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Dec.30 周五作业:教育方法类
issue55 Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all leavels of education.
from Cappuccino☆:
1. 竞争增加了精神上的压力,从而可以更好的挖掘学生的潜力
2. 分数可以使"学习知识"这一过程抽象化,虽然这不是最完美的,但介于人类社会的发展程度,这是唯一的办法
3. 分数制度有它的缺陷,比如说作弊,抄袭,过分的追求高分而忽略了对学生具体实践能力的培养
213. "Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challenge the assertions of others. In fact, the ability to compromise and work with others--that is, the ability to achieve social harmony- -should be a major goal in every school."
from Huson:
1. 批判性的思维是必须的，但也要有承认正确的勇气，妥协是应该建立在有限度的合作基础上，盲信只会导致僵化
2. 挑战别人的断言，批判性的思维，是对事物的认识产生新想法的途径，也是产生今日文明之源泉
3. 批判性的思维是严禁的思维方式，每个人对这个能力的获取并不破坏社会的和谐
4. 对正确事物观点做一定程度的妥协，是合作的必由之路，没有合作和对正确事物的认同是可怕的，一个人没有这方面 的积累也不可能做出大的成就
5. 不可或缺，片面强调或简单化或抛弃一方都不正确的，教育工作者需要培养学生双方面的意识。
from shiel:
1. 为了社会的和谐发展，学生需要创新，通过质疑与合作。
2. 始终应该注重质疑
3. 社会的和谐发展同时需要培养学生的合作意识 发展
4. 单方面过分强调不可取，两者相辅相成.
from Cappuccino☆:
1.challenge assertion:
1)培养学生的critical thinking
2)有了相互质疑才回导至学术界总体水平的提高;如果一个观点被提出后就被视为真理,永远没有人挑战的话,会减慢人 类技术的发展
3)有了各种各样的质疑观点,人们才会从不同的角度去看问题,保证了客观性
2.harmony:
1)团队合作的重要性,学校应该培养学生这方面的技能
2)促进学习,工作,研究气氛的人性化,人们关系更容洽
3.both are need
chanllenge assertion和harmony并不是矛盾的,不同情况下需要不同的品质,我们不能完完全全去相信一个观点,同时 在探讨问题的过程中合作也是必须的.
例子:
from Huson:
such as Columbus’s geography discovery or Copernicus’s advanced theory disrupting the Ptolemaic system of astronomy alike, be realized and put into practice as we have done in sciences, technologies, etc
from shiel:
1. Elbert Einstein, showed the extreme hobby of physics and queried Newton’s classic mechanics because of his putting forward special and general Theory of Relativity, which revolutionized modern thought on the nature of space and time and formed a theoretical base for the exploitation of atomic energy.
2. How could Edison turn his innovative ideas into realities without cooperation? How could Magellan prove the earth is round with practice for the first time? We design airplanes, build roads and play basketball in teams.
from Cappuccino☆:
"The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet" said Aristotle.
教育方法类其他题目:
50. "In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach."
为了改善大学的教学质量，所有的教员都应该被要求花一定时间到学术领域以外去参加和他们所教科目相关的工作。
Position:
Working experience in relevant professions enables college and university faculty to offer practical instruction to students.
First, faculty who are actively engaged in their fields come to class with fresh insights and contagious excitement about the issue at hand.
Secondly, by keeping abreast with the changing demands of work as a professional, professors can help students who are serious about pursuing a career in that field to make more informed career decisions.
Thirdly, experience in the field can help a professor ferret out cutting-edge and controversial issues— which might be appropriate subjects for research and publication.
However, the teachers in some disciplines such as mathematics, literature, history, philosophy, etc., may find it difficult to combine their teaching with relevant professional fields.
----------------
51. "Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student."
教育只有被专门设计来满足每一个学生个人需求和兴趣的时候才是真正有效率的。
Student-oriented education is the most effective way to help students learn.
The traditional teacher-oriented education often neglects the individual needs and interests of each student, which proves counterproductive.
Student-oriented education can most effectively involve individual students in the learning process.
Nonetheless, winking at students’ unreasonable desires would only result in chaos in education.
少数和多数
-------------------
94. "Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated."
大学应该要求每一个学生在自己专业课外选修各种学科，因为获得各种学科的知识才是获得真正教育的最好途径。
Agree
True education amounts to far more than gaining the knowledge and ability to excel in one’s major course of study and in one’s professional career.
Becoming truly educated also requires sufficient mastery of one academic area to permit a student to contribute meaningfully to society later in life.
Nevertheless, the call for a broad educational experience as the path to becoming truly educated comes with one important caveat—in the pursuit of true education students must be careful not to become a dilettante.
必修课和选修课
-----------------------
98. "Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, film, advertising, and television because contemporary culture has much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past."
大学应该开设更多关于流行音乐、电影、广告和电视的课程，因为当代文化比起过去的文学和艺术与学生们更加息息相 关。
Agree with concession
Popular culture is a mirror of society’s impulses and values.
Knowledge of popular films, music, and art enables a person to find common ground to relate to other people, which leads to better communication between different subcultures.
Nevertheless, emphasizing the study of popular culture at the expense of studying classical art and literature can carry harmful consequences for students, as well as for society.
过去和现在之流行课程
------------------------------
100. "The pressure to achieve high grades in school seriously limits the quality of learning. An educational environment without grades would promote more genuine intellectual development."
在学校获得高分的压力严重得限制了学习的质量。一个没有分数的教育环境将会促进真正的智力发展。
Grade连续2次出现，这里不是学历、学位的意思，学历、学位应该是degree。
教育之分数
The speaker fails to see the positive effects of the pressure exerted by exams.
Admittedly, exams might exert some negative impact on students.
However, competition for high grades among students could motivate students to work hard.
Well-prepared exam questions could also help students review their lessons.
--------------------------------
112. "Some educational systems emphasize the development of students' capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions."
一些教育体系强调学生逻辑推理思维能力的发展，但是那些教学生们探究自身情绪的教育对学生们才更有好处。
While I concede that in certain fields students are well served by nurturing their emotions and feelings, in most academic disciplines it is by cultivating intellect rather than emotions that students master their discipline and, in turn, gain a capacity to contribute to the well-being of society.
I agree with the speaker insofar as undue emphasis on reason and logical thinking can have a chilling effect on the arts.
Aside from its utility in the arts, however, the exploration of emotions has little place in educational systems.
Indeed, on a systemic scale undue emphasis on the exploration of our emotions can have deleterious societal consequences. Emotions invite irrationality in thought and action, the danger of which are all too evident in contemporary world history.
------------------------------
128. "It is often asserted that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit. In reality, however, formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free."
教育的目的据称是要解放思想和精神。然而实际上，正规的教育是要遏制我们的思维和精神而不是解放他们。
Some people might argue that the overwhelming curriculum of schools would restrain our mind and spirit. However, if deficient in knowledge, absolute free mind will lead to total simplicity and naivety.
Formal education plays a very important role in the process of freeing the mind and spirit. Basic knowledge, which can only be attained through formal education, is the prerequisite for freeing people’s mind and spirit.
解放思想
------------------------------
132. "The university community consists of three different worlds----the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences. Because each world operates on its own assumptions and has its own special habits of thinking, rarely is there meaningful interaction among the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences."
大学包括了三个不同的领域----科学、人文学科以及社会学科。因为每一个领域都根据自己的前提运转，每一个领域都 有自己独特的思维习惯，所以在自然科学、人文科学和社会科学之间几乎是不存在有意义的交互的。
Disagree
Admittedly, the university community regards the three different academic endeavors as separate realms.
Actually, the three fields are intrinsically interrelated to each other.
Combining the relevant methods used respectively in the three fields will be of great help to our study and learning.
学科之间的关系
------------------------------
153. "Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively."
无论学生们学习什么都应该带着一定的疑问。学生们应该质疑老师教授的东西而不只是被动的接受。
Skepticism is perhaps most important in the physical science. Passive acceptance of prevailing principles quells innovation, invention and discovery.
The value of skepticism is not limited to the physical sciences, of course. (sociology, political science, law)
Even in the arts, students must challenge established styles and forms rather than learn to imitate them; otherwise, no genuinely new art would ever emerge.
Admittedly, undue skepticism might be counterproductive in educating young children.
教育问题之学而好问
------------------------
34. "Instead of requiring students to take courses in a variety of disciplines--that is, courses ranging from the arts and the humanities to the physical and biological sciences--colleges and universities should allow students to enroll only in those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields. Such concentration is necessary in today's increasingly work-oriented society."
与其要求学生们选修各种各样的学科----从艺术和人文科学到物理和生物科学----大学还不如允许学生们仅仅去选择那 些有助于他们今后工作的学科。这种集中在当今这个工作至上的社会是必要的。
To begin with, schools should attach enough importance to courses that can help students prepare for jobs in their chosen fields.
However, work-oriented courses is never incompatible with other courses such as arts, humanities and the like, which also play an important role in one career success.
Inter-disciplinary study is crucial for the improvement of either discipline.
Though courses of a wide range of disciplines should be made compulsory, sufficient freedom should be granted to students.
学科
---------------------
39. "The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree."
大学学习的好处被过分的高估了：大多数人如果通过研究和阅读的方式自学四年的话，会比追求一个大学学位学到的更 多。
Disagree
Schools offer systematical curriculum, qualified staff, libraries, facilities and so on, which are not available to individuals who study on their own.
Studying with peers arouses competition and cooperation. Compulsory studies avoids laziness.
Qualified degrees help get a job offer more easily.
However, degree does not mean everything. It is just a symbol. Even if you have a college degree, you still have to work hard in order achieve career success.
大学和自学
--------------------------
67. "Colleges should require students to engage in public-service activities in order to assure that each student receives a balanced, well-rounded education."
大学应该要求学生们参加公益活动，这也是为了保证每一个学生都能获得平衡而全面的教育。
Agree
Colleges today tend to isolate students from society.
However, we should realize that participating in some social activities may actually contribute to their academic work.
To train qualified citizens for society, colleges should arrange for public-service activities to increase student’s sense of social responsibility.
少数和多数之社会实践和全面教育
-------------------------
78. "Schools should be required to teach the essential interconnectedness of all human beings and thus help eliminate wars, cultural clashes, and other forms of conflict."
学校应该被要求去教授存在于所有人之间的重要联系，这样做可以消灭战争、文化冲突和其他形式的纷争。
Human beings share many common interests and values, the awareness of which would contribute to intercultural understanding and cooperation.
Realizing the differences between different cultures would help different peoples of the world communicate with each other more effectively.
Considering the growing threat of cultural imperialism in this information age, it might be more urgent for schools to give more emphasis on cultural differences.
分歧和统一
-------------------------
80. "All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even if they have no interest in science."
所有的学生都应该被要求去学习科学课程，即使他们对科学毫无兴趣。
Taking courses in the sciences benefits not only students in the sciences but also students in humanities.
The research methods in the sciences can be applied to the studies of humanities.
Students of humanities and social sciences may bring fresh and constructive perspectives and viewpoints to natural science classes.
Some knowledge of the sciences is a must for everyone living in an age in which science and technology play a dominant role.
现实和理想之学习与兴趣
-------------------------
90. "College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than seek programs that promise entry into the job market."
大学学生应该被鼓励去学习他们感兴趣的学科而不是那些容易找工作的学科。
Agree
Today’s parents attach too much importance to the job prospects of their children’s education.
However, empirical evidence suggests that young people are more likely to succeed in a career that interests them.
现实和理想之兴趣
---------------------------
223. "Education is primarily a personal matter; it has little to do with school or college."
教育主要是个人的私事，和中小学或者大学基本上没什么关系。
Education is not a personal matter in a large sense, and it certainly has a lot to do with school or college.
It is not difficult to understand that education directly benefits the individual receiver of education.
Furthermore, the education of an individual concerns the interests of the whole society.
With the dramatic increase in knowledge today, it is impossible to educate oneself without the involvement of school or college.
少数和多数
-------------------------
230. "College students--and people in general--prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminate as many choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction."
大学学生和普通大众宁愿听从指示而不愿意自己做决定。因此，大学应该尽可能为学生减少选择以便于为学生们提供一 个明确的方向。
As for the speaker’s threshold claim, I concede that under certain circumstances people prefer to take direction from others.
When it comes to particular tasks in which college professors are more experienced and knowledgeable, following their directions is to be preferred, for failing to do so can result in costly mistakes.
However, when it comes to decisions about major and minor fields of study, curriculum choices, and other broad decisions, for the most part students themselves—and not college administrators—should be the final decision-makers.
精英和大众之选择权
---------------------------
[ Last edited by Cappuccino☆ on at 2006-1-1 20:52 ] |
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楼主: Cappuccino☆
发表于 2006-1-1 17:17:21
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