[未归类] 超前雅思之记忆论 [复制链接]

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电梯直达

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发表于 2006-1-19 10:42:04 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

“每个人在他一生中，都至少做过一两次又糊涂、又甜蜜的事。
这种事也许不会带给他什么好处，至少可以给他留下一段温馨的往事让他在老年寂寞时回忆。
一个人在晚年寒冷的冬天里，若没有一两件这样的往事回忆，那漫长的冬天怎么能挨得过去？
那时他也许就会感觉到，他这一生已白活了。” ——《楚留香•桃花传奇》

记忆，对于学生们来说
尤其是学语言的
提起它就似乎充满了痛苦

记忆，对于烤鸭们而言
拥有它就似乎拥有了胜券

雅思考试亦不例外
从词汇、句型
到文章段落、对话独白
乃至于瞬间问答
都离不开好的记忆力

所谓记忆的功夫
也分几个层次
下乘，死记硬背
中乘，一知半解
上乘，胸有成竹

其实不乏很多头脑聪明的人
却往往掌握了下乘的记忆法
说到这里
估计已经有人悟出一个简单的道理
所谓好的记忆力
就等于好的理解力

偶这些年学习英语
回忆起来充满快乐
数算一下时日
并无痛苦可言
高中后为了出国
曾经尝试背诵刘毅托福600分词汇
但是感到对于自己效果不佳
于是不再理会

留学期间亦是如此
几年下来
反倒是运用自如
到了一个境界
比如看到生词或好句
绝不拿来背诵
而是琢磨一番其用法
然后抛掷脑后
反复几次即可
也是顺其自然
绝不刻意为之
其实大脑已经纳入其内

于是到了如今
比如帮学生撰写个人陈述时
思维未见不畅
下笔未必无神
也能一气呵成
可见水到渠成
不无道理

唯一需要做的
就是常做有心人
并坚持累积而已
久而久之
养成习惯
学习成为下意识反应
焉有痛苦可言
事实证明
一个平凡的有心人
完全可以练成真功夫

西人喜好研究这类心理学课题
特摘选其中经典的随附如下
乃朗文针对雅思考试的记忆法论述
极具参考价值

Memory techniques

'All learning depends on memory – without it everything would be new and unknown everyday.'

'You have more brain cells in your head than the number of trees in the Amazon rainforest. You have more connections between brain cells than the number of leaves on all the trees in the Amazon rainforest.'

What is memory?

Memory is our ability to receive, retain and retrieve ideas and information. Remember the three 'Rs' of memory: receive, retain, retrieve.

A convenient way to think about memory is in three distinct parts:
• short term memory
• medium term memory
• long term memory

We think of these three types of memory as operating in different ways.

Short term memory ('Electrical' memory)

Short term memory is like the RAM on your computer. It is limited in capacity, it's the holding centre for about seven pieces of information. If we try to add an item to short term memory, the new item pushes out one of the older ones.

Your short term memory can retain (for short periods) information which you only partially 'understand' (like telephone numbers) but you require 'understanding' to receive and retain information for longer.

When the power is switched off, all short term memory disappears.

Medium term memory ('Chemical' memory)

Medium term memory can store more data (information and ideas) for longer periods. Data can only be received into medium term memory by regularly activating and using the data. Even if we activate the material regularly over a period of time, a long period of inactivity will cause the memory to disappear. We can all remember how to ride a bicycle, but do we remember the colour of our first bicycle? Medium term memory is like the hard disk on your computer.

Long term memory ('Structural' memory)

Long term memory is so deep that it actually changes the structure of our brain. In computer terms the memory is 'hard-wired'. Even if the power is switched off and the computer is left unused for many years the memory is retained within the structure (circuits) of the computer. In Italian, people talk about the 'incarnation' of memory – where the memory becomes part of our own flesh.

Receiving multisensory experience

Your working memory receives information through your senses. If you see it, say it, hear it and do it in a revision session, you will create a four-lane motorway into your medium term memory. This is why you should try to learn in a multisensory way and use them all to make as many different 'mental' connections as you can. So sitting for hours just reading will take you four times as long to memorise the same information! See it, say it, hear it, do it!

Why do we forget?

1. Poor understanding
2. Poor attention, poor listening
3. Distractions
4. Tiredness, anxiety, emotions, mood and stress
5. Interference new information being confused with existing information
6. Poor learning strategy – not having cues or memory triggers to unlock and retrieve the facts
7. Disuse or insufficient rehearsal or practice using a review cycle
8. Lack of importance – you don't remember what you don't value
9. Improper organisation – trying to cram too much information into your brain without sorting it into categories
10. Dehydration – the brain needs water to conduct electrical pulses fast

Using learning strategies to remember

• Rhymes: 'I before E except after C.' This easily remembered spelling rule avoids spelling mistakes in words like 'receive' and 'retrieve'. Get students to invent rhyming raps to memorise grammar rules.

• Physical prompts: in Libya, I was taught to use my two fists to remember the days in the months. If the first high bone is January (31) it is followed by a dip, February (28/29). March (31) is the next bone followed by a dip, April (30). July (31) is the last bone on one hand and August (31) is the first bone on the other hand.

• Memory workout : read, cover, write, say, check. (repeat the workout circuit many times!)

• Visualisation prompts: to remember a sequence of facts, think of a regular journey such as to school or to the shops. Connect each fact to a point on the journey.

Sound prompts: the same as above but connect each fact to a stage in a piece of music you know well.

General principles to aid memory

• Create interest: find a purpose, 'This will be useful for ...'
• Understand it: it's impossible to learn what you don't understand.
• Positive thinking and confidence: often we fail to learn because we are convinced we can't do it.
• Intend to attend to it!: be determined to learn – avoid distractions.
• Organise information into sensible chunks and rehearse. Do not try to learn too much at one time – remember your short term memory can only hold seven items. Plan what you are going to learn.
• Create associations: it's much easier to learn something new if you link it to something you already know.
• Look for meaning and compare with what you already know: comparative grammar is not a waste of time – most languages have countable and uncountable nouns!
• Remember the unusual: some aspects of English grammar and usage will appear bizarre to the students. Learn them like the information about trees in the Amazon rain forest (see part one).
• Develop a system of memory triggers for each item you wish to remember. A 'souvenir' will trigger your memory of a holiday.
• Use a multisensory approach: employ a combination of audio, visual and physical strategies to use your audio, visual and motor memories.
• Be relaxed: play non-lyrical music to help your brain's Alpha waves buzz.
• Doodle, highlight, cartoon, underline: decorate your notes with colour and pictures to make them more memorable.
• Involve your emotions: feel happy and reward yourself when your memory works well. Develop an emotional relationship with the information you are learning!
• Use concrete materials: make a model or game to represent the information you need to remember.
• You remember best the information you receive at the beginning or end of a work session: Try having a short change in the middle of a work session so you have two beginnings and two endings.

So how will you remember all the information in this article?

The ideas in this article come from many sources including:
* Longman Brain Trainer ~ Jonathan O'Brien - Longman 1999
* The Good Study Guide ~ Andrew Northledge - Open University 1990
* The Human Brain ~ Susan Greenfield - Phoenix 1997
* Memory, Meaning and Method ~ Earl Stevick Newbury House 1976
* In your hands ~ Jane Revell & Susan Norman - Safire Press 1996
* Wordflo ~ Steve and Jacqueline Smith - Longman 1997

“人有很多种，但大多数却都属于同一种。
这种人做的每件事，似乎都在预料中——在别人的预料中，也在自己的预料中。
他们日出而作，日落而息。
他们工作，然后就等着收获。
他们总不会有太大的欢乐，也不会有太大的痛苦，他们平平凡凡地活着，很少会引起别人的惊奇，也不会被人羡慕，但他们却是这世界不可缺少的。” ——《楚留香•桃花传奇》

[ 本帖最后由 bqiana 于 2006-1-19 10:46 编辑 ]

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Reaching soul
As time pass
Hearing voice
On the magic cross
Creating interface
Through finger touch
Searching peace
In cyber space
Hunch is stylish
Above superficies
Life is synchronous
In between balance
It is for you …

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