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16. Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migrates,so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. (3+)
在一条成年比目鱼身上显著存在的诸多不对称(asymmetry)特征中,最为吸人注目的是眼睛的摆位:在成年之前,一只眼睛发生移动,因此在成年比目鱼身上,两只眼睛均位于头部的同一侧面。
难句类型:倒装、省略
解释:本句的倒装本质上与我们早就的一种倒装结构是一样的,即形容词放在句首时,主语和谓语倒装。本句的主干的正常语序应该是:Eye placement is most striking;倒装后成了Most striking is eye placement。但是这种倒装在GRE考试中出现,又有了新的特色,被提到句首的Most striking被长长的状语among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish与后面的主语和表语分开,造成阅读困难。
意群训练:Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migrates,so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.
17. A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .(4)
一个对于H的关于为何法律上的奴隶制没有在17世纪60年代以前出现的原因所作解释的批评显示,关于奴隶制和种族偏见之间的关系的假说应当重新检查,而且显示出,对于在北美和南美之间的对黑怒的不同处理的解释应当被扩展。
难句类型:复杂修饰、省略
解释:句子的主干清楚:A critique suggests that…, and suggests that…。但是因为句子的结构复杂、修饰成分多,再加上后面的and 之后的suggests被省略,所以句子的结构很难被读出来的。
本句的suggest不再是暗示,而是显示、说明的意思,其同义词有point,indicate,imply。本句的两个suggest之后的宾语从句都根据语法要求使用了虚拟语气。
意群训练:A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .
18. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands,islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system, whose source,most geologists contend,is the upper mantle. (5 -)
对于地幔分层论点来说,最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实,即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流(mantle plume)——上发现的火山岩石,是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的,而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因,大多数地质学家论辩道,为上部地幔。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语
解释:本句前面的主干并不算难,即the evidence is the fact that,难就难在fact之后说明fact 的同位语从句。此从句中既有大段插入语,又有从句,较为难读。同位语从句的主语是volcanic rocks,主语后面的found on oceanic islands是分词修饰volcanic rocks的;islands后面又有一个说明islands的同位语islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位语实际起到一个分隔主谓的同位语的作用。其后是谓语动词are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。
句中有一些专有词汇。如果抛开文章不说,单看这一个句子,则句首的layered mantle thesis就难以理解。但是如果读者能够读懂句子的大致意思,看到layered mantle thesisr最有力证据就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,这应该可以推测出,既然不同于上层地幔,则这个理论一定是在说地幔有不同的层面。
意群训练:The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands,islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system, whose source,most geologists contend,is the upper mantle.
19. Some geologists,however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered,but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly,according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. (4+)
但是,某些地质学家,以对地幔捕虏岩体(xenolith)所作的观察为依据,指出地幔并非是分层排列的,相反,地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的,这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态,自下而上渗透扩散,并依照这些流质流向的任意性,不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语
解释:本句的主句中有一个长插入语however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主谓,但句子的主要难度还是在that引导的宾语从句中,从句中有由but 所连接的两个句子,一起延续到句末。首选是rich in incompatible elements修饰fluids;后面又有一个同位语和一个分词结构,都是修饰incompatible elements的,最后还有一个状语来修饰那个分词结构,层层修饰,比较复杂。
意群训练:Some geologists,however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered,but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly,according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.
20. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. (5 -)
F认为,P在1908年试图开始写一部小说,又为了写一部批判S-B的 伟大作品的真正本质的视而不见的长篇的证明而放弃了这部小说,其后又发现这一论文又勾起了其个人记忆及小说情节的萌生,使得后者取而代之形成了一部稳定展开的小说。
难句类型:复杂修饰、抽象词
解释:本句来自历来被GRE考生尊称为所有GRE文科文章中难度第一的普鲁斯特的追忆似水年华,这篇文章的难度远远高于现在计算机考试的题目。普鲁斯特是公认的意识流小说的先驱,据笔者推测,本文的原作者必定是研究普鲁斯特的大家,因此其文章必然带有思维的跳跃,、不连贯性、时空颠倒等意识流手法:经过ETS的改编后,虽然可读性略有啬,然积重难返、无法救药,于是堕落成一篇流水帐文章。从本句的结构来看,也可以表现作者的这种叙事风格:本句从that引导的宾语从句开始,实际上是以普鲁斯特的意识流向为线索,以列举的方式描述其动机的变化,从一开始的写别的小说,其英文为Prout had tried to…, abandoned…,found…,and allowed..。但是因为abandoned之后的状语for…的结构复杂、用词抽象,所以这个结构不太容易被看出来。Blindness在此不是指真盲,而是指缺乏辨认能力difficult to discern, make out,or discover,视而不见。Give rise to 这个词组的意思是引起,使发生。
意群训练:Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.
21. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels,from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. (5)
各种有意义的联系在所有的层次上,自抽象的理性至深刻的梦幻般的情感,层出不穷并不断重新组合排列;正是这些有意义的联系的丰富性和复杂性,致使普鲁斯特难于将它们错落有致地安排好。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
解释:请原谅笔者在此所做中文翻译的艰涩难懂,为了让读者能够更好地理解句子的结构,本书尽量把中文翻译与英文原文的语序相对应,而且尽可能的不用意译。为了达到这个目的,可以说绞尽脑汁,但本句之难懂也全非笔者之故,原文作者使用了大量的抽象词。本句仍然来自于上面说过的这篇关于普鲁斯特的文章。句中的主语是The very richness and complexity,其后的修饰成分长达三行,of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings,其中还夹杂着插入语,有效地分开了主语和谓语。其实本句虽然结构也比较复杂,但是不见得比前面的句子复杂得多,其真正的难点,还在于句子中大量的抽象词的使用。由于笔者在附录中所提到的原因,抽象词可以严重地占据大脑资源,因此带有大量的抽象词的结构复杂的句子就更为难懂,比如本句就是一个很好的例子,复杂修饰与抽象词狼狈为奸,句意另人难以理解。
意群训练:The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels,from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.
22. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. (4)
但是我们当中的那些希望(也算上K本人)K新出版的P1909年书信的全集能够更加详细的记录下这一过程的人都大失所望。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语
解释:本句中从句套从句,致使主语those of us与谓语的距离很远,而且中间的成分又极多,使得句子很难读懂。修饰主语those of us的定语从句who hoped之中又套了一个宾语从句,宾语从句的主语complete edition又被一前一后的两个定语所修饰,之后才依次是宾语从句的谓语、宾语:主句的系动词、表语。
意群训练:But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.
23. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ,a conquered people – a charter minority on our own land. (5 -)
现在我们必须也按照我们墨西哥裔的美国人的经历来审视这个文化,我们的经历是从一个主权的民族变成了新来的定居者的同胞,在最终沦落成为一个被征服的民族——在我们自己的土地上的契约的少数民族。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、固定搭配
解释:主句中的as we Mexican Americans have experienced it 是examine的状语,说明审视的角度;后面直至句尾的分词结构又是experience的状语,详述了经历的具体过程。就是这个分词有些难懂,因为我们熟知的结构是from…to…没有见过,也没有想到过后面居然还有一个to,因此看到这个套了一个插入语的newly arriving settlers to , finally, a conquered people的时候头脑发生混乱,不明所以、不知所措。这里的to还是与前面的from搭配的,也就是说,原文的结构是from…to…to…
意群训练:Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ,a conquered people – a charter minority on our own land.
24. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s (mRNA’s)of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones,the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them,then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA’s,but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. (4)
科学家可以制造出特异的(specific)互补DNA’s(cDNA’s),以此作为分子探子(molecular probe),探觅出肽激素的信使RNA’s(mRNA’s)。如果大脑正在制造着肽激素,则细胞就会含有这些信使RNA’s.假若细胞所制造的产品类似于肽激素但并非与这些肽激素全然相同,那么,互补cDNA’s应仍然和这些信使mDNA’s粘结的程度。含有这些mRNA’s的脑细胞然后就可以被分离开来,研究者可对其信使RNA’s进行解码,以确定它们的蛋白质产品究竟是什么,并确定这些蛋白质产品在何种程度上类似于真正的肽激素。
难句类型:易混词
解释:与其他的难句不同的是,心上的英文不止一句。笔者之所以在本句中不设标志和翻译,是因为这三句话从结构和意思上来说并不难。然而很少有人能够真正的一次把这段话读清楚,原因在于两个容易混淆的单词cDNA’s和mRNA’s在文中交替出现,而且相互作用;再加上brain cell和hormones从中捣乱,更难读清楚原文的意思。原文的主要意思如下:可以用cDNA’s来探测mRNA’s。如果脑细胞产生了荷尔蒙,则其中必有mRNA’s意味着可用cDNA探测荷尔蒙。如果脑细胞制造的不是真荷尔蒙,则可以用cDNA’s与其中的mRNA’s附着的情况来确定此荷尔蒙的真假。
意群训练:It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s (mRNA’s)of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones,the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them,then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA’s,but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones.
25. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. (4)
采用cDNA探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方法速度来得快,因为对于免疫的方法来说,需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程,方能将肽素分离了出来,然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。
难句类型:复杂修饰、易混指代
解释:主语后的修饰成分同样隔开了主语和谓语,但本句的难度主要在because从句中。按照一般的习惯,作为从句主语的it应该指主句的主语,但本句的主句是一个比较结构,A should be faster than B because it…,此处it也可以指B。但是因为这种指代不符合和我们以前所形成的习惯,所以阅读现场不得不边读边根据句意来判断,这就增加了阅读理解的难度。现场阅读时,类似antiserums的这种专有名词不必理会,仅需从词头anti推出这是一个反p荷尔蒙的东西即可。
意群训练:The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.
26. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.(3+)
然而,研究P时代的研究者发展除了各种各样的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系统,用来显示如果由他们来决定地质事件的话他们将会如何安排冰川纪。
难句类型:复杂修饰、倒装、修辞
解释:句末的由how引导的名词性从句中包括了双重的倒装,正常的语序本来是:If they had been in charge of events, they would have arranged the Ice Age in certain model schemes。本句中由于arrange的方式被提前,就造成了arrange的动作执行者也要提前,前面的if they had been 则必须后置;这样一来又造成了if被省略,成为had they been的倒装结构。
另外,作者为了表达其对于这些研究者的模型的负态度,并炫耀其幽默感,在本句中使用了虚拟语气,并使用了fanciful这个词以表示这些研究的不负责任、异想天开的幼童心理。
意群训练:Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.
27. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods,rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. (4)
这一序列演替(succession)所依据的,主要是一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接相关的地质沉积物和地质事件,而不是依据更为普遍的现代方法,去研究间冰层(interglacial bed)中所发现的生物残留物,而这些间冰层本身又在冰川沉积物发生间层化(interstatified)。
难句类型:复杂修饰、省略、易淆指代
解释:句子中的rather than 之后省略了与前面重复的being based,直接加上了介词on。Modern method后面的部分都是修饰method的。其中的remains既可以作动词也可以作名词,此处是名词的用法,biological remains指的是类似于动物化石之类的遗迹。读到这里我们看到了句子的难点,themselves既可以指前面离得很远的modern method(当然,在语法上来讲单复数不一致),也可以指前面离得较远的biological remains,亦可以指紧挨着的interglacial beds,到底是指代哪一个,只有通过理解句意,才能确定在此处指biological remains。
意群训练:This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods,rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits.
28. There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need,or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.(5)
人们试图对这些禁忌作出解释,所依据的要么是那些正置身于某一身体需要满足的人与那些并置身于某一身体需要之满足的人之间的,要么是那些早已酒足饭饱的人与那些正在不知羞耻地狼吞虎咽失之间的不相称的社会关系。
难句类型:复杂修饰、省略
解释:前面的主架构There have been attempts to explain these taboos很简单,从in terms of inappropriate social relationships开始句子变难,ralationship后面跟着一个一直延续到句末的长长的修饰成分,其中有两个固定搭配,either…or…和between…and…,不但如此,原文把这两个搭配又套在一起,变成了either between…and…,or between…and…;再加上每一个between…and之后都是those who这样的结构,就愈发令人眼花缭乱了。
意群训练:There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need,or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.
29. Many critics of Family Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on,if it does not reverse,the first part,where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. (5)
研究艾米丽。勃朗特(Emily Bronte)小说《呼啸山庄》(Wuthering Heights)的许多文学评论家,将小说的第二部分视作一种对比物,即使没有将第一部分予以逆转的话,也是在对第一部分作出一种诠释评判,而在小说第一部分中,一种“浪漫的”的读解能获得更为充分的确证。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语
解释:上面的翻译中为了符合中文习惯不得不把修饰the first part的where引导的定语从句翻译到中括号以外。本句主要难在两个地方,一个是插入语if it does not reverse如何理解,另一个是counterpoint的意思是什么。产生,插入语的位置比较讨厌,把comments on the first part这样一个连贯的说法割成两段,增加了阅读的难度。而且它的意思容易理解错;if既可以理解成如果的意思,也可以理解成即使的意思。如果理解成即使的意思,则上下文的意思则要理解成即使不反对第一部分,也要给予第一部分一个负面的评论。然而此处不能这样理解,因为that之前的counterpoint的意思不是相反、对立,而是指和谐的组成部分的意思。这个词来源于一个音乐术语,指音乐中的对位法、旋律配合,引伸为形容两个不同的东西彼此和谐一致,同义词是harmony。因此文中的if it does not reverse的意思是假如不反对第一部分,则是与第一部分和谐一致的评论的意思。这种情况下,插入语纯属废话。
意群训练:Many critics of Family Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on,if it does not reverse,the first part,where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation.
30. Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does(15) encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts. (4+)
诚然,这些因素的存在并不能证明作者对小说架构的意识可与亨利。詹姆斯(Henry James)的那种意识相比拟;然则,任何力图将小说所有形形色色的因素统一起来的做法,在某种程度上注定是无法令人信服的。 Granted that:大家都统一、当然,表让步,=admitted , of course.
难句类型:复杂修饰、抽象词
解释:本句的结构固然复杂,但造成最大的阅读难度的,主要还是对一些抽象词的理解。正面是对一些关键词汇的解释:
Granted that出现在句首,其意思是大家都同意、当然,实际上是一种让步语气,等于admitted,of course。
Need not argue中的argue在此不是表示常用的那个辩论、争论的意思,而是表示意味着或证实的意思,其同义词是maintain或prove。
Camparable的词义有两个,除了读者熟悉的that can be compared之外,还有一个意思是worthy of comparison,其同义词是as good as。本文中用的是后面的那个意思,对于这个词义的理解,后面的第18题考到了。
意群训练:Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does(15) encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts.
31. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis(although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger),but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that,ultimately,resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. (5)
这倒不是因为这样的一种解释必定会僵化成为一个命题(尽管对这部或任何一部小说的解释中,僵化死板总是一种危险),而是因为《呼啸山庄》拥有一些极难驾御的因素,以其无可辩驳的力度,最终拒绝被囿于一个囊括无遗的解释中。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
解释:本句的两个插入语虽然有一些干扰性,但是最为主要的难点在于成批出现的抽象词,如interpretation/necessarily/stiffen/thesis/rigidity/recalcitrant/element/undeniable/power/ultimately/resist/inclusion/all-encompassing等。据笔者估测,对于初学GRE或GMAT的学习者而言,在一句话中出现了三个心上的抽象词就会使阅读理解造成障碍,而这句话中出现了十三个这样的单词,读不懂也不足为怪。
训练:This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis(although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger),but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that,ultimately,resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation.
32. The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another,with variations exceeding the measurement error;and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. (4)
铅的同位素构成经常在一种普通铜矿石来源与另一种铜矿石来源之间存在差异,其差异程度超出测量误差;而最初的研究表明,对于来自单独一个铜矿石来源的铅来说,其同位素构成几乎是毫无二致的。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、专业抽象词
解释:本句是一个怪异的现象的典型例子:句子的结构谈不上复杂,所用单词也不难,但是除非读者有理工科的科研(最好是材料科学的科研)背景,否则句子虽然能够得读下来,但是却搞不清句子说的是什么意思。首先,句子中出现的一些词汇虽然也都比较常见,但是在理科文章中出现,就有了专有名词的意味,同时还带有很抽象的学术含义,笔者称之为专业抽象词,如isotopic composition;source;variation;measurement error;preliminary study等。认识这些单词,并不意味着懂得它们在文章的意义和作用。比如说measurement error,大家都可以望文生义地理解成测量错误、测量误差,但是在对文章的阅读中这种字面上的理解是远远不够的。其实此处强调的并不是测量中出现的错误和毛病,而是指那些每次测量都会发生的、永远也无法避免的、在测量值和实际值之间的正常的差异。因此,本句话的真实含义也难以理解。句子只是罗列了一堆事实,而作者真正想说的意思是什么呢?其实variations exceeding the measurement error的言外之意是这些不同variations是真正有意义的不同,而不是试验的误差;那么不同矿源的铜矿的铅同位素成分真的不同,相同的矿源的铅同位素几乎相同,就意味着我们可以通过测量铅同位素的成分来确定铜矿的矿源(挖掘地)。
意群训练:The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another,with variations exceeding the measurement error;and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.
33. More probable is bird transport,either externally,by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers,or internally,by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. (3+)
更有可能的是鸟类运输:或者是通过外部途径,即由于种籽偶然粘附在羽毛上;或者是通过内部方式,即由于鸟类吞食果子并随后将种籽排泄出来。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、倒装
解释:句首有一个倒装,正常语序是bird transport is more probable。后面的句子中由于插入部分的频繁出现使句子显得十分凌乱。
意群训练:More probable is bird transport,either externally,by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers,or internally,by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds.
34. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution . (4+)
一个对于后来成了美国的英国殖民地的历史的长久以来的观点,认为英国在1763年以前对于这些殖民地的政策被经济利益所支配,而且认为一种向着更大程度帝国制度的政策上的转变——为扩张主义的军事目标所左右——产生了最终导致美国革命的紧张气氛。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语
解释:主架构简单,可是主语和表语从句都不让人省心。句子的主干其实就是:A long-held view has been that..。但是主语A long-held view之后却是修饰它的一个三层的定语:of the history of the english colonies that became the United States。系动词has been之后所接的表语从句其实不止一个,其实原句是用了and来连接两个并列的表语从句,has been that…and has been that…。后面的has been照例被省略。
意群训练:A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .
35. It is not known how rare this resemblance is,or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet,whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond; but when present,the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. (4)
现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步,也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中,而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在,这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据,证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语
解释:本句的句子既长,专有名词又多,从句层出不穷,故而难懂。在本句中出现的专有名词中,除了silicates硅酸盐这个单词常常出现于理科文章中,需要记忆之外,其他单词阅读现场简单处理一番既可:inclusions可以猜出是被包含的物质;garnet作首字母提炼叫g:crystallography只要能从词头推出这个单词与晶体有关即可。
意群训练:It is not known how rare this resemblance is,or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet,whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond; but when present,the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.
36. Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model,such as the critique developed in Divided Society,attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. (4+)
即使是对这一主流研究模型的“激进”批评,诸如《分裂的社会》(Divided Society)一书中所提出的那种批判,亦将少数民族同化问题过分机构地与经济和社会移动性的因素联系起来,因此无从阐明波多黎各人作为一个殖民地少数民族的文化从属关系。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、省略、抽象词
解释:本句实际上是由and连接的两个句子,阅读的一个难度在于,and之后省略了they(此处指前面的主语the radical critiques,)而are thus able to 又与前面离得太远,使读者难以找到主语。
另外,句中的固定搭配attach A to B和illuminate C as D当中的A、B、C,全部既长又抽象,理解起来较为困难。
意群训练:Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model,such as the critique developed in Divided Society,attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.
37. They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles,whose lifetimes are not constrained in the same way,and which can be detected. (3)
它们被称为“虚粒子”(virtual particle),以便与实粒子(real particle)区分开来,而实粒子则不会以这种方式受到制约,并且其存在可得以测定。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语
解释:本句的怪异在于:real particles后面跟着两个定语从句,都是同时修饰real particles的,而且两个从句之间不用逗号隔开,却又加上and连接,令人一眼看上去极不习惯。
意群训练:They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles,whose lifetimes are not constrained in the same way,and which can be detected.
38. Open acknowledgement of the existence of women’s oppression was too radical for the United Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion , that change in women’s economic condition , though insufficient by itself , “remains the basic factor ” in improving women’s situation , was particularly unacceptable . (4+)
公开对妇女压迫的存在的承认对于50年代的美国而言有些过分激进,而且B的结论,即妇女经济状况的变化,经管它本身不是一个充分的因素,但是“仍然是提高妇女地位的根本因素”的观点,尤其无法令人接受。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语
解释:本句是由and所连接的两个分句,前一个分句的主语虽然有一些修饰成分,但整体而言还算好读;后面的分句中的修饰成分就比较难读;主语Beauvoir’s conclusion后面被加上了同位语从句that change in…,而且在从句的主语和谓语之间还加了一个插入语;我们好不容易把同位语从句中的成分补齐,后面又看到系表结构was particularly unacceptable的时候,想不起来主语是誰,不禁心中茫然;如果是没有练习过难句的人,也只好黯然神伤。
意群训练:Open acknowledgement of the existence of women’s oppression was too radical for the United Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion , that change in women’s economic condition , though insufficient by itself , “remains the basic factor ” in improving women’s situation , was particularly unacceptable .
39. Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky mantle by the Earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth’s iron fell to its core. (4)其他的理论家提出,在地球的大部分铁沉入到地核之后,由于地球与另一个庞大的天体发生碰撞,月亮便从地球那石质的地幔中撕裂开来而形成的。 Rip:撕开;拨去;在本文是撕开的意思。
难句类型:复杂修饰
解释:这个句子虽然还算短,但结构并不简单,句中共有三介词结构作状语。结构的复杂在本句中给读者带来了真正的阅读困难:月亮、地球、大型天体之间的关系如何?三个事件之间的先后顺序怎样?另外的一个难点在于,在the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky mantle这段话中,be ripped out of something可以作两种解释。Rip既有撕开的意思,又有剥去的意思,而此处的be ripped out of something很被读者理解成被剥夺走某物的意思。实际上,根据对上下文的理解,这里应该理解成从某物中撕裂出来的意思。
意群训练:Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky mantle by the Earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth’s iron fell to its core.
40. However , recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. (4)
然而,进来的学术研究强烈的显示那些看来最为明确的请教徒的早期新英格兰文化的一些方面,比如强烈的宗教导向和团体意识,就整体而言却不是新英格兰的典型特征,而是在很大程度上只局限与马萨诸赛和康涅狄格两个州。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语
解释:宾语从句的主语those aspects后面跟着长长的修饰成分of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan。不但如此,主语和表语之间又被长长的插入语such as分开,而且表语也不是一个,而是were not,but were的结构,使得句子十分难读。
意群训练:However , recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut.
41. Thus,what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern— acquisitiveness,a strong interest in politics and the law,and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models—was not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut,but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire. (4)
因此,那些与(北方)清教殖民地形成鲜明对比、并在戴维斯教授的心目中显得具有特殊南方色彩的特征——占有欲、对政治和法律的浓厚兴趣、以及培养大都市文化模式的倾向——不仅仅要比清教的马萨诸塞州和康乃涅克州所展现出来的文化模式更具有典型的英国色彩,并且几乎毫无疑问地构成了绝大多数其它早期近代英国殖民地的特征,从巴巴多斯北至罗得岛和新罕布什尔州。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语
解释:这个颇长的句子是由一个what从句做主语,此主语what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to davins to be peculialy Southern中有又一些插入语的修饰成分,其实主干很简单,就是what appears to be Southern。Southern后的两个破折号之间的内容是主语的同位语,实际起到了一个插入语的作用。一直到句子写了五行之后,谓语动词was才姗然出现,难怪读者看得不舒服。But also之后,省略了与前面一样的was.
笔者在此再次提醒读者,笔者之所以对此类句子做语法分析,是为了让读者熟悉这些语法结构,而不是希望读者在现场阅读进也去分析其语法,正确的方法是通过熟读本书中的种种难句,使大脑习惯这些语言结构;实战的现场阅读把注意力集中在句子的意思上,比如这句话,只要读出“与D的观念相反,南方的州与清教的殖民地一样,都是有着英国风格的”意思即可。
意群训练:Thus,what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern— acquisitiveness,a strong interest in politics and the law,and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models—was not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut,but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire.
42. Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this.(5)
一些描述,关于他从小就记得的北卡罗来纳州的M县的人民、关于他在H的日子里的爵士乐手和公寓的房顶、关于匹兹堡的钢铁工人的描述和他的假借古代B国对古希腊神话得宠俗,都表现了这一点。In the guise of :”假借、在…的幌子下,假装”。
难句类型:复杂修饰
解释:本句主语之长,主语的长度与谓语长度的比例之大,是极为罕见的,在最后的三个单词attest to this之前的所有内容,全是主语,主语和谓语的比例达到了46比3。不熟秋GRE和GMAT句式的人是很难把这句读懂的。句子的主语实际上是一个由and连接的并列结构,而真正的主语只有两个:Portrayals 和his reconstruction。Portrayals后面长度惊人的修饰成分以三个大列举的方式说出了其描述的对象,其中第一个列举中又包含了一个定语从句,修饰前面的folk(人、人们、人民、民族),第二个主语的修饰成分中使用了一抽象词组:in the guise of,相当于一个介词,其意思是假借,在….的幌子下,假装。
意群训练:Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this.
43. A very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized (or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton. (4)
浮游动物体内一种极特殊的进食适应性变化是蝌蚪状的尾海鞘纲动物(appendicularian)的那种适应性变化,而尾海鞘纲动物则存活于核桃大小(或更小)的黏液球囊内,装备有过滤器,用以捕捉和集中浮游植物。
难句类型:复杂修饰
解释:GRE和GMAT考试中比较有特色的一个语言现象是that (those) of的频繁出现。That(those) of的作用是省略掉与前面一样的名词性成分,从而起到简化句子的结构、缩短句子的长度的作用。然而对于初学GRE和GMAT的人来说,由于以前较少遇到这种结构,而且即使遇到也是在比较简单的句子中间遇到的,所以在复杂句式中一旦遇到,往往一下子搞不清楚这个that(或those)指的是前面众多名词性成分中间的哪一个。解决这个问题的办法,就是多读、反复读这样的句子,熟能生巧。
意群训练:A very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized (or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton.
44. These historians,however,have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. (3+)
但是,这些史学家还不曾充分地分析同一时期中那些具体的女权主义思想和活动的发展。
难句类型:倒装
解释:本句看着别扭的原因是句子的语序颠倒,正常的语序应该是:However, these historians have analyzed the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period less fully.但是这种语序仍然令人费解:为什么作者不说these historians haven’t fully analyzed the development of feminist ideas?既明确又好懂,何乐而不为?
其实这里倒不见得是ETS故意作梗,不让读者读懂,而是因为心上的两种说法之间存在着细微差别:前者强调的是有分析,但与文中的其他研究相比不够完整;后者则是强调没有怎么去研究。GRE和GMAT中使用的英语属于中高级英语,其中的细微之处请读者细心体会。
意群训练:These historians,however,have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period.
45. Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4 M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel. (5)
显然,大多数的巨星能够失去足够多的物质以至于在燃尽其核燃料以前他们的质量下降到关键值1.4M以下。难在:sufficient …that… = so much (many ) … that…
难句类型:特殊省略、固定搭配
解释:我们中国考生显然没有见过sufficient…that…这样的结构,因此习惯性的把that以及其后的内容看成了一个定语从句来修饰material,但是这样读下来发现意思不通,于是发生思维混乱,大脑拒绝工作,以至当场晕厥。
实际上原文相当于在sufficient之前省略了such,与后面的that构成了一个such…that…的结构,但是这种省略不是可以随便使用的:本句之所以能够这样表述,是因为sufficient本身就是一个enough to meet the need of a situation的意思;而enough的意思是occurring in such quantity as to fully meet demands, needs, or expectations.所以,把这两个词义串在一起,sufficient material that…的词义就变成了material occurring in such large quantity that the need of …be fully met。所以我们除了可以把原句看成是省略了such以外,还可以把sufficient …that…看成了一个固定的搭配,相当于so much …that…的意思。
意群训练:Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4 M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel.
46. This is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work.(5)
即使是武装部队是在一种趋向职业平等的制度变迁的风气中运作的时候,而且即使部队是在联邦政府的同工同酬的约束下运行的时候,情况仍然是这样。
难句类型:倒装、省略
解释:不论笔者把这句话算成倒装还是省略,其实都有些牵强。阅读能力较高的读者应该可以看出,文中的语序和表达都是完全符合英文规则的,但问题在于它极不符合汉语习惯:按照中文的习惯,even though之后的长长的从句应当放在句首,而This is so则应该放到最后来说,而且,如果要用and来连接这么长的两个状语,也应该在其中补充上主语用来和谓语才能让人看懂。但是这就是考试中的英语,也是英语国家的高级知识
分子们天天用来做学问的英语,既然他们可以看懂,并能写出来,我们也一定可以看懂,需要的时候也一定能够写出来。
意群训练:This is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work.
80、An impact (on the Mars) capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the Moon, in view of the Moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to Earth. (5)
一个能够把活性表面的碎片射入地球交叉轨道的碰撞发生的可能性甚至小于这种事件在月亮上发生的可能性,考虑到月亮更小的尺寸及其与地球接近的程度。
难句类型:复杂修饰、省略、易淆指代
解释:in view of的意思是考虑到、由于,等于because of,本句粗看上去十分简单,可是你看完之后会发现本句十分难懂。这句话的意思很容易被理解成:如果考虑到月亮的尺寸和与地球的距离的话,火星碎片被撞击所发射到地球的几率,要小于发射到月亮上的几率,有点常识的人就会知道这是不可能的:月亮比地球小得多,而且与火星的距离也与地球类似,碎片射到月亮上的几率怎么会反而高呢?这里的关键在于such an event在文章中指什么,如果是指把火星碎片射到月亮上,那么本句的意思当然是荒谬的;可是如果是指把月亮的碎片发射到地球上,那么本句的意思就对了,实际上句首的An impact之后被省略了一个on mars,所以原文的such an event on moon,指的是An impact on moon capable of ejecting a fragment of the lunar surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit.因此如果把原文补全,则句子就变成了下面的样子:An impact capable of ejecting a fragment of the martian surface into an Earth-ibntersecting orbit is even less probable than an impact on moon capable of ejecting a fragment of the lunar surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit, in view of the Moon’s smaller size and closer proximiy to Earth.
意群训练:An impact (on the Mars) capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the Moon, in view of the Moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to Earth.
81、Not only are liver transplants never rejected,but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs,such as skin,from that donor are accepted permanently. (4)
但是,我们已经发现,在许多种老鼠之间,这些移植法的“常规”并没有被肝脏移植物所遵循。肝脏移植物非但从没遭到过排斥,甚至还诱发了一种供者特异性无应答状态(donor-specific unresponsiveness),在此状态中,随后来自那个供者其它器官的移植物,如皮肤,会永久地被接受。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、倒装
解释:Not only放在句首时谓语被提前,这种倒装对我们的读者来讲不算什么新鲜事。干扰度比较大的是在修饰unresponsiveness的定语从句in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently中,插入语such as skin和前面的transplants搭配的from that donor共同作用,反复地打断读者的思路,使得从句中主语和谓语不能连贯。
意群训练:Not only are liver transplants never rejected,but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs,such as skin,from that donor are accepted permanently.
82、As rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered (by seismic waves)generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments. (4)
当岩石界面被穿过的时候,震波所遇到的弹性性质通常会发生突然的变化,这就使得一部分能量被反射回地面,在地面反射回来的波被震波纪录仪记录下来。
难句类型:复杂修饰、省略、过去分词与谓语易混
解释:绝大多数人读到the elastic characteristics encountered generally change abruptly这一句的时候,第一反应都是把encountered看成了谓语动词,再看到change abruptly的时候又搞不苾怎么会跑出来两个动词,反复看上n遍才看清楚这句话的结构。本句难就难在主语the elastic characteristics后面的表示袪的过去分词encountered的动作发出者在句子中根本就没有出现过,相当于原文在encountered后面省略了一个by seismic waves,倡读者却没有心理准备,同时也不熟悉这种分词修饰的方式,因此也难以读懂。
意群训练:As rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered (by seismic waves)generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments.
83、While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct,the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed,showing,for instance,that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles,and throwing the date once more into utter confusion. (4)
数据资料已被统计出来,或被重新统计出来,以便证明在文体学这方面,《乞援衰女》实际上确实在《波斯人》和《七雄攻忒拜》(后两者现在则变成了“原始”的剧作)之后以及在轴残片却唤起了一种幽灵似的疑虑,即另一块残片有可能再度被挖掘出来,并证明,比如说,《乞援衰女》是作者藉以击败索福克勒斯的《达那特四部曲》的一部死后出版之作,从而将创作年代再度置于极度的混乱之中.
注:best:击败,=defeat, overcome, outdo
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语
解释:specter之后的that从句是specter的同位语,从句中有两个分词作状语,中间由and 连接。其中以第一个分词结构showing that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles的意思较为难懂,有两个地方要解释一下:
首先,best 在这里的用法我们以前很少见到,用作及物动词,是击败后者的意思,等于defeat,overcome或outdo。
其次,a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy这种说法不符合我们的常规想法,我们看到 a posthumous production of 的时候,根据中文的语言习惯,惯性的到of之后去找人名,但是看到后面跟着的是作品名,就想不通了,与中文不同的是,英文中的遗作后面不一定只能接人名,接作品名的时候指的是作品在作者死前未发表的那一部分,比如本文的四部曲,可能作者死前全部写好,但只发表了三部,但是死后发表的遗作第四部击败了S。
意群训练:While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct,the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed,showing,for instance,that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles,and throwing the date once more into utter confusion.
84、The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. (3+)
一个社会所创造出来藉以使其自身生生不息、恒久不衰的方法得以形成产生,以保存在这个社会看来具有本质意义的文化遗产的各个方面。
难句类型:复杂修饰
解释:本句是前面所举的复杂修饰类难句的例句,已经有所详述。
意群训练:The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential.
85、Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used. (4)
传统上,风媒传粉被看成是这样的繁殖过程:其特征就是由一些随即事件的发生,在这些随机事件里,风的反复无常被大量的产生花粉所补偿,以至于新种子的最终产生被保证了,其代价是产生远远多于实际使用量的花粉。
难句类型:复杂修饰
解释:笔者曾经遇到过一个同学,下课以后来找我,说这篇文章读得不好,因为首段的两句话看不懂。这篇文章的首段很长,但仅由两句话构成,不但讲述了老观点的内容,而且解释了这篇文章的主题的所在,从这里我们可以看出在现场迅速读懂难句的重要性。Marked by之后的内容修饰reproductive process的。其后的random events后面又跟着一个定语从句来修饰它。从句中的被动语态the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen有些特殊,因为文中不是按照中文的习惯说are compensated,而是说compensated for,这是由于主语the vagaries of the wind并不是被补偿的对象,而是补偿的对象,后面的at the expense of是以…为代价的意思。
意群训练:Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used.
86、Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous,wind pollinated plants have,in the view above,compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects. (5)
由于花粉粒在其长距离的运输过程中所要面临的潜在危险是巨大的,按上述观点来看,由风授粉的植物补偿了通过偶发事件而伴随造成的花粉损失。其途径是,制造出大于昆虫授粉的植物种类所产生的花粉量的一至三个数量级的花粉量。
87、For example,the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones,where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located,is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfaces,thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next. (5)
例如,带有胚珠的松球的鳞苞综合体的螺旋状安排,亦即松柏目植物雌性殖器官的所在位置,对于气流模式的形成与产生殊为重要,而这些气流模式在松球的表现盘旋上升,从而把在空气中飞行的花粉从一个鳞苞传播至下一个鳞苞。
88、Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”. (3+)
FE,却预测妇女们将被从家庭的“社会、法律和经济压迫”中解放出来,只是通过使得征召“整个女性阶层进入公共的工业中去”成为可能的技术进步的方式做到的。
89、It was not the change in office technology,but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers,from administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs,thenceforth considered "women’s work." (5)十九世纪八十年代,产生了新的一类“没前途”的职业,这并不是因为办公室技术发生了改变,而是由于秘书工作——在此之前被视作是初起步的经理们的一种习见训练——与行政工作的分离。自此以后,这类“没前途”的职业便被视作是“女人的工作。”
注:本文难度再分不清separation … from 的搭配关系
90、The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers,previously,in many cases,the only women employers would hire. (5)
二十世纪已婚妇女在家庭以外就业的人数不断增加,这与家务的机械化及这些妇女闲暇时间的增加并无多大联系,更多地是与妇女自身的经济需要和高婚姻率相关。高婚姻率致使所能雇佣的单身女工的总量缩减,而在此之前的许多情形中,单身女性则是雇主们所愿雇佣的唯一—一类妇女。 The pool of 如果后面跟着一群人,则表示劳动力资源
91、For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time.(5)难句类型:正话反说
请思考:如果文中说这句话的前提是:all population are driven by two (and only two) categories of growth parameters, one is density-independent factors, and the other is density-independent factors. 那么作者说上面的这句话有什么用意。
92、In order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigation,we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret,one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones,while the density-independent effects act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics. (5)
为了能理解生态学家们所从事的研究的性质,我们可以把那些作用于增长参数的密度依赖效应视作生态学家们力图将其分离并予以解释的“信号”,正是这一信号倾向于使种群从相对较低的数值递增,或从相对较高的数值递减;而与此同时,那些密度独立效应起到的作用则构成了种群动态变化中的“噪音”。
93、But the play’s complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more "contradictory" than Du Bois’ famous,well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity,or Fanon’s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles. (5)
但该剧有关黑人自尊可与人类团结相融合这一复杂观点,丝毫都不比杜波伊斯(Du Bois)的理想或法侬(Fanon)的强调来得更为“矛盾”:杜波伊斯提出的著名的、深思熟虑的理想是,民族的自觉可以和人类大同共存;法侬则对理想的国际主义进行了强调,而这一理想的国际主义同样也能兼容民族身份与角色。 No more … than :一样不
注:view Black self-esteem and human solidarity
ideal ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity
emphasis national identities and roles accommodates internationalism
94、In which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as Isaacs’ to Raisin in the Sun?题干圈套 (5)
在以下哪一个选项中,文章的作者加强了她对类似这样的对于《》做出的反应的批判呢?
95、Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker,these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation. (3+)
作为二十世纪早期“进步派”史学家(如Beard和Becker)等人某些观点的继承者,这些近期的史学家所提出的观点值得我们予以评价。
96、Despite these vague categories,one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. (5)
尽管存在这些模糊范畴,但我们不应该断然声称,在各个易于辨认出的阶层之间所存在的敌对态度就无法被合理地观察到。
97、Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it. (5+)
然而,有些史学家强调在殖民者之间曾出现过一种普遍的一致意见。这些史学家如果不认识到各种矛盾的存在,就无法充分地理解这种一致意见,而所有那些矛盾只有在被克服或压制之后才有可能获得那种一致意见。 It 指代:general consensus
98、It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War?(5)插入语多
从文章中可以推断出来,作者最有可能同意以下哪一个关于在美国革命战争中的社会经济各阶层及其对叛党和保王党的支持的陈述?
99、She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness.(5)
她希望抛弃传统的方法和像芭蕾舞这样已经确立的舞蹈语言,而希望探索人类表现力的内在源泉。
100、 Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted,only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. (5)
尽管有可能从实际制造的商品和服务中可推知制造商和服务业认为他们的顾客所需要的是什么,但只有对由实际顾客撰写的相关的个人文件进行一番研究,方能提供一幅精确的图画,藉以说明“什么样的人”需要什么样的东西。
101、 With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteen-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.(4)
关于这个最后的问题,我们可以顺便指出,T尽管正确的使劳动人民重返十八世纪英国的历史舞台,但是她又可能吹嘘了这些人对于资本主义消费观在普遍意义上的敌视态度;比如说,十八世纪的英国劳动人民就很容易从家酿的啤酒转而引用由大型的、资本密集的城市酿酒厂生产的标准啤酒。In passing:顺便的、随便的、偶然的
102、 The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.(4+)
当然二氧化碳与大气温度之间的相互联系并不能确定到底是大气成分的变化引起了气候的变暖和变冷的趋势,还是大气成分的变化是由气候的冷暖变化造成的。
103、 Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or,more generally,the nature of human knowledge they believe,are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested. (5 -)
他们相信,诸如灵与肉的问题,或更普遍而言,人类知识的性质等此类哲学关注,均是一些基本的人类问题,其探索性的哲学答案已构成一个必要的基础,其它所有的智力思辩均赖以建立其上。
104、 The idea of an autonomous discipline called "philosophy," distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out, on close examination,to be of quite recent origin. (4)
细作审视,我们便不难发现,一种被称为“哲学”的独立学科——既有别于神学和科学诸般学科,并高高在上地对其予以评判——的思想,其渊源却是甚为近期的事。
注:sit in judgment on :审视,做出判断;pursuit:不是追求,而是指被从事的事业=occupation, career, interest, etc. turn out:被证明是,实际是
105、 They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics.(5-)他们战斗着,尽管是谨慎的,来为学术界打开新科学的大门,而且去把学术生活从宗教哲学中解脱出来,而且他们把自己的工作看成是对科学和物理学而不是对哲学成长做出了贡献。
106、 But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution — the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures. (4)
但是,最近在所有这三类动物身上,对鳍肢的骨骼结构所存在的细致共同点的发现足以削弱这样一种企图,即把表面上的近似作为趋同进化所致的结果来将其解释掉。而所谓的趋同进化(convergent evolution),是指在互不相关的生物群体之间,作为对类似的环境压力作出的反应,彼此独立的发展形成某些相同特征。
107、 Human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy,let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes. (5)
人类因基所包含的信息是如此之少,以致于就连去具体规定人类1011的神经细胞中任意一个细胞应占据大脑的哪个半脑都无法做到,更不用提每个神经细胞所会形成的数百种连接。
108、 For the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.(5)
对于一个从事女权主义文学评论的妇女来说,主观性还是客观性,或者说评论家应该做艺术家还是作科学家的争论有着特殊的重要性;对她来说,此问题不仅仅是学术上的,而且还是政治上的,并且她所给出的定义,不管有利于问题的哪一方面,都会招致特殊的风险。
109、 If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific – a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman , can perform – the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles.(4)假如她把女权主义文学评论定义为客观的和科学性的——一个有效的、可证实的、理性的、无论男女都可以使用的方法——那么,这个定义不仅将排挤掉批评家作为艺术家的方法,而且可能会阻碍那些寻求改变学术界的现状的及其思维,特别是有关性别角色的思维的人们的实用主义的政治目标的成就。
110、 These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake,and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding,a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society. (5+)
这些问题之所以带有政治性质,因为不可避免地,围绕这些问题展开的争论与其说是一种在客观冷静科研精神指导下对抽象问题的探索,倒不如说是一种学术上的权力斗争。在此斗争中,许多女学者中——只是在现在才开始以众多的人数进入学术界——的学术生涯和职业命运将处于存亡攸关的危急关头,与她们相伴随的是对人文理解作出一种独特贡献的机遇,这一贡献则很有可能成为消除我们社会中所存在的性别主义的一股重要影响。
111、 Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government.(4-)他有可能相信,他不能够即批评美国的对外政策,同时又不危及到他从联邦政府那里已经获得的对民权运动的支持。
112、 However, some broods possess a few snails of the opposing hand, and in predominantly sinistral broods, the incidence of dextrality is surprisingly high.(5)可是,一些窝中会有一些相反旋向的蜗牛,而且在主要是左旋的窝种,出现右旋的几率是令人惊奇的高。
113、 In experiments,an injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changes the pattern of sinistral eggs,but an injection from sinistral eggs does not influence dextral eggs.
在实验中,用取自右旋卵子的细胞质进行的注射,可改变左旋卵子的模式;用取自左旋卵子的细胞质进行的注射却不能影响到右旋卵子。
114、 Recently some scientists have concluded that meteorites found on Earth and long believed to have a Martian origin might actually have been blasted free of Mars’s gravity by the impact on Mars of other meteorites. (4+)
最近,某些科学家得出结论认为,那些在地球上发现的并一直被相信源自火星的陨石(meteorite),实际上有可能是由于其它的陨石撞击火星而致使其被震离火星的重力作用范围。
115、 Under the force of this view,it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action,it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action)to the status of being wholly condemned. (4)
在这种观点的力量作用下,一件或许是不可避免的事情发生了:修辞艺术竟然从被视和具有让人怀疑的价值这样一种地位(因为尽管它有可能既构成一种歪曲真理的手段和误导行为的来源)转变到彻底遭谴责的地位。
116、 None of these translations to screen and stage,however,dramatize the anarchy at the conclusion of A Connecticut Yankee,which ends with the violent overthrow of Morgan’s three-year-old progressive order and his return to the nineteenth century,where he apparently commits suicide after being labeled a lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and battlements. (4)
然则,在所有这些被搬上银幕和舞台的改编作品中,没有任何一部作品能生动地再现《康乃涅克州的美国佬》结尾处的无政府状态。而在原作结尾处所描述的情节是,摩根历时三年之久苦心经营的进步事业被暴力推翻,他又重返于十九世纪,在由于他的那些有关吊桥和城垛的语无伦次的唠叨而被列为疯子之后,显然自杀身亡。
117、 Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models of the alloys metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloid,such as alloys of palladium and silicon,or alloys consisting of iron,phosphorus,and carbon,although small discrepancies remained. (5)
以伯纳尔所建立的旨在研究合金中金属成分的那类模型为基础,研究人员对合金密度进行了计算,这些计算相当程度上与某些合金测量中通过实验确定的数据趋于一致,尽管一些细小的差异依然存在。实验中测量的那类合金由一贵金属和一准金属构成,例如,钯和硅的合金,或由铁、磷、和碳组成的合金。
118、 And Walzer advocates as the means of eliminating this tyranny and of restoring genuine equality “the abolition of the power of money outside its sphere”.(4)
而起,W倡议把“在金钱的圈子之外废除金钱的力量”作为笑出这种暴政并且重新获得真正的平等的方法。
119、 It is now established that the Milky Way is far more extended and of much greater mass than was hitherto thought.
现在,这已成为一个不争的事实:银河系要比迄今为止所想象的要来得远为浩瀚广阔,并具有远高得多的质量。
120、 Is it not tyrannical, in Pascal’s sense, to insist that those who excel in “sensitivity” or “the ability to express compassion” merit equal wealth with those who excel in qualities (such as “the capacity for hard work”) essential in producing wealth? (5)
按照P的观点,坚持那些在“敏感性”或“表达同情心的能力”上突出的人应该与那些在对赚钱很重要的能力(比如“刻苦工作的能力”)上突出的人得到同样的财富,难道这种做法就不是暴政么?
121、 Yet Waizer’s argument,however deficient,does point to one of the most serious weak- nesses of capitalism-namely,that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who,no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards,often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration. (5)
然则,沃尔泽的论点,无论它不充分到何种地步,确实揭示了资本主义体制中最严重的一个弱点,即它将某一类人置于社会中的显赫地位置,这类人无论以怎样合法的方式获得了其物质报偿,却常常缺乏其它那些能唤起他人受戴和钦佩的品质。
122、 The appreciation of traditional oral American Indian literature has been limited,hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty,even in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically satisfying translation,of completely conveying the original’s verse structure,tone,and syntax.(4 - )对美国印第安人传统口头文学的欣赏,一直被质量低劣的翻译所限制和妨碍,并且即使是那种不可多得的既体现着文化敏感性,又在美学上令人满意的译作,也难以完全传递出原作的诗体结构、语调和句法。
注:the difficulty (….) of:括号中的是插入语
123、 Mores, which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen, were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community. (4+)“风俗习惯”,体现了每一文化制约每个公民的理想准则,它是在这种信仰中发展而来的,即一个社会的基础在于个人能力的培养,并将这些个人能力置于对社会的服务之中。
124、 Only in the case of the February Revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization. (5)
唯独在二月革命(the February Revolution)这一情形中,我们缺乏一种有用的有关参加者的描述,而这一描述则有可能按照社会历史有关革命动员过程所教给我们的内容来勾画出这场革命的性质。
125、 As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.(5)
作为一个结果,有两件事就变得很困难或者根本不可能,1、为一次成功的革命建立起一个详尽的并可信的关于参加者的描述;2、回答人们会问的、关于起义者的社会背景的甚至是最为基本的问题。
126、 Anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of many disparate groups. (4)
当人类学家和其他人试图去描述一个小规模的同一性质(homogeneous)部落或村落的文化标准时,他们处在一种要坚实得多的基础上。相对而言,当他们着手从事这样一个艰巨的任务,即去揭示存在于一个复杂的、由许多彼此间毫无联系的群体所构成的现代单一民族的独立国家(nation-state)时,他们就具备一个同样坚实的基础。
127、 The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in Spain.(4+)
不管V的直接来源是什么,意大利的影响都有可能存在:墨西哥的C戏剧本身就被认为来自于16世纪的西班牙作家的戏剧作品,而那些作家的灵感来自与他们与在西班牙巡回演出的意大利cd剧团的遭遇。
128、 It has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these Chicano writers,whose English language works are sometimes uninspired,developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their Spanish-language works. 因此,一般而言,正是通过对口头文学创造性的强调,这些奇卡诺作家——其英语作品时常显得缺乏灵感——才得以发展一种强有力的和富于吸引力的语言,并以此构成了他们西班牙语作品的特征。
129、 To measure them properly,monitoring equipment would have to be laid out on a grid at intervals of at most 50 kilometers,with sensors at each grid point lowered deep in the ocean and kept there for many months.
为了恰当地测量它们,监测设备必须被设置在一网络上,彼此的间距最多为五十公里,位于每个网点的感应器沉放至海洋深处,并在许多个月中一直固定在那里。
130、 This declaration,which was echoed in the text of the Fourteenth Amendment,was designed primarily to counter the Supreme Court’s ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford that Black people in the United States could be denied citizenship. (3)
这一在第十四条修正案的文本中被复述的宣言,主要是旨在对抗最高法院在“Dred Scott诉Sandford”一案中的判决,此判决裁定,在美国的黑人可被剥夺公民权。
131、 The broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write into the Constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class. (4)第十四条修正案的宽泛笼统的语言强烈地暗示,其制定者所意欲载入宪法的不是一张具体民法的细目清单,而是一种平等公民权的原则,这一原则禁止有组织的社会将任何一个个人作为劣等阶层的成员来对待。
132、 This doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to other,nonracial forms of discrimination,for while some justices have refused to find,any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored,most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations. sexual Discrimination in particular, are "suspect" and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts. (5)
所谓“怀疑分类”,意指那种在有可能被理解成以种族为基础,针对某一群体进行的歧视这一信条扩展了第十四条修正案的适用范围,使其同样也适用于其它的、非种族形式的歧视。因为虽然某些法官拒不将除种族以外的立法分类裁定为非法的,但绝大多数法官已经接受了这样一个论点,即至少某些非种族性质的歧视,尤其是性别歧视,是“值得怀疑的”,并理应接受法庭这种更高程度上的审视。
133、 Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.
只有当某一地质系统拥有自然的或人工的界限,将该系统内的水与水文循环起来,这整个系统方能被恰当地称为与水文地质学相关 |
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