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[感想日志] 1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by葡萄 --天道酬勤！ [复制链接]

wy701lr
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16楼

发表于 2009-12-5 13:50:48 |只看该作者

段落内部的关系

这部分涉及部落的结构构件~还是很重要的仔细看

一、段落的基本概念：
１．段落的作用：An informative paragraph should tell your readers all they need to know about a single idea, in a logical sequence, without wasting their time with irrelevant detail.
这里注意段落基本的三要素：
l
一个独立的观点－和Thesis密切相关
l
一个合理的逻辑顺序
l
没有无关细节

注意：段落的结构和整体文章的结构是一致的，段落组织联系的关系就和文章是一样的：Groups of paragraphs make up the sections of your paper, which are its next larger logical units. Most of the principles for writing informative paragraphs apply to whole sections, too, so we won't deal separately with putting sections together. Whatever I say about putting sentences together into paragraphs applies also to putting paragraphs together into sections.-The structure of a paragraph parallels the structure of an essay in order as well as content.

２．段落的长短问题：
首先原因一段比较有趣的论断：An essay is like a girl's skirt-it should be long enough to cover the topic(body) and short enough to be interesting!
实际上段落的长短是没有一个绝对的标准的，就像上面那句话一样，长短适度，根据话题和论述的需要。
n
但是，过短的段落说明你信息不足，论证不充分，观点的选择比较肤浅，论述的范围比较窄。
n
过长的段落说明你信息冗余，或者不相关细节过多，讨论过宽。

一、段落的组成结构：
１．The topic sentence:
有两个作用：首先它实际上是你本段话题的Thesis,起到和全文的Thesis一样的作用。其次，它是全文的Thesis的进一步的推广和具体化；一般来说，TS总是在文章的开头的第一或者第二句话，很少可以见到在文章的最后出现，并且最好不要这样使用！
２．Supporting evidence/analysis:
由论据和论证组成，为了合理的论证观点TS.必须在论据和论证之间找到一个平衡！
３．The conclusion(observation):
结论句总是在文章的最后一句或者倒数第二句！结论句除了总结上文的论述，还要在此总结上做好向下一个分论点的过度。
段落段落内容
·
Orient your reader to the subject.
Three ways to do this are with orienting words and phrases, by letting the old amplify the new, and by adding explanatory words and phrases, where necessary.
·
of course
·
as you know
·
until now
·
obviously
·
normally
·
previously
·
everyone is familiar with
·
remember that

一、二、段内句子连接：
注意三个原则：
l
Unity-所有句子讲同一个主题
l
Coherence－句子之间相互关联，共同构成有机整体
l
Connection－适当的连接句子

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17楼

发表于 2009-12-5 13:55:49 |只看该作者

ALSO	HOWEVER	ALTHOUGH
INCIDENTALLY	THEREFORE	BESIDES
LIKEWISE	THUS	MEANWHILE
MOREOVER	USUALLY	FURTHERMORE
NEXT	WHATEVER	GENERALLY
YET	ACCORDINGLY	NEVERTHELESS
INSTEAD	IN CONTRAST	FOR EXAMPLE

FIRST	SECONDLY
FINALLY	NOW
ONCE	WHEN
ULTIMATELY	EVENTUALLY
LASTLY	LATER
MEANWHILE	PREVIOUSLY
THEN	SOON
FORMERLY	SOMETIMES

TO BEGIN WITH	ON THE OTHER HAND
IN BRIEF	IN GENERAL
IN SUMMARY	MORE SPECIFICALLY
INSTEAD OF	IN ADDITION TO
IN OTHER WORDS	ANOTHER WAY TO
FOR THE SAME REASON	NO MATTER WHAT
SUCH A	THAT'S WHAT (WHY)
IN FACT	WHAT'S MORE
IN THE SAME WAY	ON THE CONTRARY
CONVERSELY	AS A RESULT
SUMMING UP	IF SO / NOT

连接词

利用重复

TRY TO HAVE A WORD OR PHRASE SOMEWHERE IN EACH SENTENCE THAT REFERS TO SOMETHING IN A PREVIOUS SENTENCE.

利用人称和其他代词指代。
利用强调词语

ESPECIALLY	AS MUCH AS	EVEN IF/THOUGH
INCREASINGLY	BY FAR	SO...THAT
MORE IMPORTANTLY	HIGHLY	ONLY
PARTICULARLY	IN FACT	VERY
SIGNIFICANTLY	QUITE	SUCH
MOST	UNIQUE	AT ALL
ABOVE ALL	INDEED	IN ANY CASE

Use them like garlic -- sparingly不能滥用

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18楼

发表于 2009-12-5 14:09:05 |只看该作者

Strategies for Writing a Conclusion

A conclusion should

stress the importance of the thesis statement, （重现主题句）
give the essay a sense of completeness, and （完善全文）
leave a final impression on the reader.（给读者一个深刻的印象）

Answer the question "So What?" （强调文章的重要性）
- Redirect your readers
  Create a new meaning
  You don't have to give new information to create a new meaning. By demonstrating how your ideas work together, you can create a new picture.
  - ·
    Beginning with an unnecessary, overused phrase such as "in conclusion," "in summary," or "in closing." Although these phrases can work in speeches, they come across as wooden and trite in writing.（很重要！）
  The 4种不好的结尾
- "Th1）at's My Story and I'm Sticking to It" Conclusion. This conclusion just restates the thesis and is usually painfully short. It does not push the ideas forward.People write this kind of conclusion when they can't think of anything else to say. 2）The reader, however, does not expect a mystery, but an analytical discussion of your topic in an academic style, with the main argument (thesis) stated up front. 3）this kind of conclusion usually draws on emotion to make its appeal, but while this emotion and even sentimentality may be very heartfelt, it is usually out of character with the rest of an analytical paper. 4） includes extra information that the writer found or thought of but couldn't integrate into the main paper.

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19楼

发表于 2009-12-5 16:27:20 |只看该作者

本帖最后由 wy701lr 于 2009-12-5 16:28 编辑

（12）Conciseness
1. Eliminate unnecessary determiners and modifiers 删除不重要的修饰
2. Change phrases into single words将短语变成简单词

As you edit, first find nominalizations that you can replace with verb phrases.

3. Change unnecessary that, who, and which clauses into phrases简化不必要的修饰性从句
Using a clause to convey meaning that could be presented in a phrase or even a word contributes to wordiness. Convert modifying clauses into phrases or single words when possible
4. Avoid overusing expletives at the beginning of sentences避免过多的使用强调句
5. Use active rather than passive verbs用主动不用被动
6. Avoid overusing noun forms of verbs避免滥用动名词形式
7. Reword unnecessary infinitive phrases改写不必要的不定式短语
8. Replace circumlocutions with direct expressions将累赘的话变成直接表达这个表格赞
表格的格式老错就不贴出来了

9. Omit words that explain the obvious or provide excessive detail省略表达显而易见的意思及多余的细节的词

10. Omit repetitive wording省略重复的措辞读完感觉还是有用的不过我还是先想想怎么把文章丰富起来吧~呵呵

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20楼

发表于 2009-12-5 16:38:00 |只看该作者

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（13）-（15）Proofreading

Compound Sentence Commas

1. Skim your paper, looking only for the seven coordinating conjunctions:

and, nor, but, so, for, or, and yet.

2. Stop at each of these words to see whether there is an independent clause (a complete sentence), on both sides of it. (For more help, see our handout on independent clauses.)

3. If so, place a comma before the coordinating conjunction.

Introductory commas after dependent clauses

1. Skim your paper, looking only at the first two or three words of each sentence.
2. Stop if one of these words is a dependent marker such as while, because, when, if, after, when, etc. (see our Commas After Introductions).
3. If necessary, place a comma at the end of the introductory dependent clause.

Disruptive Commas

For disruptive commas between compound verbs or objects
1. Skim your paper, stopping only at the coordinating conjunctions: and, or, nor, but, so, for, or, and yet.
2. Check to see whether there is an independent clause (sentence) on both sides of the conjunction. If so, place a comma before the conjunction. If not, do not place a comma before the conjunction.
Commas with Nonessential Elements

As an alternate test for a nonessential phrase or clause, try saying "by the way" before it. If that seems appropriate to the meaning, the phrase or clause is probably nonessential. To understand the essential vs. nonessential distinction, compare the following sentences. In the first, the clause who cheat is essential; in the second, the clause who often cheats is nonessential.
Use the following questions to evaluate your drafts
Find your main point.What are you trying to say in the paper?
try to summarize your thesis, or main point, and the evidence you are using to support that point
Does the paper have a clear thesis? Do you know what the paper is going to be about?
Identify your readers and your purpose.What are you trying to do in the paper?
In other words, are you trying to argue with the reading, to analyze the reading, to evaluate the reading, to apply the reading to another situation, or to accomplish another goal?
Evaluate your evidence.Does the body of your paper support your thesis?
Do you offer enough evidence to support your claim? If you are using quotations from the text as evidence, did you cite them properly?
Save only the good pieces.Do all of the ideas relate back to the thesis?
Is there anything that doesn't seem to fit? If so, you either need to change your thesis to reflect the idea or cut the idea.
Tighten and clean up your language.Do all of the ideas in the paper make sense?
Are there unclear or confusing ideas or sentences? Read your paper out loud and listen for awkward pauses and unclear ideas. Cut out extra words, vagueness, and misused words.
Eliminate mistakes in grammar and usage.Do you see any problems with grammar, punctuation, or spelling?
If you think something is wrong, you should make a note of it, even if you don't know how to fix it.
Switch from Writer-Centered to Reader-CenteredTry to detach yourself from what you've written;
What would you say is the most successful part of your paper? Why? How could this part be made even better? What would you say is the least successful part of your paper? Why? How could this part be improved?

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21楼

发表于 2009-12-5 16:48:53 |只看该作者

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（16）Metaphors

前面说了比喻的种种好处~~我们在作文中运用适量的比喻是相当重要的。可以为我们的作文增添不少靓丽的风景线，呵呵而且比喻还是天才的一种标志哦~~ 下面来具体学习下怎么使用比喻~这才是学习的重点呢

Creative ways to use metaphors

Most books give rather boring examples of metaphors such as my father is a bear or the librarian was a beast. However, in your poetry (and fiction for that matter) you can do much more than say X is Y, like an algebraic formula. Definitely play with extended metaphors (see above) and experiment with some of the following, using metaphors...

*as verbs*	The news that ignited his face snuffed out her smile. 动词的妙用哈~~很形象啊
*as adjectives and adverbs*	Her carnivorous pencil carved up Susan's devotion.
*as prepositional phrases*	The doctor inspected the rash with a vulture's eye.
*as appositives or modifiers*	On the sidewalk was yesterday's paper, an ink-stained sponge.

要自己写出这种东西应该很难吧重要平时的积累啊！厚积薄发的道理啊

Fundamental Course of Writtng也总算是结束了收获还是颇丰啊尤其是讲文章结构句子的那几章

Examples

Scratching at the window with claws of pine, the wind wants in.	Imogene Bolls, "Coyote Wind"
What a thrill--my thumb instead of an onion. The top quite gone except for a sort of hinge of skin....A celebration this is. Out of a gap a million soldiers run, redcoats every one.	Sylvia Plath, "Cut"
The clouds were low and hairy in the skies, like locks blown forward in the gleam of eyes.	Robert Frost, "Once by the Pacific"
Little boys lie still, awake wondering, wondering delicate little boxes of dust.	James Wright, "The Undermining of the Defense Economy"

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22楼

发表于 2009-12-5 19:47:41 |只看该作者

本帖最后由 wy701lr 于 2009-12-5 19:49 编辑

开始翻译awintro 然后第一次作业的语法部分也会陆续补上的~~~

第三次作业  翻译
   目录
AW部分概述
AW部分前期准备
AW部分备考策略
AW评分规则
在一篇ISSUE里表达你的观点
   理解ISSUE的含义
   理解ISSUE写作的背景：意图和阅读对象
   ISSUE的准备
   选择观点
   行文框架
   确立ISSUE的主题
   围绕主题的写作策略
   文章示例和批改人评注
分析ARGUMENT写作
   理解ARGUMENT写作的含义
   理解ARGUMENT写作的背景：意图和阅读对象
   ARGUMENT写作的前期准备
   如何分析ARGUMENT题目的数字，百分比，和统计数据
   行文框架
   确立ARGUMENT主题
   围绕主题的写作策略
   文章示例和批改人评注
范文
评分标准
各个评分层次解析

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23楼

发表于 2009-12-5 20:00:44 |只看该作者

            分析性写作部分概述
1．  分析性写作概述
分析性写作是于 2002 年 10 月引入到 GRE 综合测试中的一个新的部分，它用于测试你独立思考和分析性写作的能力。它评测你清晰阐述和支持复杂观点、分析一个争论，以及支持一个观点并能条理清楚地进行讨论的能力。它并不考查某一特定的知识内容。( Y; n0 O. i1 S2 L( E( u* n2 m6 N
   分析性写作部分包括两项独立计时的分析性写作任务：. A( A, B0 _8 P) G! n& P
      ·一项 45 分钟的“对某一问题陈述你的看法”的任务! o* c& h( V; |& F; m" h/ A$ L
      ·一项 30 分钟的“分析一个争论”的任务
你可以在两个 Issue 题目中进行选择。这里每一个题目都陈述了对某一问题的一种看法，问题涉及范围很广。题目要求你从你的角度来讨论这个问题，只要你能提供相关的理由和例子来解释并支持你的观点即可。
你不能选择 Argument 的题目。对你来说， Argument 题目体现了和 Issue 不同的挑战：它要求你通过讨论你所发现的推理问题来批判一个既有的论证过程。你需要考虑这一论证的逻辑完整性，而不是同意或不同意它所阐述的立场
这两个任务是互补的，因为一个要求你通过选择一个立场，支撑的证据来支持你在I上的观点，从而构建你自己的辩论。而另一个要求你去通过评价它的论点和证据来评判别人的辩论。

分析性写作的前期准备
每个人——即使是最有经验最有信心的作家——都应该在到达考试中心之前，花点时间为AW写作做准备。回顾下要测试的技能，评分准则，得分指南和得分层次的描述，主题范例，得分样本范例和评分人的评论，是很重要的。

在分析性部分的题目涉及的学科范围广泛——从美术和人文学科到社会学和自然科学——但没有题目要求具体学科的知识内容。事实上，每个题目已经实地试验以确保它具有几个重要的特征，包括下列特点：
·GRE考生，无论其研究或特殊爱好的领域是什么，了解主题并很容易地进行讨论。
·主题引出了各种复杂的思想和具有说服力的作品，大学教授认为这是研究生学院成功的关键所在。
· 对该话题的回应的内容和方式是多种多样的，取决于考生。
为了帮助你准备普通考试中的分析性写作部分，GRE项目已经公布了所有题目，你的考试题目将从这些当中抽取。熟悉I和A的题库可能对你有所帮助。你可以在www.gre.org/pracmats.html 网上阅读公布的题库或者写信给GREProgram, PO Box 6000, Princeton, NJ 08541-6000来求购.

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24楼

发表于 2009-12-5 20:22:40 |只看该作者

写作考场策略
规划时间非常重要。在45分钟的Issue任务里，你得有足够的时间选题、审题、做题、规划结构。在30分钟的Argument里，你得分析论题、安排论证并组织回答。虽然GRE阅卷人明白你的处境并且会视这些作文为“初稿”，你还是要尽量写篇好文章。
任务的最后留几分钟检查明显的错误。虽然偶尔的拼写或语法瑕疵没什么关系，严重又频发的错误就会影响到整体的效果，会降低你的分数。
分析性写作部分之后，你有10分钟休息，其他考试部分的间隙则是一分钟。这正是补充草稿纸的好时候。

评分方式
每篇文章将按6分制依GRE分析性写作评分指南中公布的标准（27-28页）整体评分。整体评分意味着每篇文章是被完整看待的。阅卷人不会把它分成几部分比如思想、结构、句型、语言之类。他们会把这几部分综合起来为文章打出一个整体分数。条理明晰或者不清会给阅卷人留下印象，影响到你的分数，但结构条理这一项并没有固定的评分。
一般情况，GRE阅卷人都是大学或学院中经验丰富的教职人员，他们认为写作与批判性思维能力是非常重要的。所有的阅卷人都经过严格培训并且通过了GRE资格认证考试以保证打分的准确性。

为保证评分的公正性与客观性：

1阅卷人随机抽取答卷；
2阅卷人不会得到任何可辨识的考生身份信息；
3每份答卷由两名阅卷人批改；
4两名阅卷人彼此不知道彼此的给分；
5当两名阅卷人给出相同或相近的分数才认为评分有效，否则将由第三人涉入为该答卷再次评分。

最终分数为两个作文的平均得分，第29页的分数等级指出了如何解释各个分值代表的考生水平。分析性写作部分的首要重点在于批判性思维和论证分析的能力。

你的答卷将经历ETS论文雷同检测软件的检查，并在评分阶段由经验丰富的阅卷人检查。根据美国研究生院对独立思考能力的重视，ETS保留取消含有证据确凿的作弊行为的考生的分数的权力。作弊包括（但不限于）以下几点：
1答卷与一份或几份其他的GRE论文答卷十分相似；
2未经注明，擅自引用或转述他人语言或思想，无论其曾公开发行与否；
3将与他人共同合作的成功据为己有而隐去合作者；
4考生名下的答卷实际来自他人或者是由他人准备的。

当以上的一个或者多个情况发生，你的文章，根据ETS专业的判断，没有反应出独立的，分析写作的技巧，这些本考试旨在衡量的。那么，作为一个无效的不能报告给GRE普通测试的成绩，ETS就必须取消。而该成绩是在GRE普通测试里，是必不可少的一部分。

分数被取消的考生的报名费视作罚款没收，下次报名参试时仍需支付全部GRE考试的费用。无论何种理由导致分数取消，该理由与分数取消的记录都不会带入寄给校方的考生最终GRE成绩单的。

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