
○Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.

为什么要一次过看三道题目呢？因为只有通过题目和文章间的横向对比，才能发现考试的抽象共性，才能避免就题论题的做法对我们思维的羁绊。考试中细节不会重复，重复的只是文章的结构和行文逻辑。就题论题只能解决一道题，却不能帮助我们举一反三。

题目看完了，我的目的并不是要大家找到这三道题的答案，而是要找出这三道题目有以下三个共性：
1.文章结构与行文逻辑类似。
2.题干设计类似。
3.答案与原文的关系类似。

如果你能够通过阅读上面三道题目发现这三点的共性，那么恭喜你，你已经具备一定的抽象思维能力了。而抽象思维正是解决所有美国标准化考试阅读考题的共性能力。

具体说来，这三种共性如下:
1.文章结构与行文逻辑类似。
第一段：第一句抽象，第二句具体，第三句具体，第四句转折（注意indeed, went beyond），提出与上文不同的现象，第五句具体第六句具体。
第二段：第一句前半句抽象，第后半句具体，第二句具体，第三句转折提出与上文不同的现象。
第三段：第一句抽象，第二句具体，第三句次抽象，第四句具体，第五句转折，提出与上文不同的现象，第六句具体。

2.题干设计类似：
第一题：variations没有在文章直接提到，涵盖原文两种对象：policital beliefs (注意单复数)，需要自己总结。
第二题：题干关键字the relationship between the human body and architecture 并非直接来自原文，而是涵盖了原文两种对象: architecture= modern + early。
第三题：题干没有关键字，需要阅读全段。

3.答案与原文的关系类似。
第一题：答案涵盖转折关系前后两种对象的共性，A选项为迷惑项，因为只涵盖了一种对象。
第二题：答案涵盖转折关系前后两种对象的共性，A选项为迷惑项，因为只涵盖了一种对象。
第三题：答案涵盖转折关系前后两种对象的共性。

三道题目的答案均源自原文，但是并非原文的直接同义替换，而是将原文进行了抽象概括。

三道题目都关注同一段中2种现象的差异。

题目分析到此结束。请同学将原文细节代入上面的抽象概括自行理解。

以上的分析是希望引出我个人认为的三种阅读思维重点：
1.抽象vs具体
这种关系见于两处：原文内部以及原文与选项间的对应关系。
2.相似/差异
3.让步/转折

读懂这三种现象，就相当于打开了托福阅读的“任督二脉”。
如何读懂这三种现象？
1.不要只关注词汇和细节。要关注细节间的抽象联系。
2.阅读过程中要对读过的信息加以简单总结。以段落开头或者内部的抽象句子中的关键字作为阅读细节的指引方向。
3.学会在不同文章间进行横向对比，找到文章间在结构上的共性。

在下次文章中，我将举更多例子说明上述三种关系。
谢谢大家。