[未归类] Argument提纲＝so what=小组第三次作业 by linyan82123 [复制链接]

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发表于 2009-6-11 23:25:04 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

31The following appeared in the editorial section of a newsmagazine.

"Some states are creating new laws that restrict the use of handheld cell phones by drivers of automobiles. Such legislation, however, is sheer folly. Although some people with cell phones undoubtedly cause problems on the road, including serious accidents, the majority do not. Besides, problems are also caused by drivers who are distracted by any number of other activities, from listening to the radio to disciplining children. Since there is no need to pass legislation restricting these and other such activities, it follows that there is no need to restrict people's freedom to use a device that they find convenient—or helpful in emergencies."

The arguer doesn’t catch the intention of some states which pass laws and legislation restricting the drivers’ use of a handheld phone.

Of course the majority of people do not cause problems, including serious accidents, with cell phones. Accidents, which cause the damage of public resource even human life, originate by the some careless people. It is nonsense to say it’s not necessary to control the problems induced by using cell phones because just a minority of people do it. In the arguer’s opinion, any problem as long as it comes from the minority of people, could be neglected. Then the crimes, serious accidents, the robberies, all of them are the activities of the minority of people, which should be left, which is obviously wrong.

The arguer asserted that there is no need to restrict people’s freedom to use a device that they find convenient or helpful in emergencies. There is a misunderstanding in the arguer’s acclimation. What the law restricts is the use of handheld cell phones by drivers, which doesn’t mean the drivers could not use cell phones when they are in emergencies. The drivers can fix the cell phones in a device in the car. And it’s vague in the arguer’s description that the law restricts the drivers’ use of cell phones all the time or just when they are driving cars.

It is reasonable for stopping using handheld cell phones when they are driving cars, for people have to drive with one hand which might increase the risk in accident. What the arguer should figure out includes whether the law restricts the driver’s use of cell phones when they don’t drive, and whether the drivers are allowed to use phones when they drive if the phones are not handheld. Without the above premise, it is not fair to discuss the rightness of the laws.

32Until recently, people in Hiparia did most of their shopping by driving to shopping malls. They are beginning, however, to do more of their shopping by ordering merchandise from mail-order catalogs and the Internet. These purchases are delivered to them by mail or by a delivery service. For many purchases, Hiparians no longer need to drive to and from shopping malls; there will therefore be a resulting reduction in the consumption of vehicle fuel in Hiparia.

The arguer need to do more investigation to conclude such a conclusion that there will be a resulting reduction in the consumption of vehicle fuel in Hiparia.

It’s argued that the citizens in Hiparia are beginning to do more of their shopping by ordering merchandise from mail-order or by a delivery service. This description is vague for there is no specific data. Some questions will be raised including: what does “more” mean? Is it 1% more or 90% more?

People here are beginning to do more mail-order, how long the tendency will last? If the “more” represents 1%, there will be little impact on the reduction of fuel consumption. However, if the “more” represents 90%, there would emerge many corporations in charge of delivering merchandise what the citizen’s order at home. Then it will become a problem to compare whether the raised fuel consumption by the new-born deliver corporations is less than the fuel consumes by the people driving themselves before.

It’s not reasonable to assume people no longer need to drive to and from shopping malls. Some merchandise needs to be picked up by oneself. For example, it is hard to figure out whether clothes have the beautiful effect on the buyer. The shoes are in the same way, which must be tried on to decide whether they are suitable. It is impossible for people to do all the shopping by internet at home.

33The following report appeared in an archaeology journal. （不太会)

"The discovery of distinctively shaped ceramic pots at various prehistoric sites scattered over a wide area has led archaeologists to ask how the pots were spread. Some believe the pot makers migrated to the various sites and carried the pots along with them; others believe the pots were spread by trade and their makers remained in one place. Now, analysis of the bones of prehistoric human skeletons can settle the debate: high levels of a certain metallic element contained in various foods are strongly associated with people who migrated to a new place after childhood. Many of the bones found near the pots at a few sites showed high levels of the metallic element. Therefore, it must be that the pots were spread by migration, not trade."

What the arguer provides could not prove the conclusion that the pot were spread by migration not trade.

There is no evidence to show that the bones found near the pots at a few sites were the pot makers’ bones. The bones may come from the pot makers, the traders, the robbers who came to rob the pots. Without the proof that the bones were pot makers, it is impossible for the arguer to get such a conclusion.

From the analysis of bones, the only reasonable conclusion is the human who died near the pot sites might migrate to a new place after childhood. There is no necessary relationship between the human and pots.

34Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium, substances essential for building and maintaining bones. Many people therefore believe that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis, a disease in which the bones weaken significantly with age and that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors. But a long-term study of a large number of people has found that those who have consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study. Since bone fractures are a symptom of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.

The arguer’s conclusion is dubious.
Firstly, who implement the study? How many people were involved? How long has the study last?

Secondly, there is no necessary relationship between the dairy food and bone fractures. The dairy products, which are rich in vitamin and calcium, contain the substances that are essential for building and maintaining bones. If the dairy products really can help prevent osteoporosis, the result should be that people who constituently consumed dairy products will have a lower rate of osteoporosis, other than a lower rate of bone fractures.

Finally, although bone fractures are a symptom of osteoporosis, it doesn’t mean that bone fractures equal osteoporosis. Many other factors can induce bone fractures. It is possible that old men without osteoporosis still do some sports that may induce bone fractures. However, the patients with osteoporosis just stay there, has fewer chance to break their bones.

In conclusion, the arguer misunderstand the relationship within dairy products, osteoporosis and bone fractures. As a result he gives a unreasonable conclusion.

35The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia.

"Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia."

It is needed to figure out whether the salicylates have played a part in declining the average number of headaches reported rather than adding the salicylates into food as flavor additives and preservatives.

The fact that salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin could be proof that all the salicylates could cure headaches as what aspirin does.

There are many factors impacting the number of headaches. It is possible that aspirin has been prepared by every family so that they can take the pills as soon as they can. The arguer acclaimed that many food are naturally rich in salicylates. If the salicylates really have it role in decreasing the number of headaches, it is of possibility that people take in more such food rich in salicylates to cure their headaches.

It is not an appropriate idea to put something which could be a medicine into food. If the arguer hopes to reduce the number of headaches, the reasonable suggestion should be to find the reason why people have headaches. Whether they feel too much pressure? Or are there some social problems that remained unsolved? Depending on medicine to reduce the number of headaches is not a good method, and will not be effective for long.

36The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist.

"Twenty years ago Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is false and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid. Because they are using the interview-centered method, my team of graduate students working in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures."

The arguer has no cogent proof for his conclusion.

The arguer asserted that children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village by interviews. Firstly, Dr. Field’s studying was aimed at the children reared at the island of Tertia, which may be obviously different from other islands of the group islands. Secondly, that children spend much more time talking about their biological parents doesn’t mean they are raised by their parents. Maybe just because they are reared by their parents, they pay much attention on them and spend lots of time talking about them. From the evidence the arguer provides, it is not reasonable to get his conclusion.

Even Dr. Field’s conclusion is false, it doesn’t mean the arguer’s opinion is right.

37Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been unique to the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat, but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the river—the woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and small game. It follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea.

The argument seems reasonable. However, there are other alternative possibilities.

The arguer asserts that there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. However if Lithos had boats then, they can cross the Brim River to study how to make the “Palean” bastket.

The arguer acclaimed that the boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. It may be possible that there is small boats which can carry one people and a basket.

There is not evidence that Paleans didn’t have need to cross the river because there were abundant resources around Palea. Palean can sell their resources to other islands, which could bring them other resources.

38The following memo appeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council.

"An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to significantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds. Clearly, eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds. Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism."

There is not cogent evidence to testify the arguer’s conclusion.

That people in East Meria have lower rate of getting cold comparing with people in West Meria may attributed to many reasons. We are not sure whether the higher consumption of fish is one of those reasons.

People who are absent from schools or workplaces declare that they have got a cold, which might be an excuse but not a fact.

Even if the consumption of fish is the really reason that decline the rate of getting cold, there is not evidence to show the Ichthaid has the same effect.

39The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Humana College.

"Last year the number of students who enrolled in long-distance degree programs at Omni University increased by 50%. During the same year, Omni showed a significant decrease from prior years in expenditures for dormitory and classroom space, most likely because instruction in the long-distance programs takes place via interactive video computer connections. In contrast, over the past three years, enrollment at Humana College has diminished and costs of maintaining buildings have risen. Thus, to increase enrollment and solve the problem of budget deficits at Humana College, we should initiate and actively promote long-distance degree programs like those at Omni."

The arguer doesn’t show the specific data that how many students enrolled in long-distance degree programs at Omni University. If there were 2 students last year, the increasing number is one, which will have no impact in the expenditure.

It is not reasonable to attributed the decrease in expenditures for dormitory and classroom space to the instruction in long-distance programs just because they happened in the same year.

There is not necessary relationship between the two colleges. They are not comparable.

40The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Excello Food Markets.

"In 90 towns where Excello has food markets, natural-food stores specializing in organic food products—products containing no chemical preservatives and made with foods grown without pesticides—have opened nearby as competitors. Surveys of our own customers reveal a growing concern about foods grown using pesticides or preserved with chemicals. Recently our market in Sun City participated in a local food tasting fair, and 75 percent of the fair goers who visited the Excello booth requested free samples of organic fruit. Such evidence indicates that to increase our profits, we should begin to stock a full line of organic food products in all our markets."

The evidence is not cogent.

The results of cited surveys do not necessarily indicate our customers will be interested in organic food.

The fact that most fairgoers asked for samples of organic fruit does not indicate that most people are really interested in organic foods.