1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by葡萄 --天道酬勤！

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忙完了一系列的学校考试，终于可以静下心来准备我的GRE考试了。
之前没有狠下决心来准备考试，直到今天来到了熟悉的寄托，看见草木的活动大贴，看见了很多G友们的开帖，我觉得我也要加入到这一项有意义的活动中来。
天道酬勤！信念的力量是无穷的。
一个人的考试是寂寞的，但是一群人一起考试就不再寂寞！发现已经布置了七次作业了，没关系，我会加油补上的！Latter better than never。作文时间就在1月末，还有50多天的时间，我相信我会在寄托的家园里和大家一起认真的准备考试~从加入寄托大家园的那一天起，我考的不再是寂寞，是GRE！
想起一位大大的话，如果万无一失才出手，人生根本没有机会。这一次，我便要出手了！ AW考试，你准备好接招了吗？

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一楼留给版主大人~

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第一次作业 【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）20 Questions for Writers
As a writer, you can begin by asking yourself questions and then answering them. Your answers will bring your subject into focus and provide you with the material to develop your topic. Here are twenty questions or "thought starters" that present ways of observing or thinking about your topic. Each question generates the type of essay listed in parentheses after the question.
1
1. What does X mean? (Definition)
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)

看了几遍20个问题，觉得没有感觉。实践出真知。
拿一道issue 题目开刀看看。
ISSUE41 - "Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."
研究界的一些非主流领域，比如星象学、占卜术和意念及超自然探索，在社会中起到了很重要的作用，因为它们满足了人们无法从主流科学获得的需求。(少数和多数之非主流学科)
X=研究界的非主流领域
容易想到的问题就是9，10，11 比较方面 从非主流领域自然想到了目前的主流领域。20的信服力方面。
再往下想 看看那20个问题，其实第1个问题就挺好 什么是非主流领域的科学，可能现在是非主流的科学是因为人们没有发现其中的真理等等 若干年后就有可能成为主流科学，其中就有一个给现在的主流科学发展提供想象力的作用。又跟问题12有些联系。
然后又想到问题8 结果 如果大家都来弄这个 那现在的科学岂不是要毁了？ 又提供了一点思路。
总结整理一下。首先 现在的非主流领域确实可以解释一些人类未知的现象,满足一些需求（Q12） 但是目前重要的还是主流科学 因为那个是建立在人类几千年文明史上经过事实检验的科学 （Q 9 10 11比较） 然后 其实非主流可能有一天会变成主流，还是有一定好处的，不能完全抹杀。完成一个正反正的结构。
从这个例子中，觉得20问法还是有一定作用的，在拓宽思路的方面，但是可能临场发挥的时候来不及想这么多，也是一种浪费，自我感觉记住几个关键的就行，形成自己的一种审题套路。继续加油！！

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LZ加油~
晕！竟然有广告！！

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吃饭回来继续补作业
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（2）Writing Anxiety
具体的策略：
Focus your energy by rehearsing the task in your head.
Consciously stop the non-productive comments（没用的思路） running through your head by replacing them with productive ones.
If you have some "rituals（仪式）" for writing success, use them.
这个对于中国的考生来说应该不在话下，咱从小到大大大小小多少场考试的磨砺啊，还会怕考试？简单的深呼吸就ok啦，调整下思路，信念的力量是无穷的！

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【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（3）Writer's Block
总结一下适用的方法：
Resign yourself to the fact that you have to write
Consciously stop the non-productive comments running through your head by replacing them with productive ones. （感觉有时候没思路的时候就爱胡想，结果都偏离主题很远了）
Use a calming word or mental image to focus on while relaxing. If you choose a word, be careful not to use an imperative. Don't command yourself to "Calm down!" or "Relax!"
Begin in the MiddleStart.(这招感觉不错，有点像中学作文的时候，先正文，后开头，方便迅速开始)

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【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（4）start to write
strategies:
1.Ask yourself what your purpose is for writing about the subject.
这点很容易被人忽略啊，在issue的正反对换海洋中迷失自我，要有中心，虽然可以提出反面观点来避免偏激，但是中心思想要明确的，你写这个文章到底是说好呢？还是不好？可能结尾处会有体现。
2.Ask yourself how you are going to achieve this purpose.论证的过程，严谨的思维推理
3.Start the ideas flowing.     Build your analogy by using the word like.善用类比
这个环节还是很重要的，brainstorming使作文的角度多样化，可能考试时做到很难，但是题目我们是知道的。所以熟悉题目，对于高频之前就brainstorming好不就行了？
4. read it aloud or to yourself as if you were someone else.这种换位思考的意思在修改习作的时候还是挺有用的。人们往往不愿意站在别人的角度想问题，假如你是作文批改者，你希望看到这篇文章怎么写呢？所谓 投其所好~

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【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（5）Writing With Computers
对我来说打字的速度还是很慢啊，发现英文打字不只只是一个速度的问题，对单词的熟悉程度也是一个方面啊。不熟的单词要像很久的拼写才能想起来。。。所以从今天开始，复习下词汇也是必须的！打字这个小破玩意我肯定能啃下来~~~~~
（文中悉数电脑使用方法都不错~~对于计划的那个赞下~）

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【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（6）thesis statement

大牛文章 要仔细阅读~~~学习学习~~~~

文章的主题－Thesis：

一、什么是主题句？

注意全文所说的主题就是开头段中的全文主题句，不是各个分论点段的段TS.
要区分Thesis statement和Topic sentence！前面简称T,后面简称TS.
What is a thesis?
A thesis statement declares what you believe and what you intend to prove. （主题句说明你的观点和要论证的论点）A good thesis statement makes the difference between a thoughtful research project and a simple retelling of facts.（事实和论据不是主题句！要有概括性才能区别）
A thesis statement is a sentence (or sentences) that expresses the main ideas of your paper and answers the question or questions posed by your paper. It offers your readers a quick and easy to follow summary of what the paper will be discussing and what you as a writer are setting out to tell them. The kind of thesis that your paper will have will depend on the purpose of your writing.
A good tentative thesis will help you focus your search for information. But don't rush! You must do a lot of background reading before you know enough about a subject to identify key or essential questions. You may not know how you stand on an issue until you have examined the evidence. You will likely begin your research with a working, preliminary or tentative thesis which you will continue to refine until you are certain of where the evidence leads.
The thesis statement is typically located at the end of your opening paragraph. (The opening paragraph serves to set the context for the thesis.) 注意，这里明确的指出了，主题句（thesis statement）必须出现在开头段（opening paragraph）的最后！
主题句一般出现在开头的最后一两句．这个规定我搜索了不下２０个网站，都是这样要求的，可见，这个规定大家最后遵守，我想，阅卷人一定会在你的Introduction里边的最后一两句找你的Thesis，你就是要确保他在这里找到！

Remember, your reader will be looking for your thesis. Make it clear, strong, and easy to find.使主题句清晰！
对于AW，主题句属于：
Argumentative Thesis Statements
In an argumentative paper, you are making a claim about a topic and justifying this claim with reasons and evidence. This claim could be an opinion, a policy proposal, an evaluation, a cause-and-effect statement, or an interpretation. However, this claim must be a statement that people could possibly disagree with, because the goal of your paper is to convince your audience that your claim is true based on your presentation of your reasons and evidence. An argumentative thesis statement will tell your audience:
·
your claim or assertion
·
the reasons/evidence that support this claim
·
the order in which you will be presenting your reasons and evidence （不仅仅有assertion 还有 reason 我写的时候就老实忘记加reason 就一个结论 下次要加上一个概括性的原因啊！切记）
Example: Barn owls' nests should not be eliminated from barns because barn owls help farmers by eliminating insect and rodent pests.
A reader who encountered this thesis would expect to be presented with an argument and evidence that farmers should not get rid of barn owls when they find them nesting in their barns.
Questions to ask yourself when writing an argumentative thesis statement:
·
What is my claim or assertion?
·
What are the reasons I have to support my claim or assertion?
·
In what order should I present my reasons?

二、什么是好的主题句的属性？
Attributes of a good thesis:

·
It should be contestable, proposing an arguable point with which people could reasonably disagree. A strong thesis is provocative; it takes a stand and justifies the discussion you will present.
·
It tackles a subject that could be adequately covered in the format of the project assigned.
·
It is specific and focused. A strong thesis proves a point without discussing “everything about …” Instead of music, think "American jazz in the 1930s" and your argument about it. （注意，主题不要假，大，空，要具体针对问题！）
·
It clearly asserts your own conclusion based on evidence. （我记得是谁又曾经说过assert是个贬义？？所以说，有了根据，再发表意见！）Note: Be flexible. The evidence may lead you to a conclusion you didn't think you'd reach. It is perfectly okay to change your thesis!
·
It provides the reader with a map to guide him/her through your work.
·
It anticipates and refutes the counter-arguments
·
It avoids vague language (like "it seems").
·
It avoids the first person. ("I believe," "In my opinion") （强烈注意，不要使用第一人称！！！！）
·
It should pass the So what? or Who cares? test (Would your most honest friend ask why he should care or respond with "but everyone knows that"?) For instance, "people should avoid driving under the influence of alcohol," would be unlikely to evoke any opposition. （不要说那些大家都知道的废话，要有可质疑性，可辩论性．）
·
附：什么是the So what? or Who cares? test：
The "So What?" Test
Whenever you plan on writing a research paper, there is an extremely important point that you must constantly keep in the forefront of your mind--even English teachers frequently mention it as something students fail to do time and time again. What is it? To be sure to choose a topic worth arguing about or exploring. This means to construct a thesis statement or research question about a problem that is still debated, controversial, up in the air.
So arguing that drinking and driving is dangerous-- while you could find a ton of evidence to support your view --would be pretty worthless nowadays. Who would want to read something they already knew? You wouldn't be persuading them of anything and all your work would be pretty meaningless.
What this means is that during the topic-formulating stage and again now, always keep asking "SO WHAT?", "WHO CARES?" or to paraphrase the famous Canadian journalist Barbara Frum: "Tell me something new about something I care about."That will automatically make your paper significant and interesting both for you to write and the reader to study.
总结一下：
主题句的dos and don’ts
Dos:
表明立场，具体，并且中心明确，表明自己的观点和结论，出现在开头段的末尾，同时提示读者作者的行文思路．
Don’ts:
不要说废话，说空话，说大话，不要出现第一人称，不要含糊不清．

公式：

Specific topic + Attitude/Angle/Argument = Thesis

What you plan to argue + How you plan to argue it = Thesis

三、如何检验自己写好的主题句是否合格？

Try these five tests:

·
Does the thesis  inspire a reasonable reader to ask, "How?" or Why?" 吸引读者思考
·
Would a reasonable reader NOT respond with "Duh!" or "So what?" or "Gee, no kidding!" or "Who cares?" 避免出现so what问题
·
Does the thesis  avoid general phrasing and/or sweeping words such as "all" or "none" or "every"? 避免绝对的论调
·
Does the thesis lead the reader toward the topic sentences (the subtopics needed to prove the thesis)? 主题句是否引导了下文的分论点或者段主题？
·
Can the thesis be adequately developed in the required length of the paper or project? 主题句是否可以适合被展开论述？
If you cannot answer "YES" to these questions, what changes must you make in order for your thesis to pass these tests?

下面是一些好的主题句的例子：
E-coli contamination should not happen.（为什么没有原因呢？？？）

The causes of the Civil War were economic, social, and political.

The Simpsons represents the greatest animated show in the history of television.

The Simpsons treats the issues of ethnicity, family dynamics, and social issues effectively.

Often dismissed because it is animated, The Simpsons treats the issue of ethnicity more powerfully than didthe critically praised All In The Family.

Although many parents of teens struggling with body image may blame television models and other such stars, these body issues and their disorders stem back to their daughters' younger days of pigtails and Barbies.

Despite their high-tech special effects, today's graphically violent horror movies do not convey the creative use of cinematography or the emotional impact that we saw in the classic horror films of the 1940s and 50s.

四、如何写出好的主题句？（思维的步骤）
１．Rank with justification　考虑重要性
·
Most important to least important
·
Least important to most important
2.Contrasts (of perspectives of sources) 对比，考虑流行和反对观点
·
Although newspapers at the time claimed ……, the most significant cause/explanation/reason, etc. is ……
·
While Sb. and Sb. maintains that  ................, more accurately/importantly, etc, # 2's position is the stronger one. (Substitute "most historians" for  So and So and the appropriate person or view or source for #2.)
3.Perception versus reality; 感觉与现实
l
Although Turner himself may have believed X, the real causes were Y and Z.
4.Good versus bad reasons:
l
Historians generally list six reasons as the cause for X, but among these are four that are valid and two that are not.
５． Cause and Effect: 因果关系
·
Certainly, X was the cause and Y was its effect, but between the two are two other factors of equal importance.
·
Separately the causes would have not necessarily led to a rampage; however, together their effect was inevitably murderous.  
·
Although the effects of the rampage were . . ., the causes were understandable/justifiable/inevitable.
·
The more important effects of Nat Turner's rebellion went beyond those of  the local rampage.
６．Challenge:质疑，否定
Nat Turner's rebellion not a righteous response to the injustice of slavery; it was motivated purely by disturbing psychological issues.   

７．提出系列问题：
·
What should the audience/reader do/feel/believe?

·
Who are the major players on both/each side and how did they contribute to?

·
Which are the most important?
·
What was the impact of?

·
Can I compare? How is X like or unlike Y?

·
What if?  Can I predict?

·
How could we solve/improve/design/deal with?
·
Is there a better solution to?
·
How can you defend?
·
What changes would you recommend to?

·
Was it effective, justified, defensible, warranted?
·
Why did this happen?
Why did it succeed?
Why did it fail?
·
What should be? What are/would be the possible outcomes of?

·
What are the problems related to?
·
What were the motives behind?

·
Why are the opponents protesting?

·
What is my personal response to?
·
What case can I make for?

·
What is the significance of?
·
Where will the next move(s) occur?

·
How is this debate likely to affect?
·
What is the value or, what is/are the potential benefit(s) of?
·
What are three/four/five reasons for us to believe?（这么多问题记不住啊
。。。）

五、对于主题的头脑风暴：
Thesis Brainstorming
注意下面的三点：
As you read look for:

• Interesting contrasts or comparisons or patterns emerging in the information
• Is there something about the topic that surprises you?
• Do you encounter ideas that make you wonder why?
• Does something an "expert" says make you respond, "no way! That can be right!" or "Yes, absolutely. I agree!"

Example of brainstorming a thesis:
Select a topic: television violence and children
Ask an interesting question: What are the effects of television violence on children?
Revise the question into a thesis: Violence on television increases aggressive behavior in preschool children.
Remember this argument is your “preliminary” or “working” thesis. As you read you may discover evidence that may affect your stance. It is okay to revise your thesis!（可以修改自己原来设定的主题，就是说通过对题目的理解和论据的权衡，修改主题以利于论证）

论据：As you write and revise your paper, it's okay to change your thesis statement -- sometimes you don't discover what you really want to say about a topic until you've started (or finished) writing! Just make sure that your "final" thesis statement accurately shows what will happen in your paper.

Create a list of sample questions to guide your research:

• How many hours of television does the average young child watch per week?
• How do we identify a "violent" program?
• Which types of programs are most violent?
• Are there scientific research studies that have observed children before and after watching violent programs?
• Are there experts you might contact?
• Which major groups are involved in investigating this question?

六、主题示例：注意下面的例子中前一个不是Thesis而后一个是！

How to Tell a Strong Thesis Sentence from a Weak One.1. A strong thesis takes some sort of stand.明确表明立场！Remember that your thesis needs to show your conclusions about a subject.
2. A strong thesis justifies discussion.留给大家质疑和讨论的余地．Your thesis should indicate the point of the discussion. A good strategy for creating a strong thesis is to show that the topic is controversial. Readers will be interested in reading the rest of the essay to see how you support your point.
3. A strong thesis expresses one main idea.表达一个主要观点Readers need to be able to see that your paper has one main point. Hint: a great many clear and engaging thesis statements contain words like “because,” “since,” “so,” “although,” “unless,” and “however.”
4. A strong thesis statement is specific.具体而不抽象A thesis statement should show exactly what your paper will be about, and will help you keep your paper to a manageable topic.
This is a strong thesis because it narrows the subject to a more specific and manageable topic and it also identifies the specific causes for the existence of hunger.

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Topic Sentences and Signposting

Topic sentences and signposts make an essay's claims clear to a reader. Good essays contain both. Topic sentences
reveal the main point of a paragraph. They show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows. Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report. Signposts, as their name suggests, prepare the reader for a change in the argument's direction. They show how far the essay's argument has progressed vis-ˆ-vis the claims of the thesis.



Topic sentences and signposts occupy a middle ground in the writing process. They are neither the first thing a writer needs to address (thesis and the broad strokes of an essay's structure are); nor are they the last (that's when you attend to sentence-level editing and polishing). Topic sentences and signposts deliver an essay's structure and meaning to a reader, so they are useful diagnostic tools to the writer—they let you know if your thesis is arguable—and essential guides to the reader.

Forms of Topic Sentences

Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long. (不是印象中的一句话呢~~可以是一个小意群)If the first makes a claim, the second might reflect on that claim, explaining it further. Think of these sentences as asking and answering two critical questions: How does the phenomenon you're discussing operate? Why does it operate as it does?

There's no set formula for writing a topic sentence. Rather, you should work to vary the form your topic sentences take. Repeated too often, any method grows wearisome. Here are a few approaches.

１．Complex sentences.
Topic sentences at the beginning of a paragraph frequently combine with a transition from the previous paragraph. This might be done by writing a sentence that contains both subordinate and independent clauses, as in the example below.（利用复合句，联系上下文的作用）


Although Young Woman with a Water Pitcher depicts an unknown, middle-class woman at an ordinary task, the image is more than "realistic"; the painter [Vermeer] has imposed his own order upon it to strengthen it.


This sentence employs a useful principle of transitions: always move from old to new information.
The subordinate clause (from "although" to "task") recaps information from previous paragraphs; the independent clauses (starting with "the image" and "the painter") introduce the new information—a claim about how the image works ("more than Ôrealistic'") and why it works as it does (Vermeer "strengthens" the image by "imposing order").
(超级赞啊，首先确定了结构是前段的总结+这一段的新信息，新信息包括how和why的问题)

２．Questions.
（提问）Questions, sometimes in pairs, also make good topic sentences (and signposts).
Consider the following: "Does the promise of stability justify this unchanging hierarchy?" We may fairly assume that the paragraph or section that follows will answer the question. Questions are by definition a form of inquiry, and thus demand an answer. Good essays strive for this forward momentum.
（这里个人觉得应该是用一般疑问句来提问会比较好，如果是用特殊疑问句提问的话那么问题中就很难体现内容的所在）

３．Bridge sentences.
Like questions, "bridge sentences" (the term is John Trimble's) make an excellent substitute for more formal topic sentences. Bridge sentences indicate both what came before and what comes next (they "bridge" paragraphs) without the formal trappings of multiple clauses: "But there is a clue to this puzzle."


４．Pivots.
Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph. When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot." （如果不是第一句话或最后一句话，就是说明本段要出现转折，并且出现在转折处）This strategy is particularly useful for dealing with counter-evidence: a paragraph starts out conceding a point or stating a fact ("Psychologist Sharon Hymer uses the term Ônarcissistic friendship' to describe the early stage of a friendship like the one between Celie and Shug"); after following up on this initial statement with evidence, it then reverses direction and establishes a claim ("Yet ... this narcissistic stage of Celie and Shug's relationship is merely a transitory one. Hymer herself concedes . . . "). The pivot always needs a signal, a word like "but," "yet," or "however,"（有点像作文的敏感词，按照老美的风格写肯定没错） or a longer phrase or sentence that indicates an about-face. It often needs more than one sentence to make its point.

这四点都太赞了，可以根据具体的情况来安排使用

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多谢支持哈~~~一起加油！！！ 5# 123runfordream

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1．
如何使用论据论证？
（１）
Offer evidence that agrees with your stance up to a point, then add to it with ideas of your own.$正面论证
（２）
Present evidence that contradicts your stance in order to argue against (refute) it and therefore strengthen your position 反面论证
（３）
Use sources against each other, as if they are experts on a panel discussing your proposition
（４）
Use quotations to support your assertion, not merely to state or restate your claim. Weak and Strong Uses of Evidence他山之玉
In order to use evidence effectively, you need to integrate it smoothly into your paragraph(为了使这些论据流畅的结合在一起，应该：)
o State your claim.
o Give your evidence, remembering to relate it to the claim.
o Comment on the evidence to show how it supports the claim（第三步常常被我忘掉，举完例子后要对例子进行评价论证~~~ 立观点-举例-论证）

举例：
Weak Use of Evidence
1)
Today, we are too self-centered. Most families no longer sit down to eat together, preferring instead to eat on the go while rushing to the next appointment . Everything is about what we want（感觉就是有点我平常的文风啊，原来是个反面教材 = =）
This is a weak example of evidence because the evidence is not related to the claim. What does the claim about self-centeredness have to do with families eating together? The writer doesn’t explain the connection．
The same evidence, however, can be used to support the same claim, but only with the addition of a clear connection between claim and evidence, and some analysis of the quotation’s content
缺陷：论证和题目结合不紧密，不是论据无关，而是作者没有表现这种合理的关系在哪里，其实就是却一句话或者是一个逻辑连接词的问题．

Stronger Use of Evidence
2)
Today, Americans are too self-centered. Even our families don't matter as much anymore as they once did. Other people and activities take precedence. In fact, the evidence shows that most American families no longer eat together, preferring instead to eat on the go while rushing to the next appointment. Sit-down meals are a time to share and connect with others; however, that connection has become less valued, as families begin to prize individual activities over shared time, promoting self-centeredness over group identity．
This is a far better example, as the evidence is more smoothly integrated into the text, the link between the claim and the evidence is strengthened, and the evidence itself is analyzed to provide support for the claim
大家其实可以看出来这段的论证好在哪里：划线的部分首先是首尾都有明显的和中心联系的句子，让你知道你在读什么，然后就是后边的几乎每个句子都有逻辑的连接词汇连接了起来．
Discussing your evidence’s significance develops and expands a paper，Remember that your job during the course of your essay is to persuade your readers that your claims are feasible and the most effective way of interpreting the evidence

Questions to Ask Yourself When Revising Your Paper
1) Do I avoid generalizing in my paper by specifically explaining how my evidence is representative?
2) Have I offered my reader evidence to substantiate each assertion I make in my paper?
3) Do I thoroughly explain why/how my evidence backs up my ideas?
这点常常被忽略，要解释例子是如何佐证的 就是出名其中的联系所在。
4) Do I provide evidence that not only confirms but also qualifies my paper’s main claims?
5) Do I use evidence to test and evolve my ideas, rather than to just confirm them?
6) Do I cite my sources thoroughly and correctly?
总结一下，可以从多个角度来论证问题，举例要举相关的得当的例子，但是切记一点一定要论述论据和中心的联系，而这些联系往往使通过连接词的句子表现的。

wy701lrUID: 2522682

今天一天下来收获还是蛮大的~疯狂的补着作业，但是无奈欠下的债太多了~~明天会继续加油的~讨厌熄灯的宿舍，本子的电力也只能支撑到现在这个时候了~哎 要是俺有台能全天24小时工作的本子就好了~加油！坚持！

wy701lrUID: 2522682

早上起来小补下作业~~~刚刚忘记保存了~打了半天的作业都没了~哎...今天会很忙很忙 估计只能晚上再来补补作业了~~~加油 坚持！
废话不多~上作业

段落间的关系

Climactic Order (Order of Importance)
对应连接词：
more importantly; best of all; still worse; a more effective approach; even more expensive; even more painful than passing a kidney stone; the least wasteful; occasionally, frequently, regularly
这个就是按照重要程度顺序，最后写最重要的
然后其中提到一种 开头结尾放最重要的 次重要的放在中间，感觉很像高中的作文练习时候强调开头和结尾， 因为改卷老师没有那么多时间去品读中间的部分，不知道老美改卷是不是也是这个风格呢？

Your last section could begin, "The most serious difficulty with…, however, is…"
If the two views you are discussing are relatively simple to explain and analyze, try a longitudinal method by which you discuss all aspects of view A and then moved on to discuss all aspects of view B.
In a complex situation,
you’ll need a cross-sectional approach, which deals with both sides of each sub-topic in turn
通过对这些论据的总结，我有以下结论：
１．
并不是所有的文章都是要按照ascending orders的，其实别的顺序都可以接受，包括descending的。主要是按照合理的顺序，说清楚意思就好。
２．
实际的文章写作，没有这么单纯的顺序，Issue题目中，许多复杂的问题远不能拿这些逻辑顺序概括。实际上，我们把这种复杂的顺序叫做the flow of mind，根据论证的思路排序
３．补充一种顺序：IMRaD: Introduction- Materials and Methods -
Results – Discussion
处理复杂顺序的方法：
1. 3w法
what
What evidence shows that the phenomenon described by your thesis is true? it shouldn't take up much more than a third (often much less) of your finished essay. 不能超过1/3呢~~~
how
How does the thesis stand up to the challenge of a counter-argument? How does the introduction of new material—a new way of looking at the evidence, another set of sources—affect the claims you're making?

why
Why does your interpretation of a phenomenon matter to anyone beside you?


2
一、
文章地图法：
Mapping an Essay
State your thesis in a sentence or two, then write another sentence saying why it's important to make that claim. Here you're anticipating your answer to the "why"
Begin your next sentence like this: "To be convinced by my claim, the first thing a reader needs to know is . . .This will start you off on answering the "what" question.

Begin each of the following sentences like this: "The next thing my reader needs to know is . . ."
注意不要写成堆积型：Walk-through essays follow the structure of their sources rather than establishing their own.