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By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain
processes to mental experience appeared rather
discouraging. Herring suggested that different modes of
sensation, such as pain, taste, and color, might be
5 correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous
energy. However, subsequently developed methods of
recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal
any such qualitative diversity. Although qualitative
variance among nerve energies was never rigidly
10 disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor
of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are
essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as
“common currency” throughout the nervous system.
According to this theory, it is not the quality of the
15 sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse
conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different
areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is
some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an
electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of
20 the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it
produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for
that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual
cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex,
and so on. However, cortical locus, in itself, turned out to
25 have little explanatory value.
3. Which of the following best summarizes the
author‘s opinion of the suggestion that different
areas of the brain determine perceptions produced
by sensory nerve impulses?
(A) It is a plausible explanation, but it has not been
completely proved.
(B) It is the best explanation of brain processes
currently available.
(C) It is disproved by the fact that the various areas
of the brain are physiologically very similar.
(D)There is some evidence to support it, but it fails
to explain the diversity of mental experience.
(E) There is experimental evidence that confirms its
correctness.
答案是D,我就想问A有什么问题。
A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems
from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist
system—that racial prejudice is generated by capitalists
as a means of controlling workers. His thesis works
relatively well when applied to discrimination against
Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial
prejudice as “racially-based negative prejudgments
against a group generally accepted as a race in any
given region of ethnic competition”, can be interpreted
as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as
the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval
Europe. However, since prejudice against these latter
peoples was not inspired by capitalists, he has to reason
that such antagonisms were not really based on race.
He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of both the
intolerance faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism
and the early twentieth-century discrimination against
Oriental people in California, which, inconveniently,
was instigated by workers.
4. The passage supplies information that would
answer which of the following questions EXCEPT?
□AWhat conditions caused the discrimination
against Oriental people in California in the
early twentieth century?
□BWhat evidence did the Marxist sociologist
provide to support his thesis?
□C What explanation did the Marxist sociologist
give for the existence of racial prejudice?
不明白A为什么没有提到。最后一句里作者指出,这个马克思主义者无视了加利福尼亚对东方人的歧视这个事实,而这种歧视是由工人所煽动的,这个就应该算是causing the discrimination的condition吧。
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