零散版友作文互改大贴

leslinUID：2571497

210# zad
为什么占位没改呢？

hunter101020UID：2591908

题目：ARGUMENT107 - The following appeared in an editorial in the Seatown newspaper.

"Seatown has a large port exclusively for fishing boats, whose owners pay fees for the upkeep of the docks and for facilities for cleaning engines and repairing nets. In recent years, declining fish populations have decreased fishing revenue and forced many owners to stop fishing altogether. As a result, the port has a high vacancy rate and port managers are considering allowing pleasure boats, including cruise ships and other large vessels, to use the port in order to increase revenue. But allowing pleasure boats into the port would be a mistake, because the fishing boats would be forced out of the port. We should preserve the port for the fishing fleet, which, unlike pleasure boats, contributes to the prosperity of Seatown."


Given some facts and evidence the author conclude that the introduction of pleasure boats should be forbidden for his negative effect of forcing out the fishing boat  and will influence the prosperity of Seatown.It seems be reason able on the surface but close scrutiny of these evidence above ,there are many blind points and unwarrented relationships.
First ,the author conclude that allowing pleasure boats to use the ports will cause boats out of the port.However the author provide little material and survey  to introduce the real situition of this port. If the port can still tolerate many pleasure vesels and can also guarantee the formal working of  fishing boats  getting rid of fishing will be totally unnecessary. Moreover it may be more profitable for that district than before .So without the further introduction and evidence of this port ,the precondition of this argument is unwarranted.

Second one important reason why author comes to the conclusion is because the fishing fleet can contributes to the prosperity of  Seatown.But without any evidence ,this reasoning is unfounded. Especially according to this material the decrease of fish population has affected revenue and managers still have to pay for the repairmen and clean for their fish tools. It is highly possible managers of fishing boats can not make sufficient profits any longer not to mention bring prosperity of Seatown .Moreover this assumption also explain the number of fishing boats has  declined so much. Thus, without any survey about the true conditions of the fishing industry in the port ,the author’s assertion is unwarranted.

Third even if fishing fleet is indeed as the author say bring prosperity to Seatown ,this can not exclude the possibility that managing pleasure boats contains the same function. Probably pleasure boats can bring the port more benefits than fishing fleet from many other aspects. From one way ,managing pleasure boats may provide the fish population a change to revive by attracting managers concentration away from fishing. From another aspects pleasure boats may creates more tax income than fishing boat. So the assertion that pleasure boats cannot make contribution to prosperity is unwarranted.

In sum ,this memo provide insufficient evidence and unwarranted causal relationship and the conclusion is unconvincing.The author should lists more accurate number and authentic survey about the situation of this port to prove his conclusion.

hunter101020UID：2591908

TOPIC: ISSUE153 - "Students should bring certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively."
WORDS: 408          TIME: 00:45:00          DATE: 2009-3-31 20:51:47

I generally agree with the notion that students should have skepticism spirit and query what they are taught rather than wholly accepting it. However, at the same time, when it comes to some questions which are not based on practices or totally unwarranted, it is unnecessary and even a waste of time to focus on these kinds of questions.

First of all, every thoughtful person would agree that we can easily remember the theories and rules which we queried at the first time, then accepted after scrutiny. （为什么要用这个开头呢？是指明质疑会让人们跟清楚的记住东西？）Consider the process a student points out his question, firstly, he should entirely understand the meaning of theory he received, secondly, he will compare this theory with his own view, if there are something different between them, question aroused. In order to find which theory is correct, the student may do experiments to ensure his opinion, and in order to solve the problems occurred along the way of searching truth, he also need to find explanations from books, through Internet or ask teachers for answers, which finally help him solve his problem. (说的太罗嗦了 直接说质疑会促使学生进一步学习差查阅资料 在论述一下就行了)Consider this whole progress, it is exactly the process human used to explore the world around us and even in deal with problems in our daily lives（这里没有递进关系 而且又说到解决问题是为什么？）. In other words, through the process of querying and finding answers, our children can learn basic methods of study, therefore forever lifting their ability to go along with the their everyday things.（这一段缺少明确的中心）

Moreover, skepticism can also stimulate our creative inspiration and help us find the fault in historical theories. History is replete with these kinds of examples, before Copernicus’s time everyone believed that the earth is the centre of the universe until Copernicus doubted it and proved its wrong, and until Galileo put two balls with different weight from Leaning Tower to illustrate the error of Aristotle’s famous theory, people would still be taught that the speed of fall is proportional to its weight. Thus, to some extent, skepticism is the first step of innovation and invention, and the power to push development go head.（缺少一些必要的论证 说举例时要强调质疑的作用）

Finally, although I concede that questions are the power of development, in the meantime, those unwarranted questions which are not supported by rational and logical analysis are wholly meaningless and it would be a waste of time for us to pay any attention to those kind questions. （这段要说清什么样的质疑是不必要的 因为有必要和没必要是个相对概念 不同年龄不同阶段 不同角度 会产生不同的看法 一个1+1=2 的问题对小学生来说可能没必要太多讨论 但到了数学家 哲学家眼里就大不一样了）Thus, before query to what they are taught, it is necessary for student to receive certain core fundamental knowledge and theory which could provide them the bases for their question. In fact, what we really concerned about is the process of thinking and scrutiny, and the method to analyzing problems, without this process, purely claiming right or wrong is helpless for us to improve individual's ability, say nothing of breakthrough any new ground in society.（这段最后又有一个观点出现 what we really concerned about is the process of thinking and scrutiny 这个是很忌讳的 一定要从逻辑层面上去论述 不能用观点去论述）
论述不够清晰 要有条理 结构要明确 有些地方显得没逻辑 要加油！
In sum, I prefer to concede that students should be encouraged to query instead of accepting passively. At the same time, if there is no evidence or experience to support this conclusion, purely right or wrong judgment is useless.

wuyaocosyUID：2576923

TOPIC: ISSUE153 - "Students should bring certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively."
WORDS: 408          TIME: 00:45:00          DATE: 2009-3-31 20:51:47

I generally agree with the notion that students should have skepticism spirit and query what they are taught rather than wholly accepting it. However, at the same time, when it comes to some questions which are not based on practices or totally unwarranted, it is unnecessary and even a waste of time to focus on these kinds of questions.

First of all, every thoughtful person would agree that we can easily remember the theories and rules which we queried at the first time, then accepted after scrutiny. Consider the process a student points out his question, firstly, he should entirely understand the meaning of theory he received, secondly, he will compare this theory with his own view, if there are something different between them, question aroused. In order to find which theory is correct, the student may do experiments to ensure his opinion, and in order to solve the problems occurred along the way of searching truth, he also need to find explanations from books, through Internet or ask teachers for answers, which finally help him solve his problem. Consider this whole progress, it is exactly the process human used to explore the world around us and even in deal with problems in our daily lives. In other words, through the process of querying and finding answers, our children can learn basic methods of study, therefore forever lifting their ability to go along with the their everyday things.

Moreover, skepticism can also stimulate our creative inspiration and help us find the fault in historical theories. History is replete with these kinds of examples, before Copernicus’s time everyone believed that the earth is the centre of the universe until Copernicus doubted it and proved its wrong, and until Galileo put two balls with different weight from Leaning Tower to illustrate the error of Aristotle’s famous theory, people would still be taught that the speed of fall is proportional to its weight. Thus, to some extent, skepticism is the first step of innovation and invention, and the power to push development go head.

Finally, although I concede that questions are the power of development, in the meantime, those unwarranted questions which are not supported by rational and logical analysis are wholly meaningless and it would be a waste of time for us to pay any attention to those kind questions. Thus, before query to what they are taught, it is necessary for student to receive certain core fundamental knowledge and theory which could provide them the bases for their question. In fact, what we really concerned about is the process of thinking and scrutiny, and the method to analyzing problems, without this process, purely claiming right or wrong is helpless for us to improve individual's ability, say nothing of breakthrough any new ground in society.

In sum, I prefer to concede that students should be encouraged to query instead of accepting passively. At the same time, if there is no evidence or experience to support this conclusion, purely right or wrong judgment is useless.

wuyaocosyUID：2576923

占楼 218

wuyaocosyUID：2576923

该 #211楼

TOPIC: ISSUE173 - "Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways."
WORDS: 570                   DATE: 2009-4-9

What is originality? This is a basic and essential question in science, art and even every field of human society and there are always a host of different opinions （是不是改成answers比较好呀，和上面的question呼应上） held by different individuals in different （建议做个替换diverse） fields. Admittedly, completely novel ideas exist indeed. However, Originality does not necessarily mean thinking or creating something that was never thought or created before, it also means putting old ideas together in new ways. Moreover, Originality is more created （creative） based on former foundation.

To begin with, it is undeniable that complete innovation exists in human history.  For example, the first time that human built a boat; the first time that human built a vehicle driven by a horse; the first time human used tools to sculpt a statue; the first time human used a pen to write; the first time that human used electricity to light the night. (举3个就够了吧，都是一个意思，感觉太多会显得冗余) In all these first times, human embodied （这个词用在这里是什么意思？） this kind of originality which is complete innovation and no former cases to learn.

However, along with the rapid progress of science and technology, millions of novel ideas flood out （淹没？意思不对吧）. It must be admitted that complete innovation is very difficult or sometimes impractical in many areas. Due to the development of human society from primitive society to modern world, it is difficult to find a bran-new area to improve. Even famous scientists cannot easily find it too. （前面一句可以删去）A famous computer scientist once said in an interview, "even if computer science and technology is a novel area among all research fields, a large number of research issues are proposed based on old ideas, not completely new." He also indicated that, "It is because that completely novel ideas are hard to be accepted by people and （result from） some of them is impractical, in other words, their founders haven't understand the reason of existence of old ideas." In my opinion, it (it 指代不明) can be generalized to other fields. Without close scrutiny of the reason of old ideas and learning the advantages of them, complete innovation usually dies at the beginning.

Consequently, in most of the time, Originality is based on old ideas and people usually improve the formers' ideas or create new approaches or theories based on the formers'. For example, Isaac Newton, the founder of classic physics and calculus, once said that the "knack to be a scientist" lay in the following: "When I saw further, that is because I stood on the shoulders of giants." （不是原话，最好别用“”括起来）Not just Newton, Albert Einstein, who first joins time, space, matter, and energy together to found the principle of relativity, avowed that without the Newton's classic physics and calculus, it is impossible for him to found the principle of relativity. As for me, originality also is based on formers' ideas. As a master student, I need to read a large amount of related work to find an improvable point. According to the reading of related work, I could not only learn excellent ideas and approaches, but also find some shortcomings （need） to (be) improve (improved) or (and) unsolved problems to solve. In my view, it is a useful research method and it really helps me a lot. (还是尽量少举个人的例子吧，说服力不强)

In sum, originality means not only complete innovation, in most of the time, originality (it also) means putting old ideas together in new ways. As Confucius says (said before), new thing originate in the past. As a result, originality is not the opposite of old ideas, on (to) the contrary, originality means proposing novel ideas based on completed understanding and mastering old ideas.

有很多闪光的词和短语，用的很好，语言错误也不多，但有时会出现冗余句，还望以后注意。思路还是很清晰的，第一个论点建议能举个具体的例子，多点论述可能会比一上来就大排比效果好

hunter101020UID：2591908

70.In any profession business politics education government those in power should step down after five years .The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership .


According to this issue it seems to be reasonable that every enterprise should change their leaders in 5-years circle for the reason that the revitalization of new leadership is the surest path to success. In my view ,I generally agree with this assertion ,but when it comes to the surest way to success the author’s conclusion may be too harsh and unwarranted .

First and foremost ,the regular changes of leader is absolutely necessary in many case .With the ever increasing pace of social development ,nearly every enterprise needs to be stilled with new blood and improvement in order to prevent bog down .And as it is know to all leaders are the captain of one enterprise who determine the direction and destination. For his long term concentration on management of whole building and ways of solutions , it is highly possible for one leader to ignore the social trends and the new way of management . In that case if the leader are still taking the power, probably it will bring the whole enterprise into bogging down and corrupt. Just as the emperor of Qing dynasty in China who had taken power for nearly forty years ,he leads the China into a situation of
self blocked and weak which never happen before.

Another reason for why the leader should change regularly is for preventing abusing power. Even the leaders are also common people and will definitely make mistakes .With few restriction of any power and the seduce of fame and wealth, leaders will probably abusing their power to purchase their own interest and do harm to the whole enterprise. And regular changes of leadership can effectively reduce this possibility for every leader will step down in short period. The past top leader of Iraq --- Sadamu is absolutely an arbiter .He took the power of leader ship for nearly twenty years until his death .During his leader ship ,there is no law and human rights in Iraq, for Sadamu is the highest charger who determine everything. Only after he corrupted ,Iraq people get a opportunity to enjoy the peace and equal rights.

But we should also notice that in some certain fields enterprise and structure needs stability which too harsh and often changes of leadership may be counterproductive. An typical example is the schoolmaster of one university ,For one way, as every university contains its own understanding and fixed goal of education, too often changes of school master can not guarantee the constant purchase of school’s goal and cause the diminish of campus culture .For another the process of education and revolution of faculty is a long term project ,and every schoolmaster has their own plan. Changing the leadership too quick can not promise the plan being implemented comprehensively. Moreover , in the field of law, it is more prudent to guarantee the stability of chancellor. For chancellor represent constitution ,too often changes will do negative effect to the justification of law.

Finally revitalization is only one important factor in the path to success ,not even the surest. For one enterprise ,there are many other factors which influence the way to success Such as the ability ,culture ,morale and cooperation of faculty. Moreover, in many cases experience of leladership is also very important for enterprise to solve problems and take work into efficiency .Merely emphasize on revitalization are not sufficient enough to lead to success.

In sum , five years is indeed a proper tenure in many cases for leadership change.And regular changes of leadership can prevent many problems and bring new blood to enterprise. But the depending on the revitalization through new leadership is unwarranted to lead to success for the ignorance of many other aspects.

hunter101020UID：2591908

215# Neptune2010

TOPIC: ISSUE51 - "Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student." WORDS: 571 TIME: 00:45:00 DATE: 2009/4/9 19:07:46

The precondition of an effective education is its comprehensive and specific coverage on individual needs and interests, as the speaker contends. As far as I am concerned, although this statement has considerable merits when it comes to the ultimate purpose of education, it is sometimes dangerous and also impractical for an educational institution to completely yield to students' interests and demands.

In the first place, I concede that, on principle, the purpose of education is not to provide students with homogenous learning environment, but rather attend to students' own concerns, for one reason that individual has a physiological state that differs sharply from each other.For example, in order for disabled students to carry out studying with convenience, schools are well justified to supply additional cares to help them overcome physiological difficulties that largely impede their learning process.（个人觉得physical这个方面没有说的必要 有点commonsense 而且例子不带有普遍性） Another reason has to do with the students' independent minds and interests. Only by chasing after one's pursuit based on internal stimuli, could he/she fulfill his/her meaning of life, the ultimate objective of education.（其实把这个详细论证下更好些 如何stimuli 为什么重要） In the UK, what essentially differs Oxbridge universities from other ones is that Oxbridge renders a one-on-one teaching relationship, between a student and his own mentor. By doing so, his mentor can directly target appropriate teaching methods uniquely on his student, addressing his intellectual needs, and further develop his intellectual minds. Accordingly, prestige universities tend to recognize the potential merits of education based on a personal approach, for thriving to attain an ideal education system.

Nevertheless, by asserting the above reasons behind the justification of teaching method with personal approach, I cite the example of education at university level. As a matter of fact, grown-ups tend to be more reasonable than children when it comes to develop their interests and to call for study needs. For example, their course selection for a major is a flexible combination of personal interests and social demands in professions. Their participation in social activities is also weighed between likes and studying schedule. These are indications that education at the university level is well beneficial to provide account for addressing students' individual concerns and to provide freedom of choices and opportunities, for they are responsible grown-ups whose minds are rational with respect to their personal developments. （我个人不大赞同这种写法 感觉从一种结构跳到了另一种 如果单就是以大学 与 小学家中学比较的话 那开始就应该这么写 而不是把第一段最后一个例子 延伸为下一段的ts 结构上不好 我觉得着要这么写那就要突出一个总括句 在本段开头就写在大学教育这个方面的表现）

In contrast, education at primary and secondary level is more of a homogenous nature, for children study common curriculum, namely the mathematics, mother tone language, science, history and so forth, with less a degree of freedom and individual concerns. This is understandable; as teachers and educators are present aside children to provide general guidance, in order to ensure they are familiar with the basic abilities such as literacy, mathematical-proficiency and understanding of their own countries’ history. Yet, at this stage, a child also differs from each other in interests and needs, but in my observation, the basic abilities must be give precedence over them, for a person as well as a society can not risking being unable to think logically and write in today's competitive world（这句是什么意思不大明白）. In addition, any educators would believe that, to some extent, interests can be cultivated at a child's early stage through parentering, which might as well compensate for a relative lack of diversity in early teaching system.（这段有些混乱 就是在but in my observation开始感觉又多出几个意思 不知道重点在哪儿）

At last, since education itself is inextricably related to other realm such as economy, philosophy and science, a true effective education system should also take into account of factors from these areas. A system that could attend to every student's every piece of concerns is perhaps impractical to implement and time-money costing, if one consider other potential use of these resources into a society. （个人感觉整个文章的结构和论述好像与开头不符 因为看第一段的重点在it is sometimes dangerous and also impractical for an educational institution to completely yield to students' interests and demands. 可能是文章主题句没有写好 论述 语言上没什么问题 就是行文上考虑不周 限时写有时就是这样 加油！）

Nevertheless, on principle, I believe, we should thrive to render every student a opportunity to develop according their internal stimuli and needs, as possible as we can.

Neptune2010UID：2626044

198# 小AJ

谢谢了，这个抽象问题，
我本来想从一个人的一生成长来写的，不过后面思维就乱掉了，看还是要套模板啊、、

Neptune2010UID：2626044

TOPIC: ISSUE51 - "Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student."
WORDS: 571          TIME: 00:45:00          DATE: 2009/4/9 19:07:46

The precondition of an effective education is its comprehensive and specific coverage on individual needs and interests, as the speaker contends. As far as I am concerned, although this statement has considerable merits when it comes to the ultimate purpose of education, it is sometimes dangerous and also impractical for an educational institution to completely yield to students' interests and demands.

In the first place, I concede that, on principle, the purpose of education is not to provide students with homogenous learning environment, but rather attend to students' own concerns, for one reason that individual has a physiological state that differs sharply from each other. For example, in order for disabled students to carry out studying with convenience, schools are well justified to supply additional cares to help them overcome physiological difficulties that largely impede their learning process.  Another reason has to do with the students' independent minds and interests. Only by chasing after one's pursuit based on internal stimuli, could he/she fulfill his/her meaning of life, the ultimate objective of education. In the UK, what essentially differs Oxbridge universities from other ones is that Oxbridge renders a one-on-one teaching relationship, between a student and his own mentor. By doing so, his mentor can directly target appropriate teaching methods uniquely on his student, addressing his intellectual needs, and further develop his intellectual minds. Accordingly, prestige universities tend to recognize the potential merits of education based on a personal approach, for thriving to attain an ideal education system.

Nevertheless, by asserting the above reasons behind the justification of teaching method with personal approach, I cite the example of education at university level. As a matter of fact, grown-ups tend to be more reasonable than children when it comes to develop their interests and to call for study needs. For example, their course selection for a major is a flexible combination of personal interests and social demands in professions. Their participation in social activities is also weighed between likes and studying schedule. These are indications that education at the university level is well beneficial to provide account for addressing students' individual concerns and to provide freedom of choices and opportunities, for they are responsible grown-ups whose minds are rational with respect to their personal developments.

In contrast, education at primary and secondary level is more of a homogenous nature, for children study common curriculum, namely the mathematics, mother tone language, science, history and so forth, with less a degree of freedom and individual concerns. This is understandable; as teachers and educators are present aside children to provide general guidance, in order to ensure they are familiar with the basic abilities such as literacy, mathematical-proficiency and understanding of their own countries’ history. Yet, at this stage, a child also differs from each other in interests and needs, but in my observation, the basic abilities must be give precedence over them, for a person as well as a society can not risking being unable to think logically and write in today's competitive world. In addition, any educators would believe that, to some extent, interests can be cultivated at a child's early stage through parentering, which might as well compensate for a relative lack of diversity in early teaching system.

At last, since education itself is inextricably related to other realm such as economy, philosophy and science, a true effective education system should also take into account of factors from these areas. A system that could attend to every student's every piece of concerns is perhaps impractical to implement and time-money costing, if one consider other potential use of these resources into a society.

Nevertheless, on principle, I believe, we should thrive to render every student a opportunity to develop according their internal stimuli and needs, as possible as we can.

写不完了....哎==

Neptune2010UID：2626044

TOPIC: ISSUE69 - "Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development"
WORDS: 421
TIME: 00:45:00
DATE: 2009-3-29 20:18:23

I generally agree with the author’s assertion that research needs a freedom circumstance to develop, and it is hard for a government to judge the value of certain researches. At the same time, government officials should also be circumspect about those kinds of researches whose goals are too vague and immoral.

First of all, one problem in this assertion begs the question that how to identify and predict the result and value of a research(assertion是限制科研发展，你所指的问题是无法确定科研的结果，这样感觉作为主论点在逻辑上有点唐突，可以考虑放在中间论证部分). Someone might argues that certain researches such as cloning research and chemical research would bring human serious suffering involving human cloning and chemical weapon. However, no one would dispute that whether a technology would be beneficial or harmful largely depends on the way human use it, in another word, in most situations, suffering is result of the way people use technologies rather than the fault of researches. After all, new researches spawn a plethora of innovative convenience and creative possibilities, therefore stimulating entire social economy and providing us more comfortable life. According to this point, government should leave science research a free circumstance.
如果考虑topic的话，中间那句应该才是你的主论点，第一句应该作为论据（或前提）： 科研结果之所有会有害，是因为人们使用不当，不是研究本身，也是因为科研的结果本身无法确定

What is more, it is also hard for government officials to judge whether certain researches are valuable or not. By what standard, then, should they identify which research should be restricted and which ones should not be? In my observation, the government tends to restrict those researches which threat the power and authority of government. However, truth is always held by the fewer. One apt illustration involves Copernicus’s famous theory that earth and other planets revolve around the sun, for the reason that(前面是定理这里不能这么接) it damaged the status of authorities in the period of time he was sentenced to death due to research. Thus, since prodigies are always can not be recognized and appreciated by their contemporary government, it should not be restricted merely according to mundane way.
（这一句本身感觉有争议，那牛顿，爱因斯坦或爱迪生就不是这种情况了。 这一段逻辑上说的通，不过the government tends to restrict those researches which threat the power and authority这只是一个方面，有点narrow，加上另一个方面可以会好些）

Finally, although I concede that government should not restrict on scientific research and development, when it come to certain researches whose goals and value are too vague or immoral, government should stop them as soon as possible. For instance, human cloning is restricted all over the world for the reason that it not only devalue human life as well as violate human rights but also will result in a series of immorally and unethical problems, which might lead to a very bad influence in our lives. Thus, government should deter those kinds of researches whose goals are obvious evil and immoral directly to protect others safe in this world.(这一段能让步一下会更好些)
人类基因工程-->人体克隆/治病， 政府应该阻止human cloning research，但不限制cloning research（第二段），但这两者是紧密相连的，我觉得要说清楚这两者的关系的话，还要一些很具体的例子，比如政府的具体措施才可以，建议你可以去网上查一些）

In sum, although I concede in most of situations, government should pay little attention to restriction scientific research, in the meantime, when it comes to some unjust researches, government have the ability to stop them to ensure the secure and peaceful for all human in the world.

字数少了点，可以充实一下，总体上除第二段看上去逻辑乱了点，其他还是OK的

wuyaocosyUID：2576923

TOPIC: ISSUE69 - "Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development"
WORDS: 421          TIME: 00:45:00          DATE: 2009-3-29 20:18:23

I generally agree with the author’s assertion that research needs a freedom circumstance to develop, and it is hard for a government to judge the value of certain researches. At the same time, government officials should also be circumspect about those kinds of researches whose goals are too vague and immoral.

First of all, one problem in this assertion begs the question that how to identify and predict the result and value of a research. Someone might argues that certain researches such as cloning research and chemical research would bring human serious suffering involves human cloning and chemical weapon. However, no one would dispute that whether a technology would be beneficial or harmful largely depend on the way human use it, in another words, in most situations, suffering is result of the way people use technologies rather than the fault of researches. After all, new researches spawned a plethora of innovative convenience and creative possibilities, therefore stimulating entire social economy and providing us more comfortable life. According to this point, government should leave science research a free circumstance.

What is more, it is also hard for government officials to judge whether certain researches are valuable or not. By what standard, then, should they identify which research should be restricted and which ones are not? In my observation, the government tends to restrict those researches which threat the power and authority of government. However, truth is always held by the fewer. One apt illustration involves Copernicus’s famous theory that earth and other planets revolve around the sun, for the reason that it damages the status of authorities in the period of time he was sentenced to death due to research. Thus, since prodigies are always can not be recognized and appreciated by their contemporary government, it should not be restricted merely according to mundane way.

Finally, although I concede that government should not restrict on scientific research and development, when it come to certain researches whose goals and value is too vague or immoral, government should stop them as soon as possible. For instance, human cloning is restricted all in over the world for the reason that it not only devalue human life as well as violate human rights but also  will result in a series of immorally and unethical problems, which might lead to a very bad influence in our lives. Thus, government should deter those kinds of researches whose goals are obvious evil and immoral directly to protect others safe in this world.

In sum, although I concede in most of situations, government should pay little attention to restrict scientific research, in the meantime, when it comes to some unjust researches, government have the ability to stop them to ensure the secure and peaceful for all human in the world.

wuyaocosyUID：2576923

占楼#211

zadUID：2507560

TOPIC: ISSUE173 - "Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways."
WORDS: 570                   DATE: 2009-4-9

What is originality? This is a basic and essential question in science, art and even every field of human society and there are always a host of different opinions held by different individuals in different fields. Admittedly, completely novel ideas exist indeed. However, Originality does not necessarily mean thinking or creating something that was never thought or created before, it also means putting old ideas together in new ways. Moreover, Originality is more created based on former foundation.

To begin with, it is undeniable that complete innovation exists in human history.  For example, the first time that human built a boat; the first time that human built a vehicle driven by a horse; the first time human used tools to sculpt a statue; the first time human used a pen to write; the first time that human used electricity to light the night. In all these first times, human embodied this kind of originality which is complete innovation and no former cases to learn.

However, along with the rapid progress of science and technology, millions of novel ideas flood out. It must be admitted that complete innovation is very difficult or sometimes impractical in many areas. Due to the development of human society from primitive society to modern world, it is difficult to find a bran-new area to improve. Even famous scientists cannot easily find it too. A famous computer scientist once said in an interview, "even if computer science and technology is a novel area among all research fields, a large number of research issues are proposed based on old ideas, not completely new." He also indicated that, "It is because that completely novel ideas are hard to be accepted by people and some of them is impractical, in other words, their founders haven't understand the reason of existence of old ideas." In my opinion, it can be generalized to other fields. Without close scrutiny of the reason of old ideas and learning the advantages of them, complete innovation usually dies at the beginning.

Consequently, in most of the time, Originality is based on old ideas and people usually improve the formers' ideas or create new approaches or theories based on the formers'. For example, Isaac Newton, the founder of classic physics and calculus, once said that the "knack to be a scientist" lay in the following: "When I saw further, that is because I stood on the shoulders of giants." Not just Newton, Albert Einstein, who first joins time, space, matter, and energy together to found the principle of relativity, avowed that without the Newton's classic physics and calculus, it is impossible for him to found the principle of relativity. As for me, originality also is based on formers' ideas. As a master student, I need to read a large amount of related work to find an improvable point. According to the reading of related work, I could not only learn excellent ideas and approaches, but also find some shortcomings to improve or unsolved problems to solve. In my view, it is a useful research method and it really helps me a lot.

In sum, originality means not only complete innovation, in most of the time, originality means putting old ideas together in new ways. As Confucius says, new thing originate in the past. As a result, originality is not the opposite of old ideas, on the contrary, originality means proposing novel ideas based on completed understanding and mastering old ideas.

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