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【ARGUMENT--bring order out of chaos】之 "君子之辩" [复制链接]

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楼主
发表于 2009-6-27 10:03:47 |显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 lucarl 于 2009-6-27 10:40 编辑

第一篇:
研究驯养是否对智力有影响


实验中有两个变量:

Domesticated vs. wild
Dogs vs. wolves

接受试验动物应该有四种:
1、domesticated dogs
2、dogs from animal shelter
3、domesticated wolves
4、wild wolves

H用的有:
1、domesticated dogs
2、wild wolves

MU用的有:
1、pet dogs
2、dogs from animal shelters
3、human-raised wolves

很明显H的试验考虑角度就不够全面。用domesticated dogs 和 wild wolves去对比,说明什么?domestication强于wild?还是dogs比wolves聪明? 两个variable是要分seperate来的,也就是要控制其中一个变量,对比另一个才有用处。

正确的4个对照组应该是在domesticated dogs vs. dogs from animal shelters,以及 domesticated wolves vs. wild wolves还有dogs vs. wolves (either both domestication or non-human-raised)

MU的实验少了wild wolves.得出结论:
domesticated wolves>domesticated dogs> shelter dogs.

所以,natural selection dumb animals down(because wolves are more clever), and domestication improve intelligence应该是正确的
也就是说,可以得出这么一个结论:

这边是intelligence* domesticated wolves>domesticated dogs> wild wolves> shelter dogs *这边是dumb
(后面红色的这两个是有可能,因为实际上MU并没做这个对比).

但是,说到natural selection 和 domestication(也就是deliberate selection by human)的问题就晕了。dogs肯定是先从wolves进化出来,然后才被人们给domesticated了,总不能人类直接domesticate出的dogs吧。那么,dogs的进化过程就有both naturally and by human了。那么究竟natural selection和domestication那个是造成dogs 比 wolves笨的罪魁祸首呢?从我上面猜想的结论:wild wolves > shelter dogs能够得出,也就是natural selection是原因,因为shelter dogs 可以视为是 natural selected wolves。但是这个对照,即使是MU,也没有做,所以第一段中最后一句:Natural selection (not to mention deliberate selection by people) might therefore be expected to dumb domestic animals down.仍然是没有被验证的。


总结一下:
能说明wolves 比 dogs聪明的对照:domesticated wolves>domesticated dogs。 如果wild wolves> shelter dogs 能成立就更好了。 这样也就说明了natural selection numbs animals down.


至于能不能说明domestication improve animals' intelligence,表面上来看,domesticated wolves>domesticated dogs> wild wolves这个结论能够说明问题了。但实际上,还需要对intelligence定义一下,不能单看”领会主人意图找食物“这一件事情。比如“生存技巧”就很能说明问题,wolves会用计谋是大家都知道的,那么狗呢?还需要其他实验来验证。


p.s. 自己写的时候完全没有想这么深,写完看了全文,领会了草版的意图,然后看了 米饭袜子尾羽 两位同学的分析,才有这么多想法,在此感谢一下二位。

PASSAGE THREE:

The following appeared in a memo from the president of a company that makes breakfast cereals.
.
In a recent study, subjects who ate soybeans at least five times per week had significantly lower cholesterol levels than subjects who ate no soy products. By fortifying our Wheat-O cereal with soy protein, we can increase sales by appealing to additional consumers who are concerned about their health. This new version of Wheat-O should increase company profits and, at the same time, improve the health of our customers.


审题:
In a recent study, subjects who ate soybeans at least five times per week had significantly lower cholesterol levels than subjects who ate no soy products. 调查结果

By fortifying our Wheat-O cereal with soy protein, we can increase sales

1、The survey

2、appealing to additional consumers who are concerned about their health.

This new version of Wheat-O should increase company profits and, at the same time, improve the health of our customers.结论

逻辑图:

Survey àsoybeans lower cholesterol \
                     àà increase profits &improve health
Consumers concerned about health /

红色箭头为主要攻击点。

看完了全文再回来看自己的攻击点。
说实话,surveysoybeans lower cholesterol level之间的红色箭头,我攻击时准备说“subjects不代表所有人”“即使代表所有人,依然可能这些人胆固醇低是有其他原因的”“吃与不吃酱油的人的信息没有被给出”之类的话的。

后面的红箭头,我想攻击“关心健康不一定只关心胆固醇,还有其他很多指标,如果这个Wheat-O在其他方面都很弱,还是不行的”

写了这么几个字,脑子又乱了,不知道这么攻击是不是不对了。。。请大家帮忙指教一下

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沙发
发表于 2009-6-27 10:44:42 |显示全部楼层
另外“All that grey matter is expensive to grow, so if you have an owner to do your thinking for you, then you do not need so much of it.”这句话的上下文作用和意思仍然不太理解啊~intelligence和grey matter有什么关系吗?


to 尾羽同学:
高中生物貌似讲过,大脑中灰质和白质的含量决定智力,白质多比较笨一点。

这句的作用,我想作者是想引起人的兴趣,“要想灰质多可不容易啊,什么都有人替你想到了,你还要它做什么”这句话,怎么也比“总让别人替你思考,你的智力也会下降”来的幽默一些。
没想到却引起了你的疑惑~

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