【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）20 Questions for Writers

草木也知愁UID: 2487572

前言：

咳咳，做这个“【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲”的目的，一则是我自己再好好复习一遍effective writting，二则让同学们对effective writting从头到尾好好认识一遍

无论是iBT还是GRE,GMAT的写作，虽然考察点各有不同，但是都是基于一个effective writting基础之上的。其重要性，就是永远占据了各类写作考试最基础的2/3之多的分数，尤其在ibt中，更是几乎全构架在这个之上；至于GRE，中国学生其实不缺乏思想，只要做好introspect和retrospect，所有上层建筑都不难，唯独十万余种的部队经常被卡到3分的瓶颈，为什么呢？文法！基础！而基础是什么呢？呵呵——effective writting。

ef是所有大学都要开的课，GRE这样的graduate的考试，既是构建于此之上的，试想我们一味得追求思维，逻辑，但是不先从基础上做到graduate，去种无根之木，去寻无源之水，阴谋啊，这是一个阴谋......

这个每日一谈每天都会进行effective writting一个部分的讲解

我力求保持英文原版 只做少量注解 为的是大家能多多体会这些原汁原味的基础写作训练 整体下来包括：

【Coherence】
【Conciseness】
【Coping with Writing Anxiety】
【Creating a Thesis Statement】
【Developing an Outline】
【Essay Writing】
【Establishing Arguments】
【Logic in Argumentative Writing】
【Writer's Block Writer's Anxiety】

等等三十余个分项

如果大家能每天抽出十几分钟好好看一下并且结合自己的文章进行思考好改进 我相信 会对你的写作有很大推动作用的

总之 加油！

11
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今天第一天，开门红，放上我最喜欢的审题20问~
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这20个问题是我写文章的大爱
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凡事一篇文章，无论第一看多么的恶心，静下心来用这20个问题问过自己去，都能找到思路
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然后再和几个朋友做一下brainstorming和即时辩论，保证一篇很好的提纲就能做出来
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As a writer, you can begin by asking yourself questions and then answering them. Your answers will bring your subject into focus and provide you with the material to develop your topic. Here are twenty questions or "thought starters" that present ways of observing or thinking about your topic. Each question generates the type of essay listed in parentheses after the question.
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1. What does X mean? (Definition)
1
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
1
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
1
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
1
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
1
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
1
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
1
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
1
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
1
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
1
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
1
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
1
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
1
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
1
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
1
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
1
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
1
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
1
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
1
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)
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(Adapted from Jacqueline Berke's Twenty Questions for the Writer)

张寄托UID: 3647480

谢楼主，感觉很有用！

小冥王UID: 2922698

草木啊~你就是我心中的神

ldgre10UID: 2790687

写的好啊！！！！！

han1070UID: 2549505

精华贴啊！

vphoenixvUID: 2885262

:loveliness:谢谢！

duckblueUID: 2778783

i will try to ask myself these 20 questions before i write an issue.

kejanUID: 2606891

好好学习！

moonmouseUID: 2694347

好好研读学习

dengqu2004UID: 2188442

(Definition) (Description) 弄清文章所含的定义 和 对定义的描述

(Simple Analysis)(Process Analysis)(Directional Analysis)(Functional Analysis)(Causal Analysis) 文章对定义的分析 组成 目的 作用 导致的结果

(Classification)(Comparison)(Interpretation) (Reportage)(Narration) 由定义的来由 产生过程 进行方式  与其他进行 比较

(Characterization/Profile) (Reflection)(Reminiscence)(Evaluation) (Summary)(Persuasion)根据以上分析 表达自己的看法 并对其进行进一步的分类 总结和理解

rushtosummerUID: 2735551

42# nunulong
我觉得你总结很有道理，看来是对题目有一些研究了，呵呵，就要考试了，希望可以多交流~~

rushtosummerUID: 2735551

STUDY NOTES
As a writer, you can begin by asking yourself questions and then answering them. Your answers will bring your subject into focus and provide you with the material to develop your topic. Here are twenty questions or "thought starters" that present ways of observing or thinking about your topic. Each question generates the type of essay listed in parentheses after the question.
1
1. What does X mean? (Definition)
1
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
1
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
1
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
1
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
1
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
1
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
1
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
1
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
1
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
1
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
1
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
1
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
1
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
1
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
1
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
1
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
1
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
1
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
1
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)
I think these 20 questions is quite useful. Sometimes we meet topics about which we do not have any ideas, at this time, we may try to ask ourselve these 20 questions. And after we have answer these 20 questions, the essay is nearly finished. But the key point is that we need to find the right X, this must be the test topic. So what if we do not have any ideas about the topic, for example politics. I am not familiar with this and I ask myself the questions, I can hardly answer them. If it's not in an exam setting, I can search for the information guided by the questions.

nunulongUID: 2172898

NUNULONG笔记(一)：
大体看了一下ISSUE的题目,发现好多规律:当下行为与未来行为的利弊,个体与整体利益比较问题,主管与客观(理智与感性),竞争问题,理想与实际问题,完全抽象命题等等,目前只是发现这几种题目,不知道是否会有其他题目出现,待以后细细阅读ISSUE的题目便有分晓了.感觉最难写的题目是完全抽象的命题,只是一句存有争议的话,需要发散思维,旁征博引,还要紧扣主题,估计我遇到此类问题需要提前进行大量的BrainStorm,然后不断修改才能形成一篇能够表达命题的文章.自己的写作实在是很差,加油吧.

再来根据自己对ISSUE的初步分类,对草木的笔记进行深入研究.这二十问是对成文的一个完全纲领式的精炼,将骨头完全剔出,剩下的就是深加工.就是这样,我也才对英文写作有了概念性的了解,以前上学写英语文章总是天马行空,虽然规定主题,但总是举例不恰当,分析不透彻,层次不鲜明,逻辑不连贯,导致文章像流水帐,几乎清一色的简单句的堆砌,读下来有种崩溃想撕烂卷子的冲动,自己也从来没有对英语文章的结构进行分析,只是在阅读时会注意到开篇和结尾,然后是每段的开头和结尾,但把阅读和写作割裂开来,所以效果很不明显,写作的提高也是举步维艰,难见起色.到现在也停留在大量简单句加少量复合句,鲜有逻辑连接词的尴尬境地.

对这二十问,自己总结了一下:1,2,3可以作为开篇.5可以作为观点倾向的表述,对于让步的文章可以有多种倾向.3,4,6,9可以作为对一种观点的解释,或是一种事物的描述,展开论述.7,8为因果论述;10,11为对比论述,都是丰富论述语言,进一步展开论述.12,13,14可以作为细节描写,生动论述的内容.15,16,17为举例论述,也是丰富论述的语言,特别是17问,很有分量,如果引用自己知晓的历史细节或是教训来丰富文章,画龙点睛.18,19,20为结篇,其中20也可作为让步写法,继续增强文章的思想深度,全面无疑的对观点进行阐述.

第一次笔记,个人拙见,还请批评指正.

kulewy531UID: 2603031

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）20 Questions for Writers
（在此以issue13为例，逐一回答这20个问题）
As a writer, you can begin by asking yourself questions and then answering them. Your answers will bring your subject into focus and provide you with the material to develop your topic. Here are twenty questions or "thought starters" that present ways of observing or thinking about your topic. Each question generates the type of essay listed in parentheses after the question.

题目：
Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct.
题目
1. What does X(lesser-know languages) mean? (Definition)
languages which few people speak
2. What are the various features of X(lesser-know languages)? (Description)
(1) a different culture
(2) little practical use for most people
3. What are the component parts of X(the govermant should protect lesser-know languages from extinction)? (Simple Analysis)
(1)why protection is important
(2)why the goverments are responsible for protecting them

4. How is X(the govermant should protect lesser-know languages from extinction) made or done? (Process Analysis)
take official measures
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
lesser-spoken language represents a different culture.
it redounds to the diversity of culture
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
   lesser-know languages is extincting.
8. What are the consequences of X(goverment take measures)? (Causal Analysis)
   people who learns it as mother tongue has more problems in languages
   their thoughts, habits may be different from others
9. What are the types of X(lesser-know languages)? (Classification)
   which is about to extingct
   which some people speak but lesser and lesser know
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
   animal
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
   in many rich countries, it is protected
   in poor countries,it is extincting
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
   a different culture
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
   the same as 11
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
   globlization.
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)

16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
in my opinion, it depends on the balance of commonness and individuality.
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)

18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)

19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
conflict of globalization and tradition
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)