Issue科技类提纲 =So What=小组第1次作业 by xwlove [复制链接]

xwlove
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电梯直达

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发表于 2009-5-28 21:46:21 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

ISSUE 30
The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time.
分类：建议类
position：技术目标不仅要注重提高效率，也应该关注其它重要问题。
正：To increase people's efficiency is among the many goals of technological advancement. 如家庭办公、网络购物
反：如果科学家只注重increase people's efficiency，那么很多重要的技术将被忽略。如：生物技术、军事技术。
散：技术主要目标应该是促进人类福利。

ISSUE 69
"Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development"
分类：建议类；
position：政府不应对所有科研都采取放松管制、任由发展的态度。
正：Too many restrictions on scientific research and development 将会妨碍科学发展。
反：如果政府对所有科研都采取放松管制、任由发展的态度，则会出现一些问题。如生物技术的伦理问题
合：对于一般科研领域，政府政府不应过多限制和干预；而对于特殊领域科研，政府理应管制。

ISSUE 88
"Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."
分类：事实
position：技术影响社会风俗和伦理，但社会风俗和伦理并不是由技术决定的。
正：Technologies influence social customs and ethics
反：技术并不决定社会风俗和伦理
   其一，social customs and ethics是由人们公认的道德规范和行为准则决定的。
   其二，由一个公认的事实来看，在一个新的技术产生以后，如果触及社会风俗、伦理问题，则人们会讨论并确定这一新技术的应用规范。如“换脸”，克隆技术。
合：技术影响社会风俗和伦理，但社会风俗和伦理是由人们公认的道德规范和行为准则决定的。

ISSUE 114
"Humanity has made little real progress over the past century or so. Technological innovations have taken place, but the overall condition of humanity is no better. War, violence, and poverty are still with us. Technology cannot change the condition of humanity."
type: 事实类
position:Technology can change the condition of humanity; Humanity has made lgraet progress over the past century.
pro:War, Sometimes,technology cannot help with violence, and poverty.如贫穷国家没有资金发展转基因作物技术
con: 1 总所周知，科技创新和发展是为了改善人类福利，促进人文。
   2 War, violence, and poverty are still with us,but they are reduced  with the development of technology.如信息化战争减少了直接军事冲突，高端侦查技术减少犯罪，转基因作物减少贫困
合：尽管科技并不能解决一切人文发展问题。但科技纵观历史，科技为解决人文发展问题做出了重要贡献。

119
"When research priorities are being set for science, education, or any other area,
the most important question to consider is: How many people's lives will be improved if the results are successful?"
type:建议类？
position：research priorities不能仅依据How many people's lives will be improved if the results are successful
pro: If a research improve more people's lives, wo do have to give it priority.
con: 但这并不是一个好的判断标准。
   其一，Some basic researchs don't deal directly with improving people's lives.
   其二，如果按照这一标准，很多重要研究将会被忽略。
con: 对于research priorities的确定，应该考虑多元化的标准。

151
"High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication."
type:事实类
position：High-speed electronic communications media不一定prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication.
pro: Some high-speed electronic communications media is not a meaningful and thoughtful communication.如junkmail，电视剧会失去剧本语言的魅力。
con: 其一，eaningful and thoughtful communication是作者与受众之间的积极有效交流，只要采取恰当形式，high-speed electronic communications media能够达到很好的交流效果
   其二，high-speed electronic communications media can promote meaningful and thoughtful communication.如electronic mail 在传统书信不便时候；总统电视竞选，向选民传达执政思想；Gters通过网络互改
作文^_^
散：从受众的利益和兴趣出发，High-speed electronic communications media能够产生meaningful and thoughtful communication.

159
"The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds."
type:是非判断类；因果类
position：尽管machines are tools of human minds，但human mind 不一定superior to machines。
pro：machines are only tools of human minds.
con：但并不能因此说明The human mind will always be superior to machines.而要看比较哪一方面
其一，就而言，思维方式、主观意思而言，人类思考是积极主动的，优于计算机
其二，就计算速率、准确率而言，计算机由于电脑
con：human mind 不一定superior to machines，而要看比较的角度。（唉，好幼稚%>_<%）

196
"Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life."
type:事实类
position：科技更多情况下是解决问题，改善生活质量。
pro: Technology creates more problems sometimes and may threaten or damage the quality of life.
con: 其一，Technology 立足于解决问题，提高生活质量，否则技术就不会存在发展空间和生存机会。
   其二，我们身边有很多科技改善生活的例子。
con: 在遵守道德准则和伦理规范的情况下，科技的发展能够解决问题，提高生活质量。

66
"As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate."
type：因果类型
position: 人们越来越多地依赖技术，但这并不一定一定会弱化人类的思维能力
pro: people rely more and more on technology to solve problem.一个人过度依赖而懒于思考，确实会弱化思维能力
con: 但不能说一定会弱化人类的思维能力。
其一：the ability of humans to think for themselves 受到个人思维习惯和思维方式的影响，如果勤于思考，技术的应用并不会弱化思维能力。
其二：事实上，人类虽然依赖于技术，人类的思维能力没有受到影响，不断有新的、更高端的技术被发展和应用。
反：人们只要养成勤于思考，培养严谨的思维方式，技术的应用并不会弱化人类的思维能力，反而会促进学习和思考。

115
"It is through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement that we become aware of our progress. Without such tools, we have no reference points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated."
type：建议类；
position：Through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement, we can be aware of our progress in some concepts which are measureable, but some concepts that are not measureable or extremely difficult to measure.
pro：Through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement, we can be aware of our progress in some concept which are measureable.
con: Precise, careful measurement are not always a good and effective approach to know our progress.
   其一：Some concepts that are not measureable or extremely difficult to measure.
   其二: Careful measurement are not always needed for being aware of our progress.in that case, we can use a simple and fuzzy evaluation.
合：Through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement, we can be aware of our progress in some concept which are measureable；for those who are not suitable for measurement,  a simple and fuzzy evaluation approach can be used.