[同主题写作] 0606G同主题写作第18期——issue17 [复制链接]

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发表于 2006-3-30 23:14:35 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

0606G同主题写作第18期——issue17
[题目]
Issue17: There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws.

[题目翻译]
有两种法律：公平的和不公平的。社会中的每个人都应该遵守公平的法律，更重要的是，应该不遵守或者违抗不公平的法律。

[出现次数]
0510G出现64次，0606G至今出现26次。

[题目分析]
题目首先是一个判断句：There are two types of laws: just and unjust. 即，法律只有公平的和不公平的这两种。再承认这一点的前提下，题目的第二句对第一句提到的两种法律分别做出了回应：遵守公平的法律和违抗不公平的法律，而后者更重要。
显然第一句做出的判断是把这个题目写好的基础，我们来看看写法：
1. 是不是法律只有题目提到的两种？
题目对法律进行了归类，公平的和不公平的。然而，做这种归类/评价的标准是什么？题目没有说，我们只能从法律的功能上来寻求答案，下面是一些资料，希望能给大家一些启发.

Law, body of official rules and regulations, generally found in constitutions, legislation, judicial opinions, and the like, that is used to govern a society and to control the behavior of its members. The nature and functions of law have varied throughout history. In modern societies, some authorized body such as a legislature or a court makes the law. It is backed by the coercive power of the state, which enforces the law by means of appropriate penalties or remedies.

Formal legal rules and actions are usually distinguished from other means of social control and guides for behavior such as mores, morality, public opinion, and custom or tradition. Of course, a lawmaker may respond to public opinion or other pressures, and a formal law may prohibit what is morally unacceptable.

Law serves a variety of functions. Laws against crimes, for example, help to maintain a peaceful, orderly, relatively stable society. Courts contribute to social stability by resolving disputes in a civilized fashion. Property and contract laws facilitate business activities and private planning. Laws limiting the powers of government help to provide some degree of freedom that would not otherwise be possible. Law has also been used as a mechanism for social change; for instance, at various times laws have been passed to inhibit social discrimination and to improve the quality of individual life in matters of health, education, and welfare.

Some experts believe the popular view of law overemphasizes its formal, coercive aspects. They point out that if a custom or norm is assured of judicial backing, it is, for practical purposes, law. On the other hand, a statute that is neither obeyed nor enforced is empty law. Social attitudes toward the formal law are a significant part of the law in process. The role of law in China and Japan, for example, is somewhat different from its role in Western nations. Respect for the processes of law is low, at least outside matters of business and industry. Tradition looms much larger in everyday life. Resort to legal resolution of a dispute is truly a last resort, with conciliation being the mechanism that is preferred for social control.

在来看看m-w中对just的定义：
1 a : having a basis in or conforming to fact or reason : REASONABLE *a just but not a generous decision* b archaic : faithful to an original c : conforming to a standard of correctness : PROPER *just proportions*[ 这里的几个义项分别是，合理的；忠于原著的；正确的，精确的。都不是题目里面just的意思，针对law的义项是下面的2]
2 a (1) : acting or being in conformity with what is morally upright or good : RIGHTEOUS *a just war*[正义的；公正的；正直的；公平的] (2) : being what is merited : DESERVED *a just punishment* [应得的] b : legally correct : LAWFUL *just title to an estate*[合法的]
synonyms see FAIR, UPRIGHT
显然,just laws的just,取得是acting or being in conformity with what is morally upright or good : RIGHTEOUS的意思。

那么，如果赞成题目的分类，就应该针对法律的功能，分别描述一下什么样的法律是公平的，什么样的法律是不公平的。就像资料里面谈到的，法律有很多种，每种功能都不同，那么直接从大概念上对just and unjust laws进行抽象的分析，比较难写。有两种方法解决这种问题，一是通过举例。公平的法律，杀人越货者要受到惩治，其警示作用能从一定程度上保障大家的人身财务安全。而在种族歧视环境下，有些人被剥夺了接受教育的权利，那么对这部分的弱势团体来说，相应法律肯定是不公平的。这样写有个好处，可以在谈到后面遵守不遵守问题时，针对同样的例子分析，和前面相互照应。这样写容易上手，缺点是写出来很容易深度不够，一个just,另一个unjust，就完了。

第二种方法是在开头就对自己后面将要谈及的法律概念做一下限定，或者解释。法律的概念是以人为主体的，可以限定一下，文章涉及的法律是针对一个人，一个团体，还是整个社会来说的？这样写，谈到法律的时候就会显得有条理一些。
如果不赞成题目对法律的分类，也可以按照第二种思路另起炉灶。比如，有些法律条款可能会为了大部分人的利益，牺牲掉小部分人，那么，对于小部分人里的个体来说，在大部分人看来公平的法律可能就是不公平的。站在法律的角度，针对不同的人，评价它的结果不同。在这个思路下，第二句遵守不遵守，就不能一一对应着来谈了，还是得从法律的角度，说法律不是one fits all的东西，要做到无差别公平公正，不可能。

这里要提醒大家注意的是，法律是有自己的地理限制的，所以不管赞不赞成题目所下的判断，不要轻易的拿地域作为评价一项法律的理由。

在赞成前一句的条件下，针对题目第二句的写法就多了。遵守公平的法律，法律就能保障大家各方面的利益。违抗不公平的法律，法律本身才能随着社会环境的变化变化，更好的达到制定法律初衷的目标。或者，反对打击违抗不公平的法律，因为这样会引起对法律整体的敬畏感下降，等等。
我给的只是一种思路，大家可以尽情发挥。好了，开始写作文吧，加油~

p.s.Martin Luther King有一篇关于just and unjust laws的很有名的一篇文章,建议大家去读读,等我把全文找到了再贴上来-_-b

In November, 1962, Martin Luther King was arrested and sent to prison for demonstrating against segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. While King was in prison he was criticised by a group of clergymen from Alabama who described him as a political extremist. King wrote a letter to the clergymen explaining his actions.

I was initially disappointed at being categorized as an extremist, as I continued to think about the matter I gradually gained a measure of satisfaction from the label. Was not Jesus an extremist? An extremist for love, truth and goodness.

There are two types of laws: just and unjust. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. We should never forget that everything Adolf Hitler did in Germany was "legal". Any law that degrades human personality is unjust. All segregation statutes are unjust because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality. It gives the segregator a false sense of superiority and the segregated a false sense of inferiority.
[这一段适合两个题目。Issue178，对于法律能不能改变人性，和法律本身的性质有关。Issue17，just and unjust laws.]
I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over his injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for law. Of course, there is nothing new about this kind of civil disobedience. It was practiced superbly by the early Christians, who were willing to face hungry lions and the excruciating pain of chopping blocks rather than submit to certain unjust laws of the Roman Empire.
[大多数同学写赞成反抗不公正法律，这里有个反对的思路。]

star同志提供本同主题资料参考,请见
https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mo ... e%3D1#pid1768373454

[ 本帖最后由 yogurt4 于 2006-4-2 04:20 编辑 ]

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[同主题写作] 0606G同主题写作第18期——issue17 [复制链接]

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