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标题: 14年秋季提纲互改小组-Argument2 [打印本页]
作者: ClaretZ    时间: 2014-10-16 00:58:14     标题: 14年秋季提纲互改小组-Argument2

本帖最后由 ClaretZ 于 2014-10-26 20:58 编辑
本帖来自"王老师GRE提纲+全文互改小组"，欢迎关注！你还可以查看更多小组、创建小组
Argument2、The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a scientific journal.
"A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation. The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings. Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence). The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring."
Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.
相关argument：无
请根据指引列出提纲并点评楼上组员的提纲或直接回帖参与讨论。
指引网址：https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1777374-1-1.html
作者: ClaretZ    时间: 2014-10-16 01:01:06

一、分析题目中的Argument，按照上面的范例，列出claim、data并解释连接claim和data的warrant。
(一)Claim: Birth order has effects on an individual's levels of stimulation.       
(二)Data或evidence:
(1)The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings.
(2)Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence).
(3)The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring.
（三）Warrant:
三个证据结果都是High levels of cortisol，变量都是Birth order，控制的实验条件都是stimulating situations。也就是说，Argument认为在这三种情况下，Birth order为自变量，Levels of cortisol为因变量，由于没有其他变量起作用，因此自变量导致了因变量。

二、根据题目的要求列出提纲以及描述要讨论的主要内容:
思路：由于题目是找one or more alternative explanations，我的提纲思路就是对三个证据提出不同的解释，说明虽然birth order是变量，但是并非birth order直接对Levels of cortisol的结果产生了影响，而是由于birth order导致的其他变量的改变对结果产生了影响。
提纲：
（Thesis statement）While the author’s explanations seem to be reasonable, there are some alternative explanations for the phenomena in which firstborn infant monkeys produce more hormone cortisol, firstborn humans produce higher levels of cortisol in stimulating situations and first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol during pregnancy.
(TS1)First of all, when facing the fact that firstborn infant monkeys or firstborn humans produce more hormone cortisol, the author explained that it was the birth order that caused the firstborn  ones reacted like this under stimulation. However, there is possibility that the first infant monkeys or firstborn humans produce more hormone cortisol in stimulating situations than their siblings because they are older, which means the phenomenon is not caused by the birth order but by the age or body size.对证据一和证据二的第一种解释：真正的原因为age or body size。具体展开方式为：（1）年龄影响身体发育程度，随着年龄增长，视觉、听觉等感官体用不断发育完善，身体对刺激的敏感度也会不断升高，从而影响Levels of cortisol；（2）body size影响可能会影响个体对信息（例如光、振动等）的接受面，身体越大的个体可能对危险有更强的感应度。
(TS2)What is more, the alternative explanation of the phenomenon discussed above might be that the eldest ones of the siblings have more cognitive abilities because they have more experience of facing stimulations, which makes them more vigilant. 对证据一和证据二的第二种解释：原因为认知能力。由于年龄较大的个体经历多，认识多，对刺激和危险都有更强的认知能力，因此在刺激环境下会更加警觉。
(TS3)Finally, while the author holds the opinion that first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than those who had had several offspring during pregnancy because of the birth order, the explanation, from my perspective, might be that the first-time mother monkeys are more nervous when facing pregnancy since they have no experience.对证据三的解释：the first-time mother monkeys有high level of cortisol是因为缺乏经验。具体的论证：：the first-time mother monkeys因为缺乏生育经验和心理准备，因而更容易紧张，身体出现应激反应，表现为high level of cortisol。
作者: tesolchina    时间: 2014-10-16 21:34:01

本帖最后由 tesolchina 于 2014-10-16 22:49 编辑
ClaretZ 发表于 2014-10-16 01:01
一、分析题目中的Argument，按照上面的范例，列出claim、data并解释连接claim和data的warrant。
(一)Clai ...


Argument2、The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a scientific journal.
"A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation. The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings. Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence). The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring."
Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.

一、分析题目中的Argument，按照上面的范例，列出claim、data并解释连接claim和data的warrant。
(一)Claim: Birth order has effects on an individual's levels of stimulation.      
(二)Data或evidence:
(1)The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings.
(2)Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence).
(3)The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring.
（三）Warrant:
三个证据结果都是High levels of cortisol，变量都是Birth order，控制的实验条件都是stimulating situations。也就是说，Argument认为在这三种情况下，Birth order为自变量，Levels of cortisol为因变量，由于没有其他变量起作用，因此自变量导致了因变量。



二、根据题目的要求列出提纲以及描述要讨论的主要内容:
思路：由于题目是找one or more alternative explanations，我的提纲思路就是对三个证据提出不同的解释，说明虽然birth order是变量，但是并非birth order直接对Levels of cortisol的结果产生了影响，而是由于birth order导致的其他变量的改变对结果产生了影响。
提纲：
（Thesis statement）While the author’s explanations seem to be reasonable, there are some alternative explanations for the phenomena in which firstborn infant monkeys produce more hormone cortisol, firstborn humans produce higher levels of cortisol in stimulating situations and first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol during pregnancy.


(TS1)First of all, when facing the fact that firstborn infant monkeys or firstborn humans produce more hormone cortisol, the author explained that it was the birth order that caused the firstborn  ones reacted like this under stimulation. However, there is possibility that the first infant monkeys or firstborn humans produce more hormone cortisol in stimulating situations than their siblings because they are older, which means the phenomenon is not caused by the birth order but by the age or body size.对证据一和证据二的第一种解释：真正的原因为age or body size。具体展开方式为：（1）年龄影响身体发育程度，随着年龄增长，视觉、听觉等感官体用不断发育完善，身体对刺激的敏感度也会不断升高，从而影响Levels of cortisol；（2）body size影响可能会影响个体对信息（例如光、振动等）的接受面，身体越大的个体可能对危险有更强的感应度。


(TS2)What is more, the alternative explanation of the phenomenon discussed above might be that the eldest ones of the siblings have more cognitive abilities because they have more experience of facing stimulations, which makes them more vigilant. 对证据一和证据二的第二种解释：原因为认知能力。由于年龄较大的个体经历多，认识多，对刺激和危险都有更强的认知能力，因此在刺激环境下会更加警觉。


(TS3)Finally, while the author holds the opinion that first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than those who had had several offspring during pregnancy because of the birth order, the explanation, from my perspective, might be that the first-time mother monkeys are more nervous when facing pregnancy since they have no experience.对证据三的解释：the first-time mother monkeys有high level of cortisol是因为缺乏经验。具体的论证：：the first-time mother monkeys因为缺乏生育经验和心理准备，因而更容易紧张，身体出现应激反应，表现为high level of cortisol。

好吧 我觉得你的结构安排挺好，分析的也不错。说实话这道题我自己也没什么把握。这里贴出我的习作供参考吧。欢迎拍砖！



In this letter to the editor, the author claims that birth order has direct effects on the stimulation levels of infants and pregnant mothers as manifested in the levels of cortisol.  While being firstborn is correlated with high stimulation levels, there are a number of alternative explanations we need to take into account when evaluating the soundness of the argument.  

First of all, we may explain the high stimulation levels of firstborn infants in terms of their relatively older ages.  In both studies of monkeys and human infants, firstborn infants have to be compared with their younger siblings when being exposed to certain stimulating situations.  Maybe the firstborn babies responded to the stimulation more actively simply because they were older and with better cognitive abilities they were more sensitive to potential danger of an unfamiliar monkey or the excitement of a returning parent.  The higher level of cortisol could be the result of the intense emotional changes rather than being firstborn.  

Related to age is the relatively larger body sizes of the firstborn babies which may lead to higher levels of cortisol being released.  Assuming the amount of cortisol produced is proportional to the body size, the larger the babies are the more cortisol would be produced given the same level of stimulation.  Therefore, we need to control the body size if we want to better understand the effects of birth order on stimulation level.  

Although the siblings usually share similar genes, firstborn babies are not genetically identical to their younger brothers or sisters.  Therefore, the different levels of stimulation could result from the different genes of the infants.  Since the sample size was relatively small, it is possible that infants that are genetically geared towards releasing more cortisol happen to be firstborn.  Studies of larger random samples are necessary to tease out the effects of genes from the effects of birth order.  

As for the first-time expecting mothers, birth order may not be the direct cause of high level of stimulation.  Maybe the first-time mothers were more excited or nervous about being pregnant which lead to higher level of cortisol being released.  Or the pregnant mothers with children were too busy taking care of their children to feel excited or nervous.  Therefore the level of excitement or stress could be a better explanation for the level of stimulation.   

In conclusion, a number of alternative explanations may be advanced for the high level of stimulation observed.  Unless we could find concrete evidence to rule out such explanations, the argument is not very strong.  







作者: lisa_C    时间: 2014-10-29 13:49:14

Argument2、The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a scientific journal.
"A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation. The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings. Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence). The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring."
Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.
相关argument：无

CLAIM
Birth order have impact on an individual's levels of stimulation.


DATA/REASON
1.In stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol as do their younger siblings.
2.Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence)
3.During pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring.

WARRANT
1.首胎小猴子产生比弟妹多两倍的激素是因为出生顺序对应激水平的影响
2.首胎出生的人产生更高激素水平也是出生顺序的影响
3.首次怀孕的母猴有更高的激素水平也是因为出生顺序对应激水平有影响

题纲：


Thesis statement:
In the letter, the author claims that birth order have impact on an individual's levels of stimulation based on the evidence about higher levels of cortisol in firstborn infant monkeys, firstborn humans and first-time mother monkeys. He simply attributed all three pehonomena to birth order to support his argument, without considering other possible explanations.
主旨句：作者把首胎小猴子、首胎人、首次怀孕的母猴更高的激素水平都归因于出生顺序，以此来例证出生顺序对激素水平的影响。但是在所举三个例子中，作者都没有考虑到其他可能的解释，这些可能的解释也许并不能说明他的观点。

TS1: There are many other possible explanations for higher levels of cortisol in firstborn monkeys and humans. The design of experiment may fail to eliminate interferences from other factors.
段落一：对于首胎小猴子和首胎人激素高的现象，有很多可能的其他解释。一个可能的解释是实验没有排除其他变量影响。
譬如猴子的实验中没有控制年龄变量，首胎个体年龄较大，生存经验多对环境更加警觉导致激素水平高。人的实验中，父母对第一个孩子照顾地更为悉心相处时间长，导致第一个孩子对父母感情深，选择父母返回这种刺激时，无疑第一个孩子反应更大。

TS2：First-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol
段落二：对于首次怀孕的母猴激素水平高，一个可能的解释是首次怀孕的母猴没有经验比较紧张导致激素水平高。如果非首次怀孕的母猴也和首次怀孕的母猴一样紧张，非首次怀孕的母猴也许和首次怀孕的母猴激素水平相同。

TS3: Since both humans and monkeys are primates, phenomena cited can be explained that birth order could influence levels of stimulations. But for other animals, birth order may have nothing to do with levels of stimulations.
段落三：对于三种现象，因为不论猴子还是人都属于灵长类动物，一种解释是灵长类动物存在这种特殊的关系但是其他动物则未必。
如果选择非灵长类的马做实验，也许就不能观察到类似的现象。
（不过这段感觉三句话就说完了）

错字：pehonomena－phenomena
作者: tesolchina    时间: 2014-10-29 21:08:09

lisa_C 发表于 2014-10-29 13:49
Argument2、The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a scientific journal.
"A rec ...

我觉得关于非灵长类动物的点好像不太相关
你可以看下楼上我写的
这道题说实话我也很纠结 感觉题目说的不是很清楚
希望不要抽到吧



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