寄托家园留学论坛 › 论坛 › 寄托学术类备考版 › GRE考试综合版 › 我的另类阅读笔记第二篇

返回列表

查看: 7113|回复: 10

[问答] 我的另类阅读笔记第二篇 [复制链接]

dandeliontt
UID：2852417

荣誉版主

Rank: 9 Rank: 9 Rank: 9

声望: 1714
寄托币: 23842
注册时间: 2010-7-13
精华: 1
帖子: 550

电梯直达

楼主

发表于 2011-4-23 21:51:28 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

本帖最后由 dandeliontt 于 2011-4-23 22:39 编辑

之前写过第一篇阅读笔记，今天贴出第二篇。
黄皮书第二页的长阅读，题号依据原题顺序。
笔记内容
红色：原文中需要记住，做题要用的重点内容
紫色：原文逻辑标志词
蓝色：我的笔记
第一段
The evolution of sex ratios has produced, in most plants and animals with separate sexes, approximately equal numbers of males and females. Why should this be so? Two main kinds of answers have been offered. 开头两句点出文章主题：针对sex ratios 的equal numbers的原因提供两种观点。读到这里应该条件反射式的提出两个问题：两种观点本身的区别，以及作者对两种观点态度的区别。
One is couched in terms of advantage to population. It is argued that the sex ratio will evolve so as to maximize the number of meetings between individuals of the opposite sex. This is essentially a “group selection”以我自己的做题经验看，有引号出现的地方有必要mark一下 argument. 介绍第一种观点：advantage to population第一种观点的核心，it is argued一句是对核心的阐释。
The other, and in my view correct,读到这里立马反应出前一个观点不是重点 type of answer was first put forward by Fisher人名首次出现 in 1930花儿说，年代要mark. This “genetic” argument starts from the assumption that genes can influence the relative numbers of male and female offspring produced by an individual carrying the genes. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 表达模式同第一个观点。第三句是第二句的深入阐释，所以第二句看没看懂其实没关系。
Suppose that the population consisted mostly of females: then an individual who produced sons only would have more grandchildren.
In contrast, if the population consisted mostly of males, it would pay to have daughters. If, however, the population consisted of equal numbers of males and females, sons and daughters would be equally valuable.
这几句给了3个case：
Case1: females>males→more sons
Case2: males>females→more daughters
Case3: males=females→equal
其实前两个case是完全相反的，看一个就够了。第三个是根据推到得出的。
这三个case是为了解释第二个观点的。
Thus a one-to-one sex ratio is the only stable ratio; it is an “evolutionarily stable strategy.” Although Fisher wrote before the mathematical theory of games had been developed, his theory incorporates the essential feature of a game—that the best strategy to adopt depends on what others are doing.
两句话是同义改写，说明第二种观点的核心evolutionarily stable strategy=adopt depends on what others are doing。
Although分句谨防出细节题。

第二段
Since Fisher’s time, it has been realized that genes can sometimes influence the chromosome or gamete in which they find themselves so that the gamete will be more likely to participate in fertilization. If such a gene occurs on a sex-determining (X or Y) chromosome, then highly aberrant sex ratios can occur.
核心含义 genes can influence the chromosome or gamete。 If句是第一句的进一步说明，列出了genes influence chromosome的一种可能状况，因此在读懂第一句的状况下，第二句不是重点。
But more immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males. A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized. By Fisher’s argument, it should still pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters. Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host—the larva of another insect—and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis. Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence. Like 花儿说，对比处要mark Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.
一个wasp的例子详细说明genes can influence the chromosome or gamete，说母黄蜂怎么在large excess of female 的情况下平衡男女比例的。这个例子概括起来就是large excess of females→produce one male only。
这一部分内容应该注意两点：第一是在这当中有Fisher和Hamilton研究内容的compare & contrast；第二点就是这个例子是为本段第一句话服务的。
21.
The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists
(A) conducted their research at approximately the same time
(B) sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studied
(C) sought an explanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stable
(D) studied game theory, thereby providing important groundwork for the later development of strategy theory
(E) studied reproduction in the same animal species
其实是主旨题
22.
It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers Fisher’s work to be
(A) fallacious and unprofessional
(B) definitive and thorough
(C) inaccurate but popular, compared with Hamilton’s work
(D) admirable, but not as up-to-date as Hamilton’s work
(E) accurate, but trivial compared with Hamilton’s work
D和E比较难区分，但是D在原文最后有对应
Up-to-date对应 go a step further
23.
The passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions about wasps? Wasp是定位词
I.
How many eggs does the female wasp usually lay in a single host larva?
II.
Can some species of wasp determine sex ratios among their offspring?
III.
What is the approximate sex ratio among the offspring of parasitic wasps?
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only
(E) II and III only
I和III所以不选是应为原文没有提到
24.
It can be inferred that the author discusses the genetic theory in greater detail than the group selection theory primarily because he believes that the genetic theory is more
(A) complicated
(B) accurate
(C) popular
(D) comprehensive
(E) accessible
很简单……
25.
According to the passage, successful game strategy depends on
(A) the ability to adjust one’s behavior in light of the behavior of others
(B) one’s awareness that there is safety in numbers
(C) the degree of stability one can create in one’s immediate environment
(D) the accuracy with which one can predict future events
(E) the success one achieves in conserving and storing one’s resources
根据第一段对第二个观点的介绍得出
26.
It can be inferred from the passage that the mathematical theory of games has been
(A) developed by scientists with an interest in genetics
(B) adopted by Hamilton in his research
(C) helpful in explaining how genes can sometimes influence gametes
(D) based on animals studies conducted prior to 1930
(E) useful in explaining some biological phenomena
搞不懂C为什么错，不过可以根据逻辑，当两个选项冲突且含义有包含重复关系的时候，应该选范围较广的。（子集小于母集，母集对子集一定对，子集对母集未必对）。
27.
Which of the following is NOT true of the species of parasitic wasps discussed in the passage?
(A) Adult female wasps are capable of storing sperm.
(B) Female wasps lay their eggs in the larvae of other insects.
(C) The adult female wasp can be fertilized by a male that was hatched in the same larva as herself.
(D) So few male wasps are produced that extinction is almost certain.
(E) Male wasps do not emerge from their hosts until they reach sexual maturity.
一个貌似是细节题的题，其实是主旨题。D项显然违背主旨。
本人菜鸟一枚，欢迎大仙指导.特别是这个26题……

已有 1 人评分	声望	收起理由
szmanutd	+ 3	好

总评分: 声望 + 3 查看全部投币

回应
0

使用道具举报

dandeliontt
UID：2852417

荣誉版主

Rank: 9 Rank: 9 Rank: 9

声望: 1714
寄托币: 23842
注册时间: 2010-7-13
精华: 1
帖子: 550

沙发

发表于 2011-4-23 21:53:12 |只看该作者

本帖最后由 dandeliontt 于 2011-4-23 22:44 编辑

第一份笔记
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1253261-1-1.html

使用道具举报

dandeliontt
UID：2852417

荣誉版主

Rank: 9 Rank: 9 Rank: 9

声望: 1714
寄托币: 23842
注册时间: 2010-7-13
精华: 1
帖子: 550

板凳

发表于 2011-4-24 12:03:26 |只看该作者

哎呀呀，自己顶一下呀~~
有没有大神帮忙把那个26题看看啊~~~谢谢啦！

使用道具举报

hua11
UID：3027785

荣誉版主

Rank: 9 Rank: 9 Rank: 9

声望: 676
寄托币: 18625
注册时间: 2011-3-10
精华: 0
帖子: 891

地板

发表于 2011-4-24 14:06:48 |只看该作者

第二段说自从Fisher时候起人们就已经认识到基因在受精过程的作用。而文中第一段末说的数学理论是在Fisher后面完成的，可见26题问数学理论曾被用于解释下列哪种现象的时候选不了C。第二段But more immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females表明数学理论可以用来解释某些生物行为，也就是黄蜂群中有大量雌蜂的事实。

已有 1 人评分	声望	收起理由
dandeliontt	+ 1	唔，对哦~谢谢啦~

总评分: 声望 + 1 查看全部投币

自古英雄出少年

有事请发站内消息，坛内引用，回复或者hua11gt@163.com

欢迎访问行前准备版 —2012.9.25

使用道具举报

dandeliontt
UID：2852417

荣誉版主

Rank: 9 Rank: 9 Rank: 9

声望: 1714
寄托币: 23842
注册时间: 2010-7-13
精华: 1
帖子: 550

5楼

发表于 2011-4-24 14:12:27 |只看该作者

4# hua11
是哦，谢谢~~

使用道具举报

蜥蜴也飞
UID：2894889

长老二袋

Rank: 9 Rank: 9 Rank: 9

声望: 2176
寄托币: 18757
注册时间: 2010-9-1
精华: 2
帖子: 4424

6楼

发表于 2011-4-24 20:20:54 |只看该作者

啊。。好有毅力。。。赞。。教我阅读吧。。

一场游戏一场梦！

使用道具举报

dandeliontt
UID：2852417

荣誉版主

Rank: 9 Rank: 9 Rank: 9

声望: 1714
寄托币: 23842
注册时间: 2010-7-13
精华: 1
帖子: 550

7楼

发表于 2011-4-24 20:44:59 |只看该作者

6# 蜥蜴也飞
谢谢支持~~

使用道具举报

大白鲨 UID：2757256 大白鲨当前离线最后登录 2012-11-7 在线时间 53 小时寄托币 798 声望 29 注册时间 2010-1-30 阅读权限 0 帖子 27 精华 0 积分 668 UID 2757256 禁止访问声望 29 寄托币 798 注册时间 2010-1-30 精华 0 帖子 27 关注TA 加好友标签发消息	8楼发表于 2011-4-25 10:15:02 \|只看该作者提示: 作者被禁止或删除内容自动屏蔽

	使用道具举报

鱼锦年
UID：2882751

中级会员

Rank: 4

声望: 16
寄托币: 454
注册时间: 2010-8-18
精华: 0
帖子: 37

9楼

发表于 2011-4-28 11:11:11 |只看该作者

这个帖子太有用了~~

使用道具举报

嘻嘻哈哈72
UID：3731523

寄托新兵

Rank: 2

声望: 50
寄托币: 2
注册时间: 2016-6-29
精华: 0
帖子: 0

10楼

发表于 2016-6-29 16:17:50 |只看该作者

提问一下，谢谢啦，我还是不明白，FISHER到底是啥观点啊，第一段有一句例子是说，Case1: females>males→more sons，也就是雌性多的时候就会有更多的雄性，这是FISHER的观点吧，但是后面黄蜂的例子又说，雌性多并且雌性还会只生一个雄性，那样雌性就更多了啊，和上面的例子不符合啊，我就不明白了，谁给解答一下，或者逐句翻译一下吧。关键是By Fisher’s argument, it should still pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters. Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host—the larva of another insect—and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis.这一句怎么翻译啊，作者到底是同意还是不同意FISHER的观点啊，

使用道具举报