ISSUE87【0906G Fight 3月中~4月初队】 第三周第三次作业 by 小冰灵

小冰灵UID??2509777

87"In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries."

提纲：
1 新人具有更旺盛的求知欲，
例子：牛顿看见苹果，想问为什么
不被陈旧思想所束缚，敢于质疑陈旧思想
例子：爱因斯坦不束缚于牛顿的经典力学，提出了相对论
不断创新,独立思考，开辟新天地



2专家积累有大量的知识与经验

工程师需要的是多年实践的经验，这些比在书本上学到的要有用的多

新人往往只有理论知识，无法把实际和理论有效结合

例子：哥白尼观察了很多年，积累了大量观测数据，写出了天体运行论
3 需要把新人的冲劲和专家的知识经验相结合，缺一不可
To make progress in whatever realm, a researcher needs strong curiosity on unknown things, no limitation on conventional ideas, and consistent creation. In this way, beginners have advantages compared to experts, which help them get important discoveries. However, the profound knowledge and rich experience will help experts a lot in their research too.

It is commonly accepted that new comers often have stronger will to learn more, as they want to be informed with all unknown things. This curiosity will continue to boost them up, unless they have found out the underlying answer. Newton was curiosity when he saw an apple falling down pushed him toward deep contemplation about the principle behind the simple fact, which led him to the success later.

Similarly, green hands tend to not follow the established opinions as experts, and what they trust is only the truth but not the authority. In his twenties, Einstein put forward theory of relativity, which went against Newton’s Classic mechanics and is now accepted as one of the most significant invention in the 20th century, and has changed the field of physics, even the whole science. It is skepticism to authority that drives Einstein to publish his thesis with courage, while experts maybe hesitate to break up the basic rules in this subject.


Tyros also have the precious imagination and creativity, and with them, they are inclined to think in an independent and constructive way. When most scientists seemed the phenomenon of X rays as nothing but an incident, Mrs. Curie thought it was the trace of radiation and worked on it for several years without people’s comprehension, then discovered the element radium which led to a breakthrough both in chemistry and medicine. The creativity is the key to success as Mrs. Curie’s example has proved to us.
However, only with curiosity, skepticism and creativity is not enough for one who want to make important discoveries. He needs the knowledge and experience as the foundation in his research. Especially in some fields, almost nothing can compete with the rich experience which experts gain through innumerable experiments. In fields like anthropology and architecture, without certain field work and practice, even fresh men with well-prepared knowledge in books, can not turn theory into reality, and thus nothing can make sense. That is to say, sufficient experience is a necessary help for us to make progress.
When new hands come into a halt due to their rootless basic knowledge and skills, they need experts to provide practical suggestions based on rich experience; meanwhile, when veterans are at a standstill and lack of inspiration, they need fresh men to bring novel ideas into their research. With cooperation and communication, important discoveries are more likely to occur.
To conclude, the history has proved that breakthroughs are both the effort of beginners and experts, and lack of either will come to an unsatisfied end. Science is like an eagle, beginners and experts are two wings, without each one the science can not fly at all. Only with both contributions can science reach an unprecedented altitude and more discoveries will bring human beings into a new era.















40"Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem."
1 兴趣是指针。从自己的兴趣出发，人们往往更有动力，也就更有希望在这条路上走的更远，所以对于科学家来说，兴趣很重要，如果不是在自己的兴趣下探索，也许就不会有那么多的发明了
例子
爱迪生
对物理学的兴趣使其发明了台灯

哥白尼
对天空的兴趣使其长久以来专注于对天空的观察，获得了大量的观测资料，从而提出了日心论，在当时是一大进步，使自然科学从神学中得以解放，成为现代天文学的鼻祖

伽利略从小爱好科学，但父亲却希望他做一名医生，但他仍然坚持自学，并最终在多方面都有建树

2 研究开始的时候，谁也不能断定其是否对人类和社会发展有意义。很多研究，看起来也许只是科学家的兴趣所在，对社会没有什么实际意义，但事后却证明是巨大的推动力。



居里夫人发现镭时，一定没有想到，镭的发现不仅仅解释了放射线的来源，更引起了一些大胆的假设，解释了放射性现象的来源，在地质学和气象学上，镭的发现使某些不解现象得到了初步的解释，为人类探索原子世界打开了大门，镭在医学上，还被证明能够杀死癌细胞，还诞生了一门新的学科放射学，大大的造福了人类

爱因斯坦最初写出相对论时，这个理论在大多数人眼中看来都是古怪的理论而无法理解，还有人就此嘲笑爱因斯坦是疯子，而如今谁也无法否认相对论对于人类社会与科学进步的翻天覆地的影响

英国人斯蒂文森发明了最初的火车头，当时速度很慢，一直被嘲笑

3 然而，不管研究开始时的前景如何，初衷如何，科学家都应该保证研究的结果不会威胁到人类生存，不能按照自己的兴趣任意行事，科学应该为人类服务。

诺贝尔对化学很有兴趣，于是研发出炸弹，但炸弹威力很大，却不够安全，害死了很多人，他非常后悔，并刻苦研究，最终研究出了安全系数较大的炸弹


原子弹的发明，爱因斯坦一直为他的推荐而感到后悔


当今社会人们对克隆争执不休，就是因为无法确认其对人类社会会带来怎样的影响，在还没确认前，某些科学家擅自研究显然是不道德的。



黑客按照自己的兴趣创造了黑客软件，确实是自己计算机技术的完美体现，但却给网络造成了巨大危害，搅乱了人们的生活，为自己谋利益。