1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by miki7cat——不愿后悔莫及

miki7catUID：2533330

目标：向完美主义进军！

一切全力以赴，不愿后悔莫及。其实目前为止，我对自己的人生还没有什么更明确的规划。但是我想过“无论什么时候离开人世都会留有遗憾”的人生。对，是遗憾，而非悔恨。总是有很多事情渴望去完成，总是全力以赴地完成每一件自己想做的事情，总是全力以赴地做得更多、更好。或许会输给天时地利人和，那是遗憾；但是绝不能输给自己，而留有悔恨。

只有全力以赴，没有尽力而为！


关于备考日志，虽然刚开始写，但我相信这将是非常有意义的一件事。我是个上班族，对于工作日志这种记录形式的好处深有体会，因此也想跟大家分享一下“PDCA”的记录方式，希望能有所帮助。

P-Plan
D-Do
C-Check
A-Act

P：计划很重要，但是俗话说计划赶不上变化，因此，周计划和月计划不要太详细，有一个总体目标就可以，否则会非常打击做计划的积极性，而没有计划的话，一切都将是混乱的。每日的计划推荐用excel，以半小时为划分，合理安排一天的时间。这个计划不要一下子写太多天的，一般写“今天”和“明天”的计划就可以了，因为之后还要根据具体情况修改，关于修改还会在之后再提。

D：按照计划执行，没什么可说的。

C：检查今天有哪些是按照计划完成了，哪些因为什么原因没有完成，又有哪些心得和反思，都是check的内容。我认为反思这一步是最关键的，是“进化”的过程。看来从今天开始我要把关于GRE备考这一部分的反思写在这个帖子里了。

A：这个在质量体系里本来是纠正不符合项的过程，我们这里只是根据check的结果，结合实际情况，对第二天的计划做一下调整而已。所以我前面才说，日计划不要一下子写太多天，根据实际情况修改计划，这样的计划才是有效的，否则就只是形式而已了。

希望我的经验对大家有所帮助。

miki7catUID：2533330

留空

miki7catUID：2533330

帖子汇总，便于查看

小组招新贴 https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1024091&page=10#pid1773337314
第一次作业通知 https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1025915-1-1.html
第二次作业通知 https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1028710-1-1.html
第三次作业通知 https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1029483-1-1.html
第四次作业通知 https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1030818-1-3.html


第一次作业
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】笔记（完成）
(1)-(5)     https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1029255&page=2#pid1773360531
(6)-(11)   https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1029255&page=2#pid1773363321
(12)-(16) https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1029255&page=2#pid1773363331
【SU & SY SO】笔记（因为内容多且杂，完全复制粘贴又没什么意义，因此根据自己在实际应用中碰到的问题随时添加）
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1029255&page=2#pid1773360790

第二次作业（完成）
Argument 143 https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1031433-1-1.html
Issue 13 https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1031858-1-1.html

第三次作业（完成）
awintro翻译
总体介绍
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1029255&page=1#pid1773341781
Issue Part 1 --- 方法讲解
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1029255&page=1#pid1773347738
Issue Part 2 --- 例题讲解及范文评论
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1029255&page=1#pid1773347747
Issue Part 3 ---评分指南和考试Direction
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1029255&page=1#pid1773347760
Argument Part 1 --- 方法讲解（1）
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1029255&page=1#pid1773350695
Argument Part 2 --- 方法讲解（2）
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1029255&page=2#pid1773350700
Argument Part 3 --- 例题讲解及范文评论
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1029255&page=2#pid1773354582
Argument Part 4 --- 评分指南和考试Direction
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1029255&page=2#pid1773354584
分数段描述
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1029255&page=3#pid1773365747
读后感
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1029255&page=1#pid1773347677
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1029255&page=1#pid1773350689

第四次作业（完成）
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1029255&page=2#pid1773364356

miki7catUID：2533330

今天上午花了2个小时的时间，看完了awintro里面overview和issue的部分，虽然做了笔记，结果吃完中午饭就忘得差不多了，于是只好又读了一遍，为了加深印象，我决定先把这两部分翻译了。但是困难重重啊~五个小时，翻译了区区5页，还有两天……努力完成吧。还要加油补之前的作业！

收获很大。

1、关于雷同的处理：取消分数，但不会有记录。疑问在于：被取消分数的话，是什么时候才能知道呢？
2、关于Issue和Argument的区分更为明确。
3、Issue部分我以前一直有一个误区，或者说一个坏习惯，就是看到一个题目之后，根据中心主题查很多相关的资料，看得头都大了也不知道从何下手。看了intro之后发现，不用死抠那个中心词，而是可以从多个方面入手。后面给的例子中也没有使用特别艰深的概念。

不知道第三次作业要贴出来的翻译是不是要集中贴？今天先把Issue之前的部分的翻译和笔记贴一下吧，免得一个帖子太长，也方便以后查看。

Overview of the Analytical Writing Section

分析性写作部分概述

The analytical writing section is a new section of the GRE General Test introduced beginning in October 2002 that tests your critical thinking and analytical writing skills. It assesses your ability to articulate and support complex ideas, analyze an argument, and sustain a focused and coherent discussion. It does not assess specific content knowledge.
分析性写作部分是由2002年10月开始新增加到GRE通用测试中一个测试内容，其旨在测试你的批判性思维和分析性写作技巧。这个考试用于评估你的准确表达和支持复合思想的能力、分析论证的能力、以及展开一个有针对性并且条理清晰的讨论，并不会评价具体的知识层面的内容。

The analytical writing section consists of two separately-timed analytical writing tasks:
• a 45-minute "Present Your Perspective on an Issue" task
• a 30-minute "Analyze an Argument" task
分析性写作部分由两个独立限时的部分组成：
       题1：对于一个问题阐述自己的观点。（45分钟）
       题2：分析一段论述。（30分钟）

You will be given a choice between two Issue topics. Each states an opinion on an issue of broad interest and asks you to discuss the issue from any perspective(s) you wish, so long as you provide relevant reasons and examples to explain and support your views.
你可以在两个Issue主题中任选其一。每个Issue主题陈述了一个对于某个广泛关注的问题的观点，要求你讨论这个问题，无论从什么视角出发都可以，只要你可以讲出相关的理由和例子来解释和支持你的观点就可以。

You will not have a choice of Argument topics. The Argument task presents a different challenge from that of the Issue task: it requires you to critique a given argument by discussing how well reasoned you find it. You will need to consider the logical soundness of the argument rather than to agree or disagree with the position it presents.
Argument的主题没的可选。Argument不同于Issue：这部分测试要求你批评性地分析一段给定的论证段落，讨论它是否合理。你需要考虑的是其逻辑上的合理性，而不是是否同意它所存在的立场。

The two tasks are complementary in that one requires you to construct your own argument by taking a position and providing evidence supporting your views on the issue, whereas the other requires you to critique someone else's argument by assessing its claims and evaluating the evidence it provides.（Issue和Argument的区别，启发很大。）
这两题是互补的。Issue要求你确定自己的立场并且提供证据支持自己的观点，以此来构建自己的论证，而Argument要求你去批判性地评论别人的论证，你需要做的是评估它提供的论点和证据。

Preparing for the Analytical Writing Section

分析性写作的准备

Everyone—even the most practiced and confident of writers—should spend some time preparing for the analytical writing section before arriving at the test center. It is important to review the skills measured, how the section is scored, scoring guides and score level descriptions, sample topics, scored sample essay responses, and reader commentary.

每个人——即便是最自信的、经验丰富的作者——都应该花一些时间准备分析性写作考试。复习以下几点很重要：所考察的技能，评分方式，评分标准，分数水平描述，例题，评分的例文以及考官给出的评价。

The topics in the analytical writing section relate to a broad range of subjects—from the fine arts and humanities to the social and physical sciences—but no topic requires specific content knowledge. In fact, each topic has been field-tested to ensure that it possesses several important characteristics, including the following:

• GRE test takers, regardless of their field of study or special interests, understood the topic and could easily discuss it.

• The topic elicited the kinds of complex thinking and persuasive writing that university faculty consider important for success in graduate school.

• The responses were varied in content and in the way the writers developed their ideas.

分析性写作考试中的题目的主题涉及范围很广——从美术和人文，到社会及物理科学——但是并不要求具体内容知识。实际上，每个主题都经过现场测试，以确保它具备以下几个重要的特征：

l无论参加考试的人所学的是什么专业，都能够理解并轻松地讨论该主题。

l该主题引起各种复杂思想和有说服力的写作，大学教师认为这些对于在研究生院取得成功是很重要的。

l答复内容多种多样，作者展开他们的观点的方式也不同。

To help you prepare for the analytical writing section of the General Test, the GRE Program has published the entire pool of topics from which your test topics will be selected. You might find it helpful to review the Issue and Argument pools. You can view the published pools on the Web at www.gre.org/pracmats.html or you can obtain a copy by writing to GRE Program, PO Box 6000, Princeton, NJ 08541-6000.

为了帮助你准备分析性写作考试，GRE Program已经出版了全部的题库，你参加考试时所遇到的题目就是从这个题库中选取的。复习一下这个题库你会发现对你的考试非常有帮助。你可以通过网站浏览这个题库，或者你也可以通过邮寄的方式获得。

Test-Taking Strategies for the Analytical Writing Section

考试策略

It is important to budget your time. Within the 45-minute time limit for the Issue task, you will need to allow sufficient time to choose one of the two topics, think about the issue you've chosen, plan a response, and compose your essay. Within the 30-minute time limit for the Argument task, you will need to allow sufficient time to analyze the argument, plan a critique, and compose your response. Although GRE readers understand the time constraints under which you write and will consider your response a "first draft," you still want it to be the best possible example of your writing that you can produce under the testing circumstances.

规划好你的时间是很重要的。在限时45分钟的Issue题中，你需要有充分的时间从两个主题中选择一个，考虑你选中的问题，计划一个答案并且完成你的文章。在限时30分钟的Argument题中，你需要有充分的时间分析题目，规划你的攻击点并且完成你的答复。虽然考官知道你是在时间限制的情况下进行写作的，也会将你的答案视为“初稿”来对待，但是你依然希望你可以在考试状态下尽可能写出的最好的文章。

Issue: choose-think-plan-compose-check

Argument: analyze-plan-compose-check

Save a few minutes at the end of each timed task to check for obvious errors. Although an occasional spelling or grammatical error will not affect your score, severe and persistent errors will detract from the overall effectiveness of your writing and thus lower your score.

每题最后留几分钟检查哪些明显的错误。虽然少量的拼写和语法错误并不会影响你的成绩，但是严重且频繁的错误会破坏你的文章的整体效果而因此降低你的分数。

Following the analytical writing section, you will have the opportunity to take a 10-minute break. There is a one-minute break between the other test sections. You might want to replenish your supply of scratch paper during each scheduled break.（这是笔试时候的注意事项？）

分析写作部分结束后，你有10分钟的休息时间。其他部分考试间隔只有1分钟。每个休息间隔时，你或许需要补充你的草稿纸。

How the Analytical Writing Section is Scored

分析性写作怎样评分

Each response is holistically scored on a 6-point scale according to the criteria published in the GRE analytical writing scoring guides (see pages 27 and 28). Holistic scoring means that each response is judged as a whole: readers do not separate the response into component parts and award a certain number of points for a particular criterion or element such as ideas, organization, sentence structure, or language. Instead, readers assign scores based on the overall quality of the response, considering all of its characteristics in an integrated way. Excellent organization or poor organization, for example, will be part of the readers' overall impression of the response and will therefore contribute to the score, but organization, as a distinct feature, has no specific weight.

每个答复根据GRE分析性写作评分指南（参见27-28页）上的评分标准从整体上以6分制评分。整体评分意味着每个答复作为一个整体给以评价：评分官不会将答复划分为独立的部分然后根据每个评分点或成分打一个确实的分数，比如思想、组织结构、句子结构、语言。相对的，评分官是根据答复的整体质量给分的，他们会将所有特征做一个整体的考量。比如，好的或者差的组织结构是构成评分官整体印象的一部分，这将对分数有所影响，但是组织结构作为一个明确的特征不会有具体的分值。

文章构成：思想-组织-句子结构-语言  虽然不单独评分，但修改的时候可以从这几个方面入手。

In general, GRE readers are college and university faculty experienced in teaching courses in which writing and critical thinking skills are important. All GRE readers have undergone careful training, passed stringent GRE qualifying tests, and demonstrated that they are able to maintain scoring accuracy.

GRE评分官一般都是经验丰富的大学教师，他们所教授的课程中写作和批判性思维技能是很重要的。所有评分官都经过仔细的培训，通过了严格的GRE资格考试，表明他们能够给与准确的评分。

To ensure fairness and objectivity in scoring

• responses are randomly distributed to the readers

• all identifying information about the test takers is concealed from the readers

• each response is scored by two readers

• readers do not know what other scores a response may have received

• the scoring procedure requires that each response receive identical or adjacent scores from two readers; any other score combination is adjudicated by a third GRE reader

为确保评分的公正客观：

l随机分发答复给评分官

l所有参加考试的人的身份识别信息对于评分官都是隐藏的。

l每份答复由两位评分官打分

l评分官不知道另一位评分官打多少分

l评分程序要求对于每个答复应从两位评分官处获得相等或相近的分数；其他分数组合由第三位评分官裁决

The scores given for the two tasks are then averaged for a final reported score. The score level descriptions, presented on page 29, provide information on how to interpret the total score on the analytical writing section. The primary emphasis in scoring the analytical writing section is on critical thinking and analytical writing skills.

两道题的分数最后平均得出最终的分数。分数水平描述（参见29页）给出了关于如何诠释分析性写作整体分数的信息。分析性写作评分的首要重点在于批评性思维和分析性写作技巧。

Your essay responses on the analytical writing section will be reviewed by ETS essay-similarity-detection software and by experienced essay readers during the scoring process. In light of the high value placed on independent intellectual activity within United States graduate schools and universities, ETS reserves the right to cancel test scores of any test taker when there is substantial evidence that an essay response includes, but is not limited to, any of the following:

在评分过程中，你的分析性写作论文答复将会被ETS论文雷同探测软件检查同时由论文评分官评分。鉴于美国研究生院和大学将独立的智力活动给与很高的价值，当有实质的证据证明一篇答复包括以下内容时（并不仅限于此），ETS保留取消任何人考试分数的权利：

• text that is substantially similar to that found in one or more other GRE essay responses;

• quoting or paraphrasing, without attribution, language or ideas that appear in published or unpublished sources;

• unacknowledged use of work that has been produced through collaboration with others without citation of the contribution of others;

• essays that are submitted as work of the examinee when the ideas or words have, in fact, been borrowed from elsewhere or prepared by another person.

l正文大体上与其他一篇或多篇GRE文章答复相近。

l引用或释义出版或未出版资源的语言或思想，并且未注明出处的。

l未经确认使用与他人合作产出的作品，并且未提及其他贡献者的。

l文章被作为考生的作品提交而实际上其中的思想和用词是从别处借鉴来或者由别的人准备的时候

When one or more of the above circumstances occurs, your essay text, in ETS’s professional judgment, does not reflect the independent, analytical writing skills that this test seeks to measure. Therefore, ETS must cancel the essay score as invalid and cannot report the GRE General Test scores of which the essay score is an indispensable part.

当以上一个或多个情况发生时，在ETS专业的评判下，你的文章不能反映出这个考试所力求衡量的独立的分析性写作技巧。因此，ETS必须将该文章视作无效而取消该文章的成绩，并且不能报告GRE通用考试成绩，因为作文分数是必不可少的一部分。

Test takers whose scores are cancelled will forfeit their test fees and must pay to take the entire GRE General Test again at a future administration. No record of the score cancellations, or the reason for cancellation, will appear on their future score reports sent to colleges and universities.

被取消成绩的考生将不会被退回考试费，下次考试时必须支付全部的GRE通用考试费用。之后被送往大学的成绩单不会存在取消成绩的记录，或者取消的原因。

miki7catUID：2533330

通过学习awintro的Issue部分，包括范文和考官的评论、评分指南以及考试时候的direction，我对于怎样分析一个题目有了更明确的思路，感觉好像找到门路了。尤其是读了范文和考官的评论后，发现了自己逻辑上的不足。不仅仅是高分文章，结合考官的评论来阅读低分的文章，一样可以找到学习点。

比如Issue 3分的范文，评论里的这一段：Paragraph 3 offers yet another example, the most developed of all. Unfortunately, this example is not clearly logical. The writer tries to argue that the "specialist" country (one that is a better producer of oranges) is superior to the "generalist" country (presumably one that produces oranges as well as other products). This generalist country, the writer tells us, would be inferior to the other. This conclusion does not emerge logically from the writer's argument, and it seems to be at odds with everyday reality.

看文章的时候我还觉得这个例子用得不错呢，没想到在考官眼里竟然是不符合逻辑的推理。仔细看了之后，果然是这样啊，才恍然大悟，看来自己今后也要在推理和结论的逻辑性上多加注意。

难怪草木说awintro背下来都不为过，真的是收益匪浅。




……本来想一口气把issue部分的翻译贴上来的，结果字数超了，=口=分三贴吧。我的翻译是把所有issue相关的部分放在一起了，包括后几页的Scoring Guide和Sample Test里面的direction部分。

miki7catUID：2533330

Issue Part 1 --- 方法讲解

Present Your Perspective on an Issue Task

基于一个议题提出你的观点

Understanding the Issue Task

理解议题任务

The "Present Your Perspective on an Issue" task assesses your ability to think critically about a topic of general interest and to clearly express your thoughts about it in writing. Each topic, presented in quotation marks, makes a claim about an issue that test takers can discuss from various perspectives and apply to many different situations or conditions. Your task is to present a compelling case for your own position on the issue. Be sure to read the claim carefully and think about it from several points of view, considering the complexity of ideas associated with those perspectives. Then, make notes about the position you want to develop and list the main reasons and examples that you could use to support that position.

“基于一个议题提出你的观点”的题目用于评价你批判地思考一个普遍感兴趣的主题的能力和通过写作清楚地表达你的思想的能力。每个主题由引号引起来，给出了关于一个议题的论断，考生可以从多个角度讨论这个议题，也可以适用很多不同的情况和条件。你的任务是提出对于这个议题你自己的立场，并给出一种令人信服的案例。请确实的仔细阅读论断并从多个点思考，考虑与这些视角相关的观点的复杂性。之后，把你想要进一步展开的立场写下来，列出可以支持你的立场的主要的原因和例子。

The Issue task allows considerable latitude in the way you respond to the claim. Although it is important that you address the central issue, you are free to take any approach you wish. For example, you might

• agree absolutely with the claim, disagree completely, or agree with some parts and not others

• question the assumptions the statement seems to be making

• qualify any of its terms, especially if the way you define or apply a term is important to developing your perspective on the issue

• point out why the claim is valid in some situations but not in others

• evaluate points of view that contrast with your own perspective

• develop your position with reasons that are supported by several relevant examples or by a single extended example

完成Issue题时，你对于这个论断的答复有很大的自由度。虽然解决核心问题很重要，但是你可以自由使用任何方法。例如，你可能

l绝对同意该论断，完全不同意该论断，或者同意一部分否定一部分。

l对论断中的假设提出质疑

l明确每一个术语，尤其是如果某个术语的定义或适用范围对于发展你的观点很重要的时候

l之处为什么这个论断在某些情况下有效而有些情况下无效

l评价与你的视角不同的切入点。

l给出理由来发展你的立场，这些理由可以用一些相关的例子作为支持，或者一个单一的扩展的例子。

The GRE readers scoring your response are not looking for a "right" answer—in fact, there is no correct position to take. Instead, the readers are evaluating the skill with which you articulate and develop an argument to support your position on the issue.

为你打分的GRE评分官并不期望看到一个“正确的”答案——实际上，也没有正确的立场。相反的，评分官会评估你清楚表达的技巧和展开一段论证去支持你的立场的技巧。

Understanding the Context for Writing: Purpose and Audience

理解写作背景：目的和读者

The Issue task is an exercise in critical thinking and persuasive writing. The purpose of this task is to determine how well you can develop a compelling argument supporting your own perspective on an issue and to effectively communicate that argument in writing to an academic audience. Your audience consists of college and university faculty who are trained as GRE readers to apply the scoring criteria identified in the scoring guide for “Present Your Perspective on an Issue" (see page 27).
Issue任务是针对批判性思维和有说服力的写作的练习。目的是确定你是否能够展开有说服力的论证来支持你自己的观点并且以写作的形式与一个具有学术背景的读者有效地沟通。你的读者由大学教师组成，他们经过培训成为GRE评分官，使用评分标准（进行评分）。这个标准在评分指南中参见27页。

To get a clearer idea of how GRE readers apply the Issue scoring criteria to actual responses, you should review scored sample Issue essay responses and readers' commentaries. The sample responses, particularly at the 5 and 6 score levels, will show you a variety of successful strategies for organizing, developing, and communicating a persuasive argument. The readers' commentaries discuss specific aspects of analysis and writing, such as the use of examples, development and support, organization, language fluency, and word choice. For each response, the commentary points out aspects that are particularly persuasive as well as any that detract from the overall effectiveness of the essay.
为了明确GRE评分官怎样应用评分标准来实际评价答复，你应该看已评分的例文以及评分官的评论。那些例文，特别是5分6分的例文，会展现出不同的成功策略，包括组织、展开，以及表达具有说服力的论证。评分官的评论讨论了具体的分析和写作的方面，例如例子的使用，展开和支持，组织，语言流畅，以及词语的选择。对于每篇例文，评分官的评论指出了那些特别具有说服力的方面，同时也指出了那些破坏了文章整体效果的方面。

Preparing for the Issue Task
Issue题的准备

Because the Issue task is meant to assess the persuasive writing skills that you have developed throughout your education, it has been designed neither to require any particular course of study nor to advantage students with a particular type of training.
因为Issue题旨在评价你通过教育所培养的具有说服力的写作技巧，它既不要求特殊的学习课程，接受过特殊培训课程的学生也并不占优势。

Many college textbooks on composition offer advice on persuasive writing that you might find useful, but even this advice might be more technical and specialized than you need for the Issue task. You will not be expected to know specific critical thinking or writing terms or strategies; instead, you should be able to use reasons, evidence, and examples to support your position on an issue. Suppose, for instance, that an Issue topic asks you to consider whether it is important for government to provide financial support for art museums. If your position is that government should fund art museums, you might support your position by discussing the reasons art is important and explain that museums are public places where art is available to anyone. On the other hand, if your position is that government should not support museums, you might point out that, given limited governmental funds, art museums are not as deserving of governmental funding as are other, more socially important, institutions. Or, if you are in favor of government funding for art museums only under certain conditions, you might focus on the artistic criteria, cultural concerns, or political conditions that you think should determine how—or whether—art museums receive government funds. It is not your position that matters so much as the critical thinking skills you display in developing your position.
很多关于写作的大学教材给出针对具有说服力的写作的建议，这些建议你或许会发现它很有用，但是相比你完成Issue题所需要的，这个建议可能更技术性和特殊性。你并不需要知道具体的批判性思维或批判性写作的术语，或者是具体策略；相反的，你应该能够使用你的理由、证据和例子来支持你的立场。例如，假设有一个问题让你思考政府给艺术博物馆提供经济支持是否重要。如果你的立场是政府应该给艺术博物馆拨款，你可能通过讨论艺术非常重要的理由，并解释博物馆是公共场所，任何人都可以获得艺术熏陶，以此来支持你的立场。另一方面，如果你的立场是政府不应该支持博物馆，你可能指出，政府的资金有限，艺术博物馆不应该像其他更具社会重要性的机构一样获得拨款。或者，如果你赞成政府在某些特定条件下为艺术博物馆拨款，你可能把重点放在艺术标准、文化关注、或者政治条件这些你认为应该决定艺术博物馆怎样——或者是否——得到政府拨款。你的立场对于你所展示的用于展开你的立场的批判性思维技巧并不是问题。

An excellent way to prepare for the Issue task is to practice writing on some of the published topics. There is no "best" approach: some people prefer to start practicing without regard to the 45-minute time limit; others prefer to take a "timed test" first and practice within the time limit. No matter which approach you take when you practice the Issue task, you should review the task directions, then
• carefully read the claim made in the topic and make sure you understand the issue involved; if it seems unclear, discuss it with a friend or teacher
• think about the issue in relation to your own ideas and experiences, to events you have read about or observed, and to people you have known; this is the knowledge base from which you will develop compelling reasons and examples in your argument that reinforce, negate, or qualify the claim in some way
• decide what position on the issue you want to take and defend—remember you are free to agree or disagree completely or to agree with some parts or some applications but not others
• decide what compelling evidence (reasons and examples) you can use to support your position
准备Issue题的很好的方式是实践一些题库中的题。这里没有“最好”的方法：有些人喜欢开始的时候没有45分钟的时间限制；有些人喜欢首先采取“限时测试”，然后在时限里完成。无论你采用那种方法，你应该看一下题目说明，然后
l仔细阅读该主题的论断，确保你理解这个所涉及的问题；如果不明确，与你的朋友或老师讨论一下。
l结合你的想法和经验、你所读到或看到的事件、以及你所认识的人，考虑一下这个问题。这是你将要在你的论证中展开具有说服力的理由和例子的知识基础，这个论证将以某种方式增强、否定，或者评判题目的论断。
l决定你要采用什么立场，并为其辩护——记住你可以自由的完全同意、或者完全不同意、或者同意一部分或一些应用但是否定其他的。
l决定使用那些具有说服力的证据（理由和例子）来支持你的立场。

Remember that this is a task in critical thinking and persuasive writing. Therefore, you might find it helpful to explore the complexity of a claim in one of the topics by asking yourself the following questions:
• What, precisely, is the central issue?
• Do I agree with all or with any part of the claim? Why or why not?
• Does the claim make certain assumptions? If so, are they reasonable?
• Is the claim valid only under certain conditions? If so, what are they?
• Do I need to explain how I interpret certain terms or concepts used in the claim?
• If I take a certain position on the issue, what reasons support my position?
• What examples—either real or hypothetical—could I use to illustrate those reasons and advance my point of view? Which examples are most compelling?
记住，这是一道考察批判性思维和说服性写作的题。因此，你可能会发现通过问自己一下这些问题，可以帮助你探索一个主题论断的复杂性：
l精确地说出中心主题是什么？
l我同意全部，还是同意其中一部分？为什么？
l这个论断是否有所假定？如果是，合理吗？
l这个论断是否只在某些特定条件下有效？如果是，这些条件是什么？
l我是否需要解释我怎样理解论断中使用的特定的术语或概念？
l如果我采用了某个立场，有什么理由可以支持我的立场？
l我可以用什么例子——真实的或是假说的——来说明那些理由和展开我的观点？那些例子是最具说服力的？

Once you have decided on a position to defend, consider the perspective of others who might not agree with your position. Ask yourself:
• What reasons might someone use to refute or undermine my position?
• How should I acknowledge or defend against those views in my essay?
一旦你决定了辩护的立场，考虑一下那些可能不同意你的立场的人的视角，问问你自己：
l别人可能用什么理由来驳斥或破坏我的立场？
l我该如何在我的文章中回应或驳倒那些观点？

To plan your response, you might want to summarize your position and make brief notes about how you will support the position you're going to take. When you've done this, look over your notes and decide how you will organize your response. Then write a response developing your position on the issue. Even if you don't write a full response, you should find it helpful to practice with a few of the Issue topics and to sketch out your possible responses. After you have practiced with some of the topics, try writing responses to some of the topics within the 45-minute time limit so that you have a good idea of how to use your time in the actual test.
为了计划你的回复，你可能需要概括你的立场，并且简短地写一下你将怎样支持你的立场。当你完成这一步，再看一遍你的笔记，决定一下怎样组织你的回复。然后写一个回复来发展你对于这个问题的立场。即使你没有写整篇的回复，实践一些题目和写出你的回复的梗概也是很有帮助的。你实践一些题目之后，是这在45分钟时限内完成一些题目，这样你会知道在真正考试时你应该怎样使用你的时间。

It would probably be helpful to get some feedback on your response from an instructor who teaches critical thinking or writing or to trade papers on the same topic with other students and discuss one another's responses in relation to the scoring guide. Try to determine how each paper meets or misses the criteria for each score point in the guide. Comparing your own response to the scoring guide will help you see how and where you might need to improve.
做以下几件事可能会有所帮助：请教批判性思维和写作的老师修改你的答复，或者与其他同学交换同题写作，然后根据评分指南讨论对方的回复。试着指出每篇文章哪些地方符合评分点的标准，哪些地方不符合。将你自己的回复与评分指南中做对比，可以帮助你找到你需要改进的地方。

Deciding Which Issue Topic to Choose
Issue题目的选择（考试时的二选一）

Remember that the General Test will contain two Issue topics from the published pool; you must choose one of these two. Because the 45-minute timing begins when you first see the two topics, you should not spend too much time making a decision. Instead, try to choose fairly quickly the issue that you feel better prepared to discuss.
记住，在通用考试中会从题库中选两道题目，你必须从中选择一个。当你第一次看到这两道题是，45分钟计时就已经开始了，你不能在选题上花费太多时间。相反的，尽快选择一道你觉得准备得更充分的题目。

Before making a choice, read each topic carefully. Then decide on which topic you could develop a more effective and well-reasoned argument. In making this decision, you might ask yourself:
• Which topic do I find more interesting or engaging?
• Which topic more closely relates to my own academic studies or other experiences?
• On which topic can I more clearly explain and defend my perspective?
• On which topic can I more readily think of strong reasons and examples to support my position?
Your answers to these questions should help you make your choice.
选择之前，认真读每个题目。之后看看哪道题目你可以更有力的展开一个理由充分的论证。选择题目是你可以问自己：
l哪道题我更感兴趣或者更吸引我？
l哪道题于我自己所学的或者其他经验更相关？
l哪个主题我能更清楚地解释和捍卫自己的观点？
l哪个主题我已经准备了有力的理由和例子来支持我的立场？
你的答案可以帮助你作出选择。

The Form of Your Response
答复的方式

You are free to organize and develop your response in any way that you think will effectively communicate your ideas about the issue. Your response may, but need not, incorporate particular writing strategies learned in English composition or writing-intensive college courses. GRE readers will not be looking for a particular developmental strategy or mode of writing; in fact, when GRE readers are trained, they review hundreds of Issue responses that, although highly diverse in content and form, display similar levels of critical thinking and persuasive writing. Readers will see, for example, some Issue responses at the 6 score level that begin by briefly summarizing the writer's position on the issue and then explicitly announcing the main points to be argued. They will see others that lead into the writer's position by making a prediction, asking a series of questions, describing a scenario, or defining critical terms in the quotation. The readers know that a writer can earn a high score by giving multiple examples or by presenting a single, extended example. Look at the sample Issue responses, particularly at the 5 and 6 score levels, to see how other writers have successfully developed and organized their arguments.
你可以自由的组织和展开你的答复，任何你认为可以有效地表达出你对于这个问题的想法的方式都可以。你的答复可能包含有你在英文写作课程中学到的特殊的写作策略，当然这并不是必须的。GRE评分官不会期待特别的展开策略或者写作模式；实际上，当GRE评分官培训的时候，他们看过成百上千的Issue答复，这些文章虽然在内容和形式上都不同，但是都展现了相似的批判性思维和说服写作的水平。举例来说，评分官会看到一些6分水平的Issue答复，或者以简洁的概括作者立场为开头，然后详细述说争论的主要点；或者用各种方式引出作者的立场，比如提出一个预言，提出一系列的问题，描述一个情景，或者定义引言中的批判性的术语。评分官知道那些给出多重例子或者一个简单的可扩展的例子的作者会获得高分。看一下例文，特别是5分和6分水平的，看看其他作者是怎样成功地展开和组织他们的论证的。

You should use as many or as few paragraphs as you consider appropriate for your argument—for example, you will probably need to create a new paragraph whenever your discussion shifts to a new cluster of ideas. What matters is not the number of examples, the number of paragraphs, or the form your argument takes but, rather, the cogency of your ideas about the issue and the clarity and skill with which you communicate those ideas to academic readers.
你应该根据你的论证决定用几个段落。例如，当你的讨论转换到一个新的观点的时候，你可能需要新起一段。你用多少个例子、多少个段落，或者你所采用什么样的论证方式都不是问题，但是对于这个Issue问题的你的观点的说服力，以及将你的想法清楚地表达给评分官的技巧才是关键。

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Issue Part 2 --- 例题讲解及范文评论


Sample Issue Topic
例题

“In our time, specialists of all kinds are highly overrated. We need more generalists—people who can provide broad perspectives.”

Strategies for this Topic
本题策略

This claim raises several related questions: What does it mean to be a generalist or a specialist, and what value do they have for society? Does society actually need more generalists, and are specialists, in fact, “highly overrated?”
这个论断引出了几个相关问题：通才或者专才是什么意思？他们对于社会的价值在于？社会真的需要更多的通才吗？实际上对专才的评价真的过高吗？

There are several basic positions you could take on this issue: Yes, society needs more generalists and places too high a value on specialists. No, the opposite is true. Or, it depends on various factors. Or, both groups are important in today’s culture; neither is overvalued. Your analysis might draw examples from a particular society or country, from one or more areas of society, or from various situations. It might focus on the role of generalists and specialists in relation to communications, transportation, politics, information, or technology. Any of these approaches is valid, so long as you use relevant reasons and examples to support your position.
这道题有一些你可以选择的基本立场：是的，社会需要更多的通才，而且将专才放在了太高的位置。不是，正好相反。或者，这个问题的答案基于各种各样的因素。或者，两个群体在当今的文化中都重要；都没有被过高评价。你的分析可能从特定的社会和国家选取例子，或者从社会一个或多个领域，或者从各种各样的环境。你可能关注通才和专才在交流、运输、政治、信息、或者技术等方面的作用。只要你能给出相关的理由和例子来支持你的立场，这些方法都是有效的。

Before you stake out a position, take a few moments to reread the claim. To analyze it, consider questions such as these:
• What are the main differences between specialists and generalists? What are the strong points of each?
• Do these differences always hold in various professions or situations? Could there be some specialists, for example, who also need to have very broad knowledge and general abilities to perform their work well?
• How do generalists and specialists function in your field?
• What value do you think society places on specialists and generalists? Are specialists overvalued in some situations, and not in others?
• Does society really need more generalists than it has? If so, what needs would they serve?
你选定一个立场之前，花一点时间重读题目。为了更好地分析题目，考虑以下几个问题：
l通才和专才最主要的区别是什么？优势分别是什么？
l两者之间的区别在不同专业和情况下一直存在吗？例如，是否存在这样的情况，一些专才为了工作的更好也需要具备广博的知识和通用能力？
l在你的领域中专才和通才的功能怎样？
l社会给与专才和通才的价值是什么？是不是在一些情况下对专才评价过高，而另一些情况下不是？
l社会真的需要更多的通才吗？如果是，哪些地方需要他们？

Now you can organize your thoughts into two groups:
• Reasons and examples to support the claim
• Reasons and examples to support an opposing point of view
现在你可以将你的想法分成两组：
l支持论断的理由和例子
l支持相反观点的理由和例子

If you find one view clearly more persuasive than the other, consider developing an argument from that perspective. As you build your argument, keep in mind the other points, which you could argue against.
如果你发现一个观点明显更具说服力，考虑从这个角度出发展开论证。当你建立自己的论证时，可以关注一下另外的观点，你可以攻击它（来支持自己的观点）。

If both groups have compelling points, consider developing a position supporting, not the stated claim, but a more limited or more complex claim. Then you can use reasons and examples from both sides to justify your position.
如果两组都具有说服力，考虑展开支持的立场，但是不是支持题目论断，而是更局限或者更复杂的论断。之后你可以从两方面使用理由和例子为你的立场辩护。

Essay Responses and Reader Commentary
例文和评论

Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 6

This is an outstanding analysis of the issue—insightful, well reasoned, and highly effective in its use of language. The introductory paragraph announces the writer's position on the issue and provides the context within which the writer will develop that position: "In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasing life complexity and psychological displacement . . . ."
这是一篇出色的问题分析——见解深刻，理由充分，语言的使用高度有效。开头段说明了作者的立场，并且指出了作者将要展开立场的背景：“在这个因社会和技术迅速变化而导致生活复杂化和心理变化提高的时代……”

The argument itself has two parts. The first part presents a compelling case for specialization, primarily in the field of medicine. The second part presents an equally compelling, well-organized case against overspecialization based on three main reasons:
• logical (narrowly trained specialists often fail to understand the whole)
• moral (usually generalists understand what is needed for "the greater good")
• personal (specializing/pigeonholing too early can be psychologically damaging)
该论证分为两部分。第一部分为专才给出了一个具有说服力的案例，这个案例主要是在医药领域。第二部分给出一个同样具有说服力并且巧妙组织的案例来攻击过分专才，基于以下3个主要理由：
l逻辑（狭隘的培训专才通常无法理解整体）
l道德（通常，通才能够理解创造最大化的利益需要什么）
l个人（过早的专才教育会导致心理上的破坏）

The argument's careful line of reasoning is further strengthened by the skillful use of expert testimony (quotation from a prominent medical researcher) and vivid metaphor (to inspect only one's toenails is to ignore the whole body).
专家的证词（引用著名的医学研究者的话）和生动的比喻（只看一个人的脚趾甲而忽略整个身体）进一步强化了论证的理由。

It is not only the reasoning that distinguishes this response. The language is precise and often figurative ("bogged down in a Sargasso sea of information overload," "a pile of useless discoveries," and "specialists drive us forward in a series of thrusts, while generalists make sure we are still on the jousting field"). The reader is constantly guided through the argument by transitional phrases and ideas that help organize the ideas and move the argument forward. This is an exceptionally fine response to the topic.
不仅仅是推理过程使这篇回复脱颖而出。它的语言精确而且经常使用比喻手法（“陷入信息过载的海洋”，“一推无用的发现”，和“专才以一系列的推动力使我们前进，而通才确保我们仍在比赛场”）。传统的表达和思想帮助组织这些想法，使论证进行下去，读者始终被论证引导着。这是对于该主题一篇出色的答复。


Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 5

This writer presents a well-developed analysis of the complexities of the issue by discussing the need for both the generalist and the specialist.
这位作者通过讨论通才和专才都是需要的来很好的展开复杂的分析。

The argument is rooted in two extended examples, both well chosen. The first (paragraph 2) begins with a discussion of the necessity for medical generalists (the general practitioner) as well as specialists and moves into an example within the example (breathing problems and the need for an asthma specialist). This extension from the general to the specific characterizes the example in the next paragraph as well. There, the discussion centers on education from elementary to high school, from basic arithmetic to calculus.
这个论证以两个广泛的例子为基础，这两个例子选的都很好。第一个例子（第二段）以讨论医学通才（全科医生）和专科医生都是必须的为开始，然后给出一个例子（呼吸问题和对于哮喘专科的需求）。下一段的例子也同样具备这个特征，即从普遍到具体的展开方式。下一段中讨论的中心是教育，从初级学校到高级学校，从基础算数到微积分。

The smooth development is aided by the use of appropriate transitions: "but," "usually," and "for instance," among others. The essay ends by revisiting the writer's thesis.
文章借助适当的过渡词汇而平滑地展开，这些词包括：“但是”，“通常”，和“例如”等等。文章的结尾再次出现了作者的理论。

While the writer handles language and syntax well, several lapses in clarity keep this otherwise well-argued response out of the 6 category. The problems vary from the lack of a pronoun referent ("When a sickness progresses or becomes diagnosed, . . . he may be referred to a specialist") to an error in parallel structure ("how it begins, progresses and specified treatments"), to loose syntax and imprecise language ("Generalized teachers are required to begin molding students at a very early age so they can get ready for the future ahead of them in gaining more facts about the basic subjects.")
虽然作者处理语言和语句结构处理得不错，但是在表达方面有一些失误，使得算不上是论证优秀的答复，因此没有得到6分。问题从缺少代词指代到平行结构的错误，到不精确的语言和结构。


Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 4
This is an adequate analysis of the issue. After a somewhat confusing attempt to define "specialists" in the introductory paragraph, the writer presents a pertinent example (the special education teacher) to illustrate the importance of specialists. The example dominates the response and contributes positively to the overall score of 4.
这是一篇比较充分的分析文章。首段中作者试图定义“专才”的概念，但有一些混乱。之后作者给出了一个相关的例子（特殊教育老师）来说明专才的重要性。这个例子主宰了推理过程，使这篇文章整体达到4分的水平。

The second example, how a committee works, is less persuasive. However, it does seem to help clarify the writer's definition of "general" as an umbrella term meaning the total collection of what specialists know about a topic.
第二个例子（委员会怎样工作）缺乏说服力。然而，这个例子看起来有助于明晰作者对于“普遍”的定义，即专才所知道的全部的集合的总称。

Although the writer's views about the relationship between "generalist" and "specialist" are unusual, they do become clear in the conclusion of the essay. Yet, these ideas are not developed in sufficient depth or with enough logical control to earn a score higher than 4.
虽然作者对于通才和专才的关系有很特殊的观点，但是他们在结论部分很清晰。然而，这个想法没有没有展开到充分的深度，或者说没有足够的逻辑控制来展开，因此没有得到比4分更高的分数。

The writing is generally error free. There are few problems in sentence structure, grammar, and usage, although the phrasing is at times imprecise and wordy. Overall, this response displays clearly adequate control of the elements of written English.
这篇文章基本上没有错误。句子结构、语法和使用上都几乎没有问题，只是表达有些不准确或者罗嗦。总体上，这篇答复展示了作者对于英文写作基本元素的掌握还是清晰恰当的。


Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 3
The writer's position is clear: specialists are important and necessary. However, the position is not adequately supported with reasons or logical examples.
作者的立场鲜明：专才是重要且必要的。然而，没有使用推理或逻辑上的例子恰当地支持这个立场。

Paragraph 1 presents an appropriate example of the brain surgeon versus the general practitioner. However, the example of an increasingly narrow university education in paragraph 2, contains only two sentences and is seriously undeveloped. It does little to advance the writer's position.
第一段用了一个恰当的例子，脑外科与全科医生的对比。然而第二段大学教育越来越窄的例子只有两句话，完全没有展开。这对于作者的立场几乎没有促进作用。

Paragraph 3 offers yet another example, the most developed of all. Unfortunately, this example is not clearly logical. The writer tries to argue that the "specialist" country (one that is a better producer of oranges) is superior to the "generalist" country (presumably one that produces oranges as well as other products). This generalist country, the writer tells us, would be inferior to the other. This conclusion does not emerge logically from the writer's argument, and it seems to be at odds with everyday reality.
第三段给出了另外一个例子，是展开最充分的一个。遗憾的是，这个例子没有逻辑性。作者试图论证“专才”的国家（一个橘子生产大国）比“通才”的国家（假设为一个橘子和其他产品都能生产的国家）更好。作者告诉我们这个“通才”的国家比其他的国家次等。这个结论没有逻辑性地出现在作者的论证中，而是好像脱离这点而转向了每天的现实生活。

Although language is used with some imprecision throughout the essay, the writer's meaning is not obscured. The main reasons for the score of 3 are the lack of sufficient development and inappropriate use of examples.
虽然整篇文章语言使用方面有些不恰当，但是作者的意图并不模糊。3分的主要原因再有缺少充分的展开和使用例子的不恰当。


Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 2
This is a seriously flawed analysis of the issue. The response argues in favor of specialists, but neither the reasons nor the examples are persuasive. The example of not taking "a troubled child to see a therapist who specializes in marriage problems" is both simplistic and off the mark since it differentiates between two specialists, not between a generalist and a specialist.
这是一篇有严重分析缺陷的文章。文章论证支持专才，但是既没有理由也没有例子具有说服性。那个不要“带问题孩子去看处理婚姻问题的专家”的例子过于简单而且脱离重点，因为它仅仅是两个专业的区别，而不是区别通才和专才。

The sentences are so poorly formed and phrased that the argument is at times hard to follow. Nevertheless, this is not a 1 essay: the writer presents a position on the issue, develops that position with some very weak analysis, and communicates some ideas clearly.
句子构成和表达漏洞百出，以至于有时无法读懂论证。不过，这不是一分的作文：作者给出了一个立场，通过薄弱的分析展开论证，并且表达清楚了某些想法。


Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 1
This response presents a fundamentally deficient discussion of the issue.
这篇文章存在很严重的问题。

The first sentence states the writer's position in support of specialists, but that position is not followed by a coherent argument. Some of the ideas seem contradictory (e.g., "generalists can pinpoint a problem") and the example is confusing. If the essay explained that the first (unsuccessful) doctor was a generalist and the second (successful) doctor was a specialist, the example would be useful. However, as written, the example is unclear and even misleading. The concluding statement only adds to the confusion.
第一句话作者的立场支持专才，但是之后没有条理清楚的论证支持这个立场。一些观点看起来是自相矛盾的（比如，“通才能针对性的解决问题”），并且使用的例子也很混乱。如果这篇文章解释了第一位（没有成功的）医生是一个全科医生，而第二位（成功了的）医生是一个专科医生，这个例子就起到作用了。然而，文章中这个例子是不清晰甚至是误导性的。结论句更增加了混乱感。

Since most of the sentences are short and choppy, the ideas they try to communicate are also choppy. The writer needs to provide transitional phrases and ideas to bring logical cohesion to this response. Also, basic errors in usage and grammar are pervasive, but it is primarily the lack of a coherent argument that makes this response a 1.
因为大多数句子都是又短又杂乱，他们所表达的意思也是杂乱的。作者需要使用过渡的表达法和思想来使他的文章更加逻辑紧凑。另外，使用和语法上的低级错误很多，但是主要还是缺乏条理清晰的论证导致这篇文章只能得到1分。

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Issue Part 3 ---评分指南和考试Direction

Sample Test

Analytical Writing 1

Direction
You will have 45 minutes to plan and compose a response that presents your perspective on a topic you select. A response on any topic other that then one you select will receive a score of zero. You will have a choice between two Issue topics. Each topic will appear as a brief quotation that states or implies an issue of general interest. You are free to accept, reject, or qualify the claim made in the topic, as long as the ideas you present are clearly relevant to the topic you select. Support your views with reasons and examples drawn from such areas as your reading, experience, observations, or academic studies.
你有45分钟时间规划和完成你的答复，对于你选的题目，答复中应给出你的视角。除了你选择的题目，如果你的答复是关于其他任何题目的，都将是零分。你可以在2个题目中做出选择。每个题目将会作为一个简洁地引言出现，这句话陈述或暗示了一个广泛关注的话题。你可以自由地接受、拒绝题目中的论断或者使论断合格，只要你的想法可以清楚地与题目相关就可以。从你所读的、所经历的、所见的或者在学校学到的东西中选取理由和例子来支持你的观点。

Before you make your choice, read each topic carefully. Then decide on which topic you could write a more effective and well-reasoned response. GRE readers who are college and university faculty will read your response and evaluate its overall quality, based on how well you
• consider the complexities and implications of the issue
• organize, develop, and express your ideas about the issue
• support your ideas with relevant reasons and examples
• control the elements of standard written English
在你做出选择之前，认真读每个题目。然后决定哪个题目你可以写出一篇更有效和理由更充分的答复。GRE评分官都是大学教师，他们将会阅读你的答复，然后评估其整体质量，这取决于你完成的文章如何
l
考虑问题的复杂性和含义
l
组织、发展并且表达你的思想
l
使用相关的理由和例子支持你的观点
l
控制英文写作的基本要素

You may want to take a few minutes to think about the issue you have chosen and to plan a response before you begin writing. Be sure to develop your ideas fully and organize them coherently, but leave time to read what you have written and make any revisions that you think are necessary.
你可能需要几分钟来思考你所选择的问题，并且在开始写作之前计划一下你的答复。记住展开你的想法要充分，并将它们条理清楚地组织起来。但是留一下时间读一遍你所完成的文章，做必要的修改。

GRE Scoring Guide: Present Your Perspective on an Issue

GRE评分指南：基于一个议题提出你的观点

Score 6

A 6 paper presents a cogent, well-articulated analysis of the complexities of the issue and conveys meaning skillfully. A typical paper in this category

• presents an insightful position on the issue

• develops the position with compelling reasons and/or persuasive examples

• sustains a well-focused, well-organized analysis, connecting ideas logically

• expresses ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety

• demonstrates facility with the conventions (i.e., grammar, usage, and mechanics) of standard written English but may have minor errors

6分

一篇6分的文章需要有对议题的复杂性有令人信服的、具有说服力的分析，并且能够有技巧的将意思表达出来。这一类典型的文章有：

l
对于该主题有一个见解深刻的立场

l
以令人信服的理由和/或有说服力的例子展开这个立场

l
始终围绕中心展开和很好的组织的分析，思想的连接有逻辑性。

l
思维表达流畅准确，使用有效的词汇和句式变化

l
按照英语写作约定俗成的标准来论证的能力（例如语法、用法、和细节），但是允许有小的错误。

Score 5

A 5 paper presents a generally thoughtful, well-developed analysis of the complexities of the issue and conveys meaning clearly. A typical paper in this category

• presents a well-considered position on the issue

• develops the position with logically sound reasons and/or well-chosen examples

• is focused and generally well organized, connecting ideas appropriately

• expresses ideas clearly and well, using appropriate vocabulary and sentence variety

• demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English but may have minor errors

5分

一篇5分的文章需要有对议题的总体上周到、充分展开的分析，并且能够清晰的将意思表达出来。这一类典型的文章有：

l
对于该主题有一个仔细考虑的立场

l
以逻辑合理的理由和/或有认真选择的例子展开这个立场

l
围绕中心展开，并很好的组织，思想的连接恰当合理。

l
思维表达清楚正确，使用恰当的词汇和句式变化

l
按照英语写作约定俗成的标准来论证的能力，但是允许有小的错误。

Score 4

A 4 paper presents a competent analysis of the issue and conveys meaning adequately. A typical paper in this category

• presents a clear position on the issue

• develops the position on the issue with relevant reasons and/or examples

• is adequately focused and organized

• expresses ideas with reasonable clarity

• generally demonstrates control of the conventions of standard written English but may have some errors

4分

一篇4分的文章能够对这一问题有不错的分析，并且恰当的表达意思。这一类典型的文章有

l
存在清晰地立场

l
以相关的理由和、或例子展开立场

l
基本围绕中心展开和组织文章

l
表达思想条理清晰

l
基本上按照英语写作约定俗成的标准来论证，但是允许有小的错误。

Score 3

A 3 paper demonstrates some competence in its analysis of the issue and in conveying meaning but is obviously flawed. A typical paper in this category exhibits ONE OR MORE of the following characteristics:

• is vague or limited in presenting or developing a position on the issue

• is weak in the use of relevant reasons or examples

• is poorly focused and/or poorly organized

• has problems in language and sentence structure that result in a lack of clarity

• contains occasional major errors or frequent minor errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics that can interfere with meaning

3分

一篇3分的文章在它的分析中应该展示一些分析能力，并且能够表达意思但有明显的错误。这一类典型的文章显示出以下一个或多个特征：

l
给出或发展立场的时候含糊不清或有限。

l
相关的理由和例子不够有力。

l
围绕中心展开的程度低，且/或组织结构差

l
语言和句子结构有问题导致缺乏条理

l
语法、用法或者细节上偶尔有大的错误或者通篇小错误，以致干扰了意思的表达。

Score 2

A 2 paper demonstrates serious weaknesses in analytical writing. A typical paper in this category exhibits ONE OR MORE of the following characteristics:

• is unclear or seriously limited in presenting or developing a position on the issue

• provides few, if any, relevant reasons or examples

• is unfocused and/or disorganized

• has serious problems in the use of language and sentence structure that frequently interfere with meaning

• contains serious errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics that frequently obscure meaning

2分

一篇2分的文章在分析性写作方面存在严重不足。这一类典型的文章显示出以下一个或多个特征：

l
给出或发展立场的时候不清楚或严重受限。

l
提供非常少量的——如果有的话——理由和例子

l
没有围绕中心展开或组织结构杂乱无章

l
在语言使用和句子结构方面有严重的问题，以致多次干扰意思的表达

l
在语法、用法和细节上存在严重错误，以致意思变得模糊

Score 1

A 1 paper demonstrates fundamental deficiencies in analytical writing skills. A typical paper in this category exhibits ONE OR MORE of the following characteristics:

• provides little or no evidence of the ability to understand and analyze the issue

• provides little or no evidence of the ability to develop an organized response

• has severe problems in language and sentence structure that persistently interfere with meaning

• contains pervasive errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics that result in incoherence

1分

一篇1分的文章在分析性写作方面存在根本的缺陷。这一类典型的文章显示出以下一个或多个特征：

l
无法理解题目并分析题目

l
无法展开有组织的答复

l
在语言和句子结构方面存在严重问题，以致始终干扰意思

l
在语法、用法和细节方面存在通篇的错误，以致文章不连贯

Score 0

Off topic, in a foreign language, merely copies the topic, consists of only keystroke characters, or is illegible, blank, or nonverbal

0分

跑题，用英语外的语言写作，仅仅是复制题目，仅仅由键盘字母组成，或者字迹模糊、空白、或非语言。

NS

Blank

没有成绩

空白

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收获：Argument的分析或许不需要像老师教的那样，考虑什么论证谬误、前提谬误、结论谬误之类的。其实只要画出逻辑链，然后对每一步推理逐一问一些问题，考虑是不是有其他的解释，或者考虑一下隐藏前提是不是存在的，前后逻辑是不是合理且缜密，没有那么多专业术语的条条框框，感觉分析起来自由得多。

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Argument Part 1 --- 方法讲解（1）

Analyze an Argument Task

分析一段论证

Understanding the Argument Task

理解论证任务

The "Analyze an Argument" task assesses your ability to understand, analyze, and evaluate arguments and to clearly convey your analysis in writing. The task consists of a brief passage in which the author makes a case for some course of action or interpretation of events by presenting claims backed by reasons and evidence. Your task is to discuss the logical soundness of the author's case by critically examining the line of reasoning and the use of evidence. This task requires you to read the argument very carefully. You might want to read it more than once and possibly make brief notes about points you want to develop more fully in your response. In reading the argument, you should pay special attention to

“分析一段论证”任务评价你的理解、分析和评估该论证的能力，以及以写作形式清楚地表达出来的能力。该任务是一个简洁的段落，在该段落中，作者为一些行为过程做一个陈述，或者通过一些理由和证据给出一个论断来解释事件。你的任务是批判性地审视推理过程和使用的证据，来讨论作者所论述的逻辑合理性。这个任务要求你非常仔细地阅读论证。你可能会阅读不止一遍，并且做一些简短的笔记，标记出你想要在你的答复中展开更充分的点。阅读题目时，你应该对一下几点特别注意：

• what is offered as evidence, support, or proof

• what is explicitly stated, claimed, or concluded

• what is assumed or supposed, perhaps without justification or proof

• what is not stated, but necessarily follows from what is stated

l论据是什么

l论点是什么

l是否存在没有证据的假设和臆断

l是否缺少必要的说明

In addition, you should consider the structure of the argument—the way in which these elements are linked together to form a line of reasoning; that is, you should recognize the separate, sometimes implicit steps in the thinking process and consider whether the movement from each one to the next is logically sound. In tracing this line, look for transition words and phrases that suggest that the author is attempting to make a logical connection (e.g., however, thus, therefore, evidently, hence, in conclusion).

另外，你应该仔细思考论证的结构——元素连接在一起形成逻辑链的方式；即，你应该识别出思考过程的每一步并考虑从一步到下一步的推理是否合理。沿着这条逻辑链，寻找那些暗示作者正试图做逻辑连接的过渡词和表达（比如：however, thus, therefore, evidently, hence, in conclusion）。

An important part of performing well on the Argument task is remembering what you are not being asked to do. You are not being asked to discuss whether the statements in the argument are true or accurate; instead, you are being asked whether conclusions and inferences are validly drawn from the statements. You are not being asked to agree or disagree with the position stated; instead, you are being asked to comment on the thinking that underlies the position stated. You are not being asked to express your own views on the subject being discussed (as you were in the Issue task); instead, you are being asked to evaluate the logical soundness of an argument of another writer and, in doing so, to demonstrate the critical thinking, perceptive reading, and analytical writing skills that university faculty consider important for success in graduate school.

想要在Argument任务中完成的好，一个很重要的部分就是时刻记住你不需要做什么。你不需要讨论论证中的句子是否正确或精准；相反的，你要讨论由句子推出结论和推断是否有效。你不需要同意或不同意所给出的立场；相反的，你应该评论构成立场表达的基础的那些想法。你不需要表达你自己的关于议题的观点（像你在Issue任务中需要做的那样）；相反的，你需要评估其他作者的论证的逻辑合理性，通过这样来显示你的批判性思维、有识别力的阅读和分析性写作的技巧，这才是大学教师认为在研究生院取得成功的关键。

"Analyze an Argument" is primarily a critical thinking task requiring a written response. Consequently, the analytical skills displayed in your critique carry great weight in determining your score.

“分析一段论证”主要是一个要求写作答复的批判性思维的任务。因此，你的文章所展现的分析技巧在你的成绩中占很大的比重。

Understanding the Context for Writing: Purpose and Audience

理解写作背景：目的和读者

The purpose of the task is to see how well equipped you are to insightfully analyze an argument written by someone else and to effectively communicate your critique in writing to an academic audience. Your audience consists of college and university faculty who are trained as GRE readers to apply the scoring criteria identified in the scoring guide for the “Analyze an Argument” task (see page 28).

本任务的目的在于，考察你能够多好地掌握洞察力地分析一段其他人写的论证并且有效地在你的文章中表达给一位学院读者。你的读者由大学教师组成，他们经过培训成为GRE评分官，使用评分标准（进行评分）。这个标准在评分指南中，参见28页。

To get a clearer idea of how GRE readers apply the Argument scoring criteria to actual essays, you should review scored sample Argument essay responses and readers' commentaries. The sample responses, particularly at the 5 and 6 score levels, will show you a variety of successful strategies for organizing and developing an insightful critique. You will also see many examples of particularly effective uses of language. The readers' commentaries discuss specific aspects of analytical writing, such as cogency of ideas, development and support, organization, syntactic variety, and facility with language. These commentaries will point out aspects that are particularly effective and insightful as well as any that detract from the overall effectiveness of the responses.

为了明确GRE评分官怎样应用评分标准来实际评价答复，你应该看已评分的范文以及评分官的评论。那些范文，特别是5分6分的范文，会展现出不同的成功策略，包括组织、展开一段见解深刻的评论。你还会看到很多有效的语言使用的例子。评分官的评论讨论了具体的分析和写作的方面，例如思想的说服力，展开和支持，组织，句法多变性，以及语言搭建。评分官的评论指出了那些特别有效且见解深刻的方面，同时也指出了那些破坏了文章整体效果的方面。

Preparing for the Argument Task

准备

Because the Argument task is meant to assess analytical writing and informal reasoning skills that you have developed throughout your education, it has been designed so as not to require any specific course of study or to advantage students with a particular type of training. Many college textbooks on rhetoric and composition have sections on informal logic and critical thinking that might prove helpful, but even these might be more detailed and technical than the task requires. You will not be expected to know methods of analysis or technical terms. For instance, in one topic an elementary school principal might conclude that the new playground equipment has improved student attendance because absentee rates have declined since it was installed. You will not need to see that the principal has committed the post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy; you will simply need to see that there are other possible explanations for the improved attendance, to offer some common-sense examples, and perhaps to suggest what would be necessary to verify the conclusion. For instance, absentee rates might have decreased because the climate was mild. This would have to be ruled out in order for the principal’s conclusion to be valid.

因为Argument的任务在于评价分析性写作和你通过教育所培养的非正规的推理技巧，它的题型设计不需要任何特殊的课程，也不会对那些进行了特殊类型培训的学生更有利。很多关于修辞和写作的大学教材都有非正规逻辑和批判性思维的章节，可能会对你有所帮助，但是即使是这些，对于这个任务的要求也过于具体和专业。你不会被期望知道分析方法或专业术语。例如，在一个主题中，一个小学校长可能得出这样的结论：新的操场设施改善了学生的出席人数，因为自从安装了它之后，缺席率下降了。你不需要知道这个校长犯了“post hoc, ergo propter hoc”谬误；你只需要了解对于出席人数的改善有其他可能的解释，提供一些常识性的例子，或者你可能提出证实这个结论所必须的要素。例如，缺席率可能因为气候变暖而下降。为使校长的结论有效，必须排除这个因素。

Although you do not need to know special analytical techniques and terminology, you should be familiar with the directions for the Argument task and with certain key concepts, including the following:

• alternative explanation—a possible competing version of what might have caused the events in question; an alternative explanation undercuts or qualifies the original explanation because it too can account for the observed facts

• analysis—the process of breaking something (e.g., an argument) down into its component parts in order to understand how they work together to make up the whole; also a presentation, usually in writing, of the results of this process

• argument—a claim or a set of claims with reasons and evidence offered as support; a line of reasoning meant to demonstrate the truth or falsehood of something

• assumption—a belief, often unstated or unexamined, that someone must hold in order to maintain a particular position; something that is taken for granted but that must be true in order for the conclusion to be true

• conclusion—the end point reached by a line of reasoning, valid if the reasoning is sound; the resulting assertion

• counterexample—an example, real or hypothetical, that refutes or disproves a statement in the argument

虽然你不需要知道具体的分析性技巧和术语，你应该熟悉Argument任务的说明和某些关键概念，包括：

l另一种解释——一个可能的相冲突的版本，可能导致事件出现问题的版本；一个他因削弱或者限定原来的解释，因为它也可以引起所发现的事实。

l分析——将一件事物（比如一个论证）拆分成各个组成部分，以便于理解他们怎样共同构成一个整体的过程；以写作报告的形式作为这个过程的结果。

l论证——以理由和论据支持一个声明或者一组声明；推理过程意味着显示一个事件的真理或谬误。

l假设——为了保持一个特殊的立场，某人必须持有的信仰，有时这个信仰并没有被说出或检视；看起来是理所当然的，但是为了使结论是正确的它必须是正确的这样一种事物。

l结论——推理过程的终点，如果推理过程合理，则是有效的；（通过推理）产生的断言。

l反例——一个真实或者假设的例子，这个例子驳斥一个声明或者证明一个说法是有误的。

An excellent way to prepare for the "Analyze an Argument" task is to practice writing on some of the published Argument topics. There is no one way to practice that is best for everyone. Some prefer to start practicing without adhering to the 30-minute time limit. If you follow this approach, take all the time you need to analyze the argument. No matter which approach you take, you should

• carefully read the argument—you might want to read it over more than once

• identify as many of its claims, conclusions, and underlying assumptions as possible

• think of as many alternative explanations and counterexamples as you can

• think of what additional evidence might weaken or lend support to the claims

• ask yourself what changes in the argument would make the reasoning more sound

准备“分析一个论证”任务很好的方式是实践写作题库里的一些题目。对于每个人来说，没有比实践其他更好的方式了。有些人喜欢一开始在没有30分钟的时间限制下写作。如果你选择这个方法，用充分的时间分析那个题目。无论你采取哪种方法，你应该

l仔细阅读题目——你可能需要不止阅读一遍

l尽可能多的辨认出它的声明，结论以及前提假设

l尽可能想一些他因和反例

l想一想可以减弱或支持论断的进一步的证据

l问问你自己，怎样修改这个论证可以推理更加合理

Write down each of these thoughts as a brief note. When you've gone as far as you can with your analysis, look over the notes and put them in a good order for discussion (perhaps by numbering them). Then write a critique by fully developing each of your points in turn. Even if you choose not to write a full essay response, you should find it very helpful to practice analyzing a few of the arguments and sketching out your responses. When you become quicker and more confident, you should practice writing some Argument responses within the 30-minute time limit so that you will have a good sense of how to pace yourself in the actual test. For example, you will not want to discuss one point so exhaustively or to provide so many equivalent examples that you run out of time to make your other main points.

以简洁的笔记将这些想法记录下来。当你尽可能分析的非常充分的时候，查看一下这些笔记，把它们重新编排一下顺序使其更便于讨论（可以给它们编号）。然后写一篇各点依次充分展开的评论文章。即使你选择不去写一篇完整的论文答复，你会发现实际分析一些题目并且列出大纲会非常有帮助。当你能更快更自信地（分析一个论证）的时候，你应该在练习在30分钟内完成写作，这样在考试的时候应该怎样分配时间你可以有一个很好的感觉。例如，你不希望对一个点讨论得太详尽或者提供太多同等价值的例子来占用你论证其他要点的时间。

You might want to get feedback on your response(s) from a writing instructor, a philosophy teacher, or someone who emphasizes critical thinking in his or her course. It can also be very informative to trade papers on the same topic with fellow students and discuss one another's responses in terms of the scoring guide. Focus not so much on giving the "right scores" as on seeing how the papers meet or miss the performance standards for each score point and what you therefore need to do in order to improve.

你可能想要从写作教师、哲学教师或者其他在他的课程中强调批判性思维的老师那里得到反馈。与其他同伴交换同题写作并且根据评分指南讨论对方的答复也可以对你有所帮助。不要把焦点过多的放在这篇文章应该的多少分，而应该多关注每个得分点上你的文章哪些是符合的，丢失了哪些得分点，以及你应该如何改进。

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Argument Part 2 --- 方法讲解（2）

How to Interpret Numbers, Percentages, and Statistics in Argument Topics

怎样解释论证主题中的数字、百分率和统计数据

Some arguments contain numbers, percentages, or statistics that are offered as evidence in support of the argument's conclusion. For example, an argument might claim that a certain community event is less popular this year than it was last year because only 100 people attended this year in comparison with 150 last year, a 33 percent decline in attendance.

一些论证中包含数字、百分率或者统计数据作为证据来支持论证的结论。例如，一个论证可能声称某个社区的活动今年比去年不受欢迎，因为今年只有100个人参与而去年有150人，参加率下降了33%。

It is important to remember that you are not being asked to do a mathematical task with the numbers, percentages, or statistics. Instead you should evaluate these as evidence that is intended to support the conclusion.

记住，对于这些数字、百分率和统计数值，你没有必要去做数学计算。你需要做的是评估这些作为证据支持结论（是否有效）。

In the example above, the conclusion is that a community event has become less popular. You should ask yourself: does the difference between 100 people and 150 people support that conclusion? Note that, in this case, there are other possible explanations; for example, the weather might have been much worse this year, this year's event might have been held at an inconvenient time, the cost of the event might have gone up this year, or there might have been another popular event this year at the same time. Each of these could explain the difference in attendance, and thus would weaken the conclusion that the event was "less popular."

在以上的例子中，结论是一个社区活动变得不受欢迎了。你应该问问你自己：100人和150人的区别可以支持结论吗？请注意，在这个事件中，有其他可能的解释。例如，今年的天气可能更恶劣，今年的活动可能在一个不合适的时间，可能今年的活动花费提高了，或者可能今年同一时间有另一个受欢迎的活动。每个都可以解释参加率的差别，因此可以削弱活动变得“不受欢迎”这个结论。

Similarly, percentages might support or weaken a conclusion depending on what actual numbers the percentages represent. Consider the claim that the drama club at a school deserves more funding because its membership has increased by 100 percent. This 100 percent increase could be significant if there had been 100 members and now there are 200 members, whereas the increase would be much less significant if there had been 5 members and now there are 10. Remember that any numbers, percentages, or statistics in Argument topics are used only as evidence in support of a conclusion, and you should always consider whether they actually support the conclusion.

相似地，百分率可能支持或削弱一个基于百分率代表什么样的实际数字的结论。考虑这样一个声明：学校里的戏剧俱乐部应获得更多的资助，因为它的成员增加了100%。如果之前有100个成员，而现在有200个成员，这个100%的增长可以说是可观的。然而如果之前有5个成员，现在又10个成员，这个增长就没那么可观了。记住论证主题中的任何数字、百分率或者统计数据仅仅作为支持结论的论据，你总是需要考虑他们是否能够真正地支持结论。

The Form of Your Response

答复的形式

You are free to organize and develop your critique in any way that you think will effectively communicate your analysis of the argument. Your response may, but need not, incorporate particular writing strategies learned in English composition or writing-intensive college courses. GRE readers will not be looking for a particular developmental strategy or mode of writing. In fact, when faculty are trained to be GRE readers, they review hundreds of Argument responses that, although highly diverse in content and form, display similar levels of critical thinking and analytical writing. Readers will see, for example, some essays at the 6 score level that begin by briefly summarizing the argument and then explicitly stating and developing the main points of the critique. The readers know that a writer can earn a high score by analyzing and developing several points in a critique or by identifying a central flaw in the argument and developing that critique extensively. You might want to look at the sample Argument responses, particularly at the 5 and 6 score levels, to see how other writers have successfully developed and organized their critiques.

你可以自由的组织和展开你的评论，任何你认为可以有效地表达出你对于这个论证的分析的方式都可以。你的答复可能包含有你在英文写作课程中学到的特殊的写作策略，当然这并不是必须的。GRE评分官不会期待特别的展开策略或者写作模式；实际上，当GRE评分官培训的时候，他们看过成百上千的Argument答复，这些文章虽然在内容和形式上都不同，但是都展现了相似的批判性思维和分析性写作的水平。举例来说，评分官会看到一些6分水平的文章以简洁的概括论证为开头，然后详细述说和展开评论的要点。评分官知道那些在文章中分析和展开多个要点或者指出一个中心缺点并充分展开的作者会获得高分。看一下范文，特别是5分和6分水平的，看看其他作者是怎样成功地展开和组织他们的评论的。

You should make choices about format and organization that you think support and enhance the overall effectiveness of your critique. This means using as many or as few paragraphs as you consider appropriate for your critique—for example, creating a new paragraph when your discussion shifts to a new point of analysis. You might want to organize your critique around the organization of the argument itself, discussing the argument line by line. Or you might want to first point out a central questionable assumption and then move on to discuss related flaws in the argument's line of reasoning. Similarly, you might want to use examples if they help illustrate an important point in your critique or move your discussion forward (remember, however, that, in terms of your ability to perform the Argument task effectively, it is your critical thinking and analytical writing, not your ability to come up with examples, that is being assessed). What matters is not the form the response takes, but how insightfully you analyze the argument and how articulately you communicate your analysis to academic readers within the context of the task.

你可以选择你认为可以支持和提高你的评论整体效果的格式和组织结构。这意味着你应该根据你的评论决定使用或多或少的段落——例如，当你的讨论转换到一个新的分析点的时候，你要新起一段。你可能想要根据论证本身来组织你的评论，逐行讨论。或者你可能想要首先指出核心的问题，之后讨论推理过程中相关的缺点。同样的，如果例子可以帮助说明你的评论中的一个关键点或者使你的讨论更进一步的话，你可能想要使用一些例子（然而记住，在你的能力范围内有效地完成Argument任务，被评价的是你的批判性思维和分析性写作的能力，而不是你想出例子的能力。）无论你采用什么样的答复方式都没问题，但是对于这个论证，你能分析得多么深刻，以及你能将你的分析多清楚地表达给评分官才是关键。

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Argument Part 3 --- 例题讲解及范文评论

Sample Argument Topic

例题

Hospital statistics regarding people who go to the emergency room after roller skating accidents indicate the need for more protective equipment. Within this group of people, 75 percent of those who had accidents in streets or parking lots were not wearing any protective clothing (helmets, knee pads, etc.) or any light-reflecting material (clip-on lights, glow-in-the-dark wrist pads, etc.). Clearly, these statistics indicate that by investing in high-quality protective gear and reflective equipment, roller skaters will greatly reduce their risk of being severely injured in an accident.

Strategies for this Topic

对于这个主题的策略

This argument cites a particular hospital statistic to support the general conclusion that “investing in high-quality protective gear and reflective equipment” will reduce the risk of being severely injured in a roller skating accident.

这个论证引用了一个特殊的医院统计数据来支持普遍的结论：“投资高质量的防护装备和反光设备”可以减少在滚轴溜冰以外中严重受伤的风险。

In developing your analysis, you should ask yourself whether the hospital statistic actually supports the conclusion. You might want to ask yourself such questions as:

• What percentage of all roller skaters goes to the emergency room after roller skating accidents?

• Are the people who go to the emergency room after roller skating accidents representative of roller skaters in general?

• Are there people who are injured in roller skating accidents who do not go to the emergency room?

• Were the roller skaters who went to the emergency room severely injured?

• Were the 25 percent of roller skaters who were wearing protective gear injured just as severely as the 75 percent who were not wearing the gear?

• Are streets and parking lots inherently more dangerous for roller skating than other places?

• Would mid-quality gear and equipment be just as effective as high-quality gear and equipment in reducing the risk of severe injury while roller skating?

• Are there factors other than gear and equipment—e.g., weather conditions, visibility, skill of the skaters—that might be more closely correlated with the risk of roller skating injuries?

展开你的分析的时候，你应该问问自己，医院的统计数据是否真的支持结论。你可能想要问自己这些问题：

l
滚轴溜冰事故之后，去急诊室的人占所有人的百分率是多少？

l
事故之后去急诊室的人在普通的溜冰人中有代表性吗？

l
有没有在事故中受伤的人没有去急诊室？

l
去急诊室的溜冰人都是严重受伤吗？

l
25%的戴了保护装备的受伤的人跟75%没戴保护装备的人受伤同样严重吗？

l
是不是街道和停车场对于溜冰来说本来就比其他地方危险？

l
溜冰时候中等质量的装备和设备是不是像高质量设备一样可以减少严重受伤的危害？

l
比起装备和设备，有没有其他因素——比如天气条件、能见度、溜冰人的技术——可能与滚轴溜冰受伤的危险关系更大？

Considering possible answers to questions such as these will help you identify assumptions, alternative explanations, and weaknesses that you can develop in your critique of the argument.

考虑可能的答案来回答像这类的问题能够帮助你认出假设、他因、和薄弱点，这些你可以在你的评论中展开。

Essay Responses and Reader Commentary

范文和评论

Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 6

This outstanding response demonstrates the writer's insightful analytical skills. The introduction, which notes that adopting the topic's fallacious reasoning could ". . . inspire people to over invest financially and psychologically in protective gear," is followed by a comprehensive examination of each of the argument's root flaws. Specifically, the writer exposes several points that undermine the argument:

这篇优秀的答复显示了作者的见解深刻的分析技巧。开头段便指出了如果采用主题中的错误推理，会导致“鼓励人们在保护装备上过度投资，并且心理上过度依赖保护装备”。接着给出了每个论证根本的缺陷的综合的审视。特别是，作者揭露了一些瓦解论证的要点。

• that preventive and protective gear are not the same

• that skaters who wear gear may be less prone to accidents because they are, by nature, more responsible and cautious

• that the statistics do not differentiate by the severity of the injuries

• that gear may not need to be high-quality to be beneficial

l
预防和保护装备不一样

l
那些戴了装备的溜冰人可能本来发生事故的可能性就比较小，因为他们本身更加有责任感和小心谨慎。

l
这个统计数据没有区分伤害的严重程度

l
有益的装备可能不需要那么高的质量

The discussion is smoothly and logically organized, and each point is thoroughly and cogently developed. In addition, the writing is succinct, economical, and generally error-free. Sentences are varied and complex, and diction is expressive and precise.

作者能够流畅且具有逻辑性地组织他的文章，每个要点的展开都很彻底并且令人信服。另外，写作非常精炼、经济，基本上没有错误。句式多变且复杂，语言富有表现力和说服力。

In sum, this response exemplifies the very top of the 6 range described in the scoring guide. If the writer had been less eloquent or provided fewer reasons to refute the argument, the paper could still have received a 6.

总而言之，这篇答复就是评分指南中所描述的最高的6分的典型文章。即使作者没有这么雄辩或者提供更少的理由来驳斥这个论证，这篇文章依然能够得到6分。

Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 5

This strong response gets right to the work of critiquing the argument, observing that it "indicates a possible relationship" but that its conclusion "is premature." It raises three central questions that, if answered, might undermine the soundness of the argument:

• What are the characteristics of the total population of skaters?

• What is the usefulness of protective or reflective gear in preventing or mitigating roller skating-related injuries?

• What are the types of injuries sustained and their causes?

这篇有力的答复正确地做到了评论这个论证，注意到它“指出了一个可能的联系”但是它的结论“是草率的”。它指出3个中心问题，如果回答出来，可能瓦解论证的合理性：

l
所有的溜冰人的特征是什么？

l
保护装备或反光装备在预防或减轻由于滚轴溜冰所造成的伤害上有什么益处？

l
受到伤害的类型和原因是什么？

The writer develops each of these questions by considering possible answers that would either strengthen or weaken the argument. The paper does not analyze the argument as insightfully or develop the critique as fully as required for a 6 paper, but the clear organization, strong control of language, and substantial degree of development warrant more than a score of 4.

作者通过考虑可能的增强或减弱论证的答案来展开了每个问题。这篇文章分析的深刻程度或者展开评论的深度没有达到6分的要求，但是它清晰的组织结构、对于语言的很强的把握能力、以及展开的程度都要比4分高。

Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 4

This adequate response targets the argument's vague and inconclusive "statistics." The essay identifies and critiques the illogical reasoning that results from the misguided use of the argument's statistics:

• that non-use of equipment may be "automatically" assumed to be the cause of injury

• that "accidents" may refer to minor injuries

• that injuries may result from other causes — skating in the dark, failure to train or warm-up properly, failure to recognize one's physical limitations

这篇比较不错的答复瞄准了论证中含糊不清的不能证明什么的“统计数据”。文章认定并评论说错误的使用统计数据导致了这个不合理的推理：

l
不使用装备可能自动被认为是导致伤害的原因

l
事故可能指的是较小的伤害

l
还有其他因素可能导致伤害——在黑天溜冰，没有培训过或者没有适当地做热身，没有认清个人的身体极限

The writer competently grasps the weaknesses of the argument. The ideas are clear and connected, but the response lacks transitional phrases. Development, too, is only adequate.

作者有能力抓住论证的薄弱点。观点清晰且连接紧密，但是答复缺少过渡性的表达。展开也只是点到为止。

Control of language is better than adequate. The writer achieves both control and clarity and ably conforms to the conventions of written English. Overall, though, this 4 response lacks the more thorough development that would warrant a score of 5.

语言掌握上中等偏上。作者达到了控制和清楚，并且能够遵守书面英语的规则。但是，总体来说，这篇4分的作文缺少更加彻底的展开，（如果能够做到这一点）应该可以得到5分。

Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 3

The first half of this generally well-written but limited response merely describes the argument. The second half of the paper identifies two assumptions of the argument:

• that people who purchase protective gear will use the gear

• that high-quality gear is more effective than other gear

这篇文章的前半部分基本上写的还不错，但是有限的答复仅仅描述了论证。文章的后半部分指出了论证的两个假设：

l
人们买了保护装备就会使用

l
高质量的装备比其他装备更有效

These points are sufficient to constitute some analysis and thus warrant a score of 3. However, neither of these analytic points is developed sufficiently to merit a score of 4.

这些要点充分构成了一些分析，因此得到3分。然而，这些分析要点都没有充分展开到可以得到4分的程度。

Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 2

This seriously flawed response, rather than critiquing the argument, suggests ways for adults and skate manufacturers to ensure that children wear protective clothing. In essence, the writer is uncritically accepting the argument.

这篇文章有严重的缺陷，它没有评论这个论证，而是建议成年人和溜冰制造商确保孩子们穿戴保护装备。本质上看，作者毫无批判性地接受了论证的观点。

The response exhibits serious and frequent problems in sentence structure and language use. Errors—word choice, verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, punctuation—are numerous and sometimes interfere with meaning, e.g., ". . . it needs a cooperation among us to have a conscious mind to beware and realize its dangerous."

这篇答复在句子结构和语言使用上都有严重且频繁的错误。错误——词语选择，动词时态，主谓一致，标点——很多并且有时干扰了意思表达，比如". . . it needs a cooperation among us to have a conscious mind to beware and realize its dangerous."

This essay earns a 2 because it demonstrates both serious linguistic weaknesses and failure to construct a critique based on logical analysis.

这篇文章之所以得到2分，是因为它显示了严重的语言弱点和无法基于逻辑分析构建一篇评论文章。

Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 1

This fundamentally deficient response uncritically accepts the reasoning of the topic: "the protective equipment do help to reduce the risk of being severyly injuryed in an accident." There is no evidence, though, that the writer is able to understand or analyze the argument; what follows, except for a few additional words, merely copies the topic. This two-sentence response is repeated —verbatim—two more times. Language and usage are equally problematic. The few words that have been added, in combination with the words of the topic, results in incoherence. In sum, this essay fits all of the scoring guide descriptors for a 1.

这篇有着根本缺陷的答复毫无批判性地接受了主题的推理：“保护设备确实帮助降低在事故中发生严重伤害的危险。”没有证据证明作者能够理解或者分析论证；另外除了少数添加的词汇之外，仅仅是复制了题目。这个2句话的答复一字不差地重复了两遍。语言和用法都有问题。添加的那几个词导致了不连贯。总而言之，这篇文章符合评分指南上所有关于1分的描述。

miki7catUID：2533330

Argument Part 4 --- 评分指南和考试Direction

Sample Test

Analytical Writing 1

ANALYZE AN ARGUMENT

Direction

You will have 30 minutes to plan and write a critique of an argument presented in the form of a short passage. A critique of any other argument will receive a score of zero.

你有30分钟时间来计划和写作一篇关于一段论证的评论文章。关于其他任何论证的评论都将得到0分。

Analyze the line of reasoning in the argument. Be sure to consider what, if any, questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and, if evidence is cited, how well it supports the conclusion.

分析论证的推理过程。注意确实考虑一下——如果有的话——构成整个思想的基础有什么可质疑的假设，以及如果引用了证据，它能否支持结论。

You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what additional information might help you better evaluate its conclusion. Note that you are not being asked to present your views on the subject.

你还可以讨论什么样的证据会加强或驳斥这个论证，怎样修改可以使论证逻辑上更加合理，还有什么样的信息可以帮助你更好的评估它的结论。请注意对于这个主题你不需要发表你自己的观点。

GRE readers who are college and university faculty will read your critique and evaluate its overall quality, based on how well you

• identify and analyze important features of the argument

• organize, develop, and express your critique of the argument

• support you critique with relevant reasons and examples

• control the elements of standard written English

GRE评分官都是大学教师，他们会阅读你的评论并且评估它的整体质量。评估标准如下：

l
指认和分析论证中重要的特征

l
组织、展开并且表达你的评论

l
使用相关的理由和例子支持你的评论

l
掌握书面写作的要素

Before you begin writing, you may want to take a few minutes to evaluate the argument and to plan a response. Be sure to develop your ideas fully and organize them coherently, but leave time to read what you have written and make any revisions that you think are necessary.

在你开始写作之前，你可能想要用几分钟时间评估一下这个论证，并且计划一个答复。请确保充分展开你的观点，并且将他们条理清楚地组织在一起。但是留一些时间检查和修改。

GRE Scoring Guide: Analyze an Argument

评分指南：分析一段论证

Score 6

A 6 paper presents a cogent, well-articulated critique of the argument and conveys meaning skillfully.

A typical paper in this category

• clearly identifies important features of the argument and analyzes them insightfully

• develops ideas cogently, organizes them logically, and connects them with clear transitions

• effectively supports the main points of the critique

• demonstrates control of language, including appropriate word choice and sentence variety

• demonstrates facility with the conventions (i.e., grammar, usage, and mechanics) of standard written English but may have minor errors

6分

一篇6分的文章是一篇有说服力的，条理清楚地表达的评论文章，并且有技巧地表达意思。

这类典型的文章如下：

l
清楚地指认论证中重要的特征并且见解深刻地分析他们

l
令人信服地展开观点，逻辑性地组织他们，用清楚的过渡词连接它们

l
有效地支持评论的要点

l
展示语言控制能力，包括恰当的词语选择和句式变化

l
展示使用标准书面英语表达的能力（例如语法、用法和细节），但是允许小错误

Score 5

A 5 paper presents a generally thoughtful, well-developed critique of the argument and conveys meaning clearly.

A typical paper in this category

• clearly identifies important features of the argument and analyzes them in a generally perceptive way

• develops ideas clearly, organizes them logically, and connects them with appropriate transitions

• sensibly supports the main points of the critique

• demonstrates control of language, including appropriate word choice and sentence variety

• demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English but may have minor errors

5分

一篇5分的文章应该是一篇一般地周到的、充分展开的评论，并且清楚地表达意思。这类典型的文章如下：

l
清楚地指认论证的重要特征，并以一般的见解的方式分析它们

l
清楚地展开观点，逻辑性地组织它们，用适当的过渡词连接它们

l
合情合理地支持评论的要点

l
展示语言控制能力，包括适当的词语选择和句式变化

l
展示使用标准书面英语表达的能力（例如语法、用法和细节），但是允许小错误

Score 4

A 4 paper presents a competent critique of the argument and conveys meaning adequately.

A typical paper in this category

• identifies and analyzes important features of the argument

• develops and organizes ideas satisfactorily but may not connect them with transitions

• supports the main points of the critique

• demonstrates sufficient control of language to express ideas with reasonable clarity

• generally demonstrates control of the conventions of standard written English but may have some errors

4分

一篇4分的文章应该是一篇事宜的评论，并且适当地表达意思。这类典型的文章如下：

l
指认和分析论证的重要特征

l
令人满意地展开和组织观点，但是可能没有用过渡词连接它们

l
支持评论的要点

l
展示足够的语言控制能力，理由清楚地表达观点

l
一般地展示掌握标准书面英语表达的能力，但是可能有些错误

Score 3

A 3 paper demonstrates some competence in its critique of the argument and in conveying meaning but is obviously flawed.

A typical paper in this category exhibits ONE OR MORE of the following characteristics:

• does not identify or analyze most of the important features of the argument, although some analysis of the argument is present

• mainly analyzes tangential or irrelevant matters, or reasons poorly

• is limited in the logical development and organization of ideas

• offers support of little relevance and value for points of the critique

• lacks clarity in expressing ideas

• contains occasional major errors or frequent minor errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics that can interfere with meaning

3分

一篇3分的文章显示一些评论和表达意思的能力，但是有明显的缺陷。这类典型的文章呈现以下一个或多个特征：

l
虽然对论证进行了一些分析，但是没有指认和分析大多数论证中的重要特征

l
主要分析了离题的或者无关的事物，或者理由不佳

l
在逻辑展开和组织观点方面有局限性

l
给与评论要点几乎无关或毫无价值的支持

l
表达思想不清

l
在语法、用法或者细节上偶然有大的错误或者频发小错，以致于干扰了意思

Score 2

A 2 paper demonstrates serious weaknesses in analytical writing.

A typical paper in this category exhibits ONE OR MORE of the following characteristics:

• does not present a critique based on logical analysis, but may instead present the writer's own views on the subject

• does not develop ideas, or is disorganized and illogical

• provides little, if any, relevant or reasonable support

• has serious problems in the use of language and in sentence structure that frequently interfere with meaning

• contains serious errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics that frequently obscure meaning

2分

一篇2分的文章显示在分析性写作方面严重的不足。这类典型的文章呈现以下一个或多个特征：

l
没有给出基于逻辑分析的评论，但是可能相反的给出了作者关于主题自己的观点

l
没有展开观点，或者组织不当，无逻辑性

l
如果有的话，给出的支持几乎不相关或根本不合理

l
在语言使用和句子结构上有严重的问题，频繁干扰意思

l
在语法、用法或者细节上存在严重的错误，以致多次是意思模糊不清

Score 1

A 1 paper demonstrates fundamental deficiencies in both analysis AND writing .

A typical paper in this category exhibits MORE THAN ONE of the following characteristics:

• provides little or no evidence of the ability to understand and analyze the argument

• provides little or no evidence of the ability to develop an organized response

• has severe problems in language and sentence structure that persistently interfere with meaning

• contains pervasive errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics that result in incoherence

1分

一篇1分的文章显示在分析和写作方面都存在严重的不足。这类典型的文章呈现以下一个或多个特征：

l
没有证据证明（作者）具有理解和分析一段论证的能力

l
没有证据证明（作者）具有展开一个有组织的答复的能力

l
在语言和句子结构上存在严重问题，导致一直干扰意思

l
语法、用法和细节上通篇错误，导致（思想文字上的）不连贯

Score 0

Off topic, in a foreign language, merely copies the topic, consists of only keystroke characters, or is illegible, blank, or nonverbal.

跑题，用英语外的语言写作，仅仅是复制题目，仅仅由键盘字母组成，或者字迹模糊、空白、或非语言。

NS

Blank

没有成绩

空白

miki7catUID：2533330

终于写了一篇Argument，历时4个小时。虽然在头脑里已经有很清楚地提纲了，但是一旦用文字表达出来的时候，总感觉驳斥的力度不够，又不知道该怎样改进。语言的前后顺序该怎样排列也拿不定主意。总之就是一篇觉得很见不得人的文章啦。希望多看多写一些可以有所改进。

miki7catUID：2533330

写了一篇Issue，根据草木给的资料，自己跟自己做了一下brainstorming，觉得感觉还不错，思如泉涌。但是还是那个问题，提纲列出来了，想法也觉得很充分了，但是就是没办法顺畅地用文字表达出来。