Issue 56 Many important discoveries or creations are accidental

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今天写了两篇大纲，还请老师指点，多谢！

56. Many important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

TS (pt1, pt2, pt3): During the long history, human beings repeatedly made huge breakthroughs when them were attempting to achieve other goals. Therefore, I share the same opinion with the speaker. In the fields of medicine, engineering and social science, these cases of accidental discoveries can provide us with different enlightenments.
ts (pt1): First of all, the medical area is replete with the fruits found unexpectedly and we can learn that not all side effects are deleterious. 医学领域里，人们常常把副作用看作一件坏东西，谈之色变，避之唯恐不及。然而Viagra 的发现给人们上了一课，告诉人们副作用有时也是对人类有利的。Pfizer 制药厂原本要研制一种治疗心绞痛的药物，在试验过程中合成了Viagra。Viagra被拿去给人服食，看疗效。其治疗心绞痛的效果一直不佳，于是Pfizer 就要放弃试验了。就在这时，Pfizer的研究人员发现了它的一种side effect - lots of erections. 而后Pfizer就派 senior scientist Chris Wayman研究该现象。最后Wayman弄清了它治疗erectile dysfunction的机理，并让Pfizer将它当作世界上首款口服治erectile dysfunction 药物发售，结果畅销至今。因此要想取得意想不到的成果，人们得打破常规思维。

ts (pt2): Furthermore, engineers may invent something usual if they are sufficiently curious about every detail that they encounter during their research. 工程师得有刨根问底的精神才能发明创新。例如，In 1945 engineer Percy Spencer 在the Raytheon company 里研究radar. 当他在a magnetron, an electronic vacuum tube that generates high-frequency radio waves前站了一会儿之后，他发现 the chocolate bar in his pocket was melting. 然后他思索其中原因，并把popcorn kernels，raw egg等都放到magnetron，发现没过多久它们都熟了。再经过一系列研究，Spencer 终于发现magnetron 所发出的microwaves可以加热食物，而且比传统方法更快。之后他便利用该原理发明了微波炉。所以即使是有了偶然发现的种子，也需要不懈探索来灌溉才能最终开花结果。

ts (p3): Finally, even the unforeseen achievements in the field of social science entail the motive of promoting the well-beings of a society as a whole. 即便是再出人意料的社会科学成就，都是基于要提升社会整体福利的意图才达到的。比如Mikhail Gorbachev 的perestroika and glasnost致使苏联解体，冷战结束，核战争的威胁解除，人类走向一个更加和平、相互交流更频繁的时代，这无疑是一个巨大的成就。然而Gorbachev 是相信communism 的，他所做的一切都是为了挽救苏联，但他比任何其他人都对苏联崩溃作出了更多的贡献，这肯定是一个事故。究其perestroika and glasnost的缘由，是为了促使社会的整体进步，而非仅仅是为了保有个人权力。如果Gorbachev 只有捍卫自己权力的意愿，那么他大可不进行任何改革，苏联也许还能苟延残喘至今，他说不定还坐在Kremlin 里面继续执掌这个超级大国。因此偶然的结果后面也有必然意愿的作用，如今的社科工作者大可借鉴。