1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by 豆腐店的86——越来越快

豆腐店的86UID: 2512956

驰骋在秋名的山路，只有自己越来越快，才能有资本迎接一轮又一轮的挑战！

简单介绍：大家好，我是寄托G版新兵，T写作的惨痛教训告诉我需要扎扎实实的提高写作水平以迎战3月份的AW。与大家一样，学习英语已经有差不多十年的经历，总结起来，要提高英语水平，“方法+实践”才是最终取胜的硬道理。6G备战伊始，AW需要率先攻破。希望在参与本组学习和练习的过程中，我能和大家一起越跑越快！

前期备考：
1.刚刚开始背第一遍红宝书。（有学长说上XDF之前要充分熟悉单词，才会有好效果，我就这么做了。）
2.从NYT & This I Belive 两个站点找文章下载下来作为每天一篇的泛读材料
3.AW的准备，主动词汇+语言能力+思维组织。 当然，这一部分的内容就从本组练习的各个作业开始吧！

ps,由于我今天刚刚看到这个活动，欠的作业相当多。现在需要开足马力，保质保量的把进度赶上来

大家共勉！！

豆腐店的86UID: 2512956

第二楼 要空着？~~~  貌似

豆腐店的86UID: 2512956

作业要抓紧！！
时刻提醒自己！

REBORN FROM THE ASHES 精英备考组 海选阶段 第一次作业通知
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1025915-1-1.html

REBORN FROM THE ASHES 精英备考组 海选阶段 第二次作业通知
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1028710-1-2.html

REBORN FROM THE ASHES 精英备考组 海选阶段 第三次作业通知
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1029483-1-1.html
.
REBORN FROM THE ASHES 精英备考组 海选阶段 第四次作业通知.
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1030818-1-1.html

豆腐店的86UID: 2512956

12月真是事情茫茫多
课业，课题，比赛，单词，写作

平安夜前若能胜利赶上进度，写作方面在这个月，我也无欲无求了
饭后要去讨论比赛，晚上还要备课，背单词~~~ 之后泛读材料解决后，在上来发帖留言吧~~~

利用下课时间完成了第一次作业中 前五篇帖子的阅读
虽然没有进入实质性的文法，而且前面的准备工作我也听过不下十遍，但所谓，温故而知新，把新的体会写下来，日后必有大用·~~

【20 questions for writers】
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)

   曾经在写作课上学过这样类似的方法以打开思路，但是没有这么细致，都是简单的 how why when what 一类的词来帮助思考。删掉了一些自己能够马上想到的问题，留下的都是些一下子无法跳出来问自己的问题。尤其是第20题，往往容易太过沉迷于一个方向 而看不到问题的反面，也许反面更好阐述问题。
这些问题对不同的话题再打开思路方面有不同的效果·~ 需要在练习中实用，才会记忆深刻。

-----------------------------------------------
【Coping with Writing Anxiety】

use my favorite pen!!

-------------------------------------------
【Writer's Block】
不知如何下笔---写下所有的primary ideas， 然后用相关的小点来支持这些p ideas,free writing
boring topic--- find a funning aspect

--------------
【start to write】
purpose---narrow down!!
how to achieve--- describe, define, comment, and etc.
ideas----brainstorm, free writing
nutshell the idea---- shorter, ouline

-------------------------
【Writing With Computers】
freewriting
making an outline
creating a scrap file----  assignment itself / scraps of writing  这个写论文的时候常用
mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences
staying on topic in every paragraph----Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.
一段一意，要时刻注意例子是否能很好的表达分论点的含义

豆腐店的86UID: 2512956

昨天忙着英语辩论的讨论，没有切实完成泛读任务·····
下午看了6--16篇的材料
基于个人的阅读习惯，第一遍都是大概总纲式的阅读，追上这一阶段的作业进度后，会在回来反复阅读里面的内容，同时充实笔记~~~
在看过的6-16片中，有关T ,TS， 逻辑结构，PROOFREADING 以及METAPHOR 给我留下了深刻的印象。
很多需要在写作过程中反复问自己的问题在之前的课程中也学习过，只是没有能把他们变成写作习惯。
在准备AW的前期，这样的习惯需要尽快养成~~~~

学习笔记如下：
如有看不懂，非常抱歉，·~~~ 个人习惯就是把学到的结构化，方便以后复习的时候快速寻找思路~~~~

thesis statement
A good thesis statement makes the difference between a thoughtful research project and a simple retelling of facts.（好的主题句是一个值得思考的问题，而非事实的陈述）
The thesis statement is typically located at the end of your opening paragraph. 主题句必须出现在开头段的最后。Make it clear, strong, and easy to find.使主题句清晰！
The goal of your paper is to convince your audience that your claim is true based on your presentation of your reasons and evidence.
An argumentative thesis statement will tell your audience:
• your claim or assertion
• the reasons/evidence that support this claim
• the order in which you will be presenting your reasons and evidence
Questions to ask yourself when writing an argumentative thesis statement:
• What is my claim or assertion?
• What are the reasons I have to support my claim or assertion?
• In what order should I present my reasons?
be specific and focused
Avoid vague language.
Avoids the first person.
反复问自己：who cares? so what？
Dos:
表明立场，具体，并且中心明确，表明自己的观点和结论，出现在开头段的末尾，同时提示读者作者的行文思路．
Don’ts:
不要说废话，说空话，说大话，不要出现第一人称，不要含糊不清．
Specific topic + Attitude/Angle/Argument = Thesis
What you plan to argue + How you plan to argue it = Thesis

合格的主题句：吸引读者思考，避免so what 问题， 避免绝对的论调，要引导下文的分论点或者段主题，要适合被开展讨论
写主题句：考虑重要性，感觉与现实，因果关系，质疑&否定
Brainstorm--as you read look for：
• Interesting contrasts or comparisons or patterns emerging in the information
• Is there something about the topic that surprises you?
• Do you encounter ideas that make you wonder why?
• Does something an "expert" says make you respond, "no way! That can be right!" or "Yes, absolutely. I agree!"

1. A strong thesis takes some sort of stand.明确表明立场！
2. A strong thesis justifies discussion.留给大家质疑和讨论的余地．
3. A strong thesis expresses one main idea.表达一个主要观点
4. A strong thesis statement is specific.具体而不抽象

-----------------------------------------------------------
段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词
Topic sentences  reveal the main point of a paragraph. They show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows.
Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report.
Forms of Topic Sentences
利用复合句，联系上下文的作用
提问
过渡
Pivots（轴）
Signposts
Signposts operate as topic sentences for whole sections in an essay. (In longer essays, sections often contain more than a single paragraph.) They inform a reader that the essay is taking a turn in its argument:

-------------------------------------------------------------
如何有效论证？
Offer evidence that agrees with your stance up to a point, then add to it with ideas of your own.$
Present evidence that contradicts your stance in order to argue against (refute) it and therefore strengthen your position
Use sources against each other, as if they are experts on a panel discussing your proposition
Use quotations to support your assertion, not merely to state or restate your claim. Weak and Strong Uses of Evidence
In order to use evidence effectively, you need to integrate it smoothly into your paragraph
为了使这些论据流畅的结合在一起，需要：
o State your claim.
o Give your evidence, remembering to relate it to the claim.
o Comment on the evidence to show how it supports the claim

正反对比：
反：论证和题目结合不紧密，不是论据无关，而是作者没有表现这种合理的关系在哪里，其实就是却一句话或者是一个逻辑连接词的问题．
正：划线的部分首先是首尾都有明显的和中心联系的句子，让你知道你在读什么，然后就是后边的几乎每个句子都有逻辑的连接词汇连接了起来．
Questions to Ask Yourself When Revising Your Paper
1) Do I avoid generalizing in my paper by specifically explaining how my evidence is representative?
2) Have I offered my reader evidence to substantiate each assertion I make in my paper?
3) Do I thoroughly explain why/how my evidence backs up my ideas?
4) Do I provide evidence that not only confirms but also qualifies my paper’s main claims?
5) Do I use evidence to test and evolve my ideas, rather than to just confirm them?

------------------------------------------------------------
段落间的关系
常见的逻辑顺序：
支持论据：1.Climactic Order (Order of Importance)
          2.In a historically-oriented paper
          3.Logical Order: The Key to Coherent Paragraphs
通过对这些论据的总结，我有以下结论：
１. 并不是所有的文章都是要按照ascending orders的，其实别的顺序都可以接受，包括descending的。主要是按照合理的顺序，说清楚意思就好。
２．实际的文章写作，没有这么单纯的顺序，Issue题目中，许多复杂的问题远不能拿这些逻辑顺序概括。实际上，我们把这种复杂的顺序叫做the flow of mind，根据论证的思路排序
如何处理复杂顺序：
１．三“W”法：Answering Questions:  The Parts of an Essay
2.Mapping an Essay

----------------------------------------------------------
段落内部的关系
1.段落的基本概念：三要素：一个独立的观点和Thesis密切相关、一个合理的逻辑顺序、没有无关细节
2.组成结构：
The topic sentence:
有两个作用：首先它实际上是你本段话题的Thesis,起到和全文的Thesis一样的作用。其次，它是全文的Thesis的进一步的推广和具体化；一般来说，TS总是在文章的开头的第一或者第二句话，很少可以见到在文章的最后出现，并且最好不要这样使用！
Supporting evidence/analysis:
由论据和论证组成，为了合理的论证观点TS.必须在论据和论证之间找到一个平衡！
The conclusion(observation):
结论句总是在文章的最后一句或者倒数第二句！结论句除了总结上文的论述，还要在此总结上做好向下一个分论点的过度。
3.内容基本原则：
     Orient your reader to the subject.
     Tie your ideas together.
     Take it easy through technically dense passages.
     Arrange your ideas in a logical sequence.
  METHOD：（１） USE ORIENTING WORDS AND PHRASES
                 （２） LET THE NEW AMPLIFY THE OLD
                 （３） ADD EXPLANATORY WORDS AND PHRASES
4.段内句子连接：
     connectives, （逻辑连接词）
     核心词重复TRY TO HAVE A WORD OR PHRASE SOMEWHERE IN EACH SENTENCE THAT REFERS TO SOMETHING IN A PREVIOUS SENTENCE.

----------------------------------------------------------
Strategies for Writing a Conclusion
A conclusion should
stress the importance of the thesis statement, （重现主题句）
give the essay a sense of completeness, and （完善全文）
leave a final impression on the reader.（给读者一个深刻的印象）
• Answer the question "So What?" （强调文章的重要性）
• Synthesize,（综合全面的观点） don't summarize
• Redirect your readers
• Create a new meaning
• Point to broader implications

Strategies
• Echoing the introduction: （呼应开头）
• Challenging the reader:（挑战读者的思维）
• Looking to the future:（展望未来）
• Posing questions:（提出问题）

Strategies to Avoid
不要用 in summary， in closing 开头
Stating the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion.
Introducing a new idea or subtopic in your conclusion.
Ending with a rephrased thesis statement without any substantive changes.
Making sentimental, emotional appeals (out of character with the rest of an analytical paper).
Including evidence (quotations, statistics, etc.) that should be in the body of the paper.

-------------------------------------------------------
Conciseness: Methods of Eliminating Wordiness
1. Eliminate unnecessary determiners and modifiers
2. Change phrases into single words
3. Change unnecessary that, who, and which clauses into phrases
4. Avoid overusing expletives at the beginning of sentences
5. Use active rather than passive verbs
6. Avoid overusing noun forms of verbs
7. Reword unnecessary infinitive phrases
8. Replace circumlocutions with direct expressions
9. Omit words that explain the obvious or provide excessive detail
10. Omit repetitive wording

----------------------------------------------------------
proofreading
大声朗读     
找他人看，换换角色
寻找常见错误，力争避免
make note of what errors you make frequently—this will help you proofread more efficiently in the future。
拼写：不依靠电脑
句子：检查主谓是否完整，从句是否写成了独立句式，注意单复数
用问题反复问自己，检查文章的T,段落的TS，全片的结构，语义的表达

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metaphors
Related terms
extended or telescoping metaphor: A sustained metaphor.
implied metaphor: A less direct metaphor.
mixed metaphor: The awkward, often silly use of more than one metaphor at a time. To be avoided!
dead metaphor: A commonly used metaphor that has become over time part of ordinary language.
simile: A comparison using "like" or "as"
metonym: The substitution of one term for another with which it is commonly associated or closely related.
synecdoche: The substitution of a part for the whole or vice versa (a kind of metonym).
Creative ways to use metaphors
as verbs
as adjectives and adverbs
as prepositional phrases
as appositives or modifiers

豆腐店的86UID: 2512956

慢慢追赶进度·~~
待会儿要复习G的单词·~~
之后还要英语辩论赛的讨论·~··
昨天练习发现自己英语思维真是毫无逻辑·~~
吓得自己觉得以后写AW都会逻辑不清·~~~
知识能力都是相通的·~~ 希望自己能触类旁通

明天网上就可能要上场比赛  为自己加油·~~

豆腐店的86UID: 2512956

终于赢下了今天的辩论
虽然我还是被批说即兴能力太差~~~
哎~~ 有什么关系，我去就是练习这一块的·~·
第一次看基础语法部分 先发第一篇的笔记~~·
具体感想和收获，要等多看一些才能知道·~~

--------------------------------------------------
主谓一致
形式，意义要一致；就近原则。

1、 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数
2、 主谓一致中的就近原则
3、 谓语动词与前面的主语一致
4 、谓语需用单数
       1） 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
       2） 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数]
       3） 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数
5、 指代意义决定谓语的单复数
6 、与后接名词或代词保持一致

列出唯一做错的题·· 也不知道自己怎么想的，当时居然填了ARE~~· 传说中的潜意识？
The great writer and professor ____is___ (is) going to our school next week.

豆腐店的86UID: 2512956

基础语法第二部分
做题犀利了一把·~· 全对了~~ 自我鼓励一下
奖励马上睡觉！ 明天早课！
---------------------------------------------------
情态动词
1 情态动词的语法特征
    1） 只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
    2） 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
    3） 没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
    4） 没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。
2 比较can 和be able to
    1）can could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)；be able to可以用于各种时态
    2）只用be able to
       a. 位于助动词后。
       b. 情态动词后。
       c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
       d. 用于句首表示条件。
       e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。
     He couldn't be a bad man.
     他不大可能是坏人。
3比较may和might
1） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。
注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
2） 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。
4比较have to和must
1)have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法
2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
3） 在否定结构中： don't have to 表示"不必"mustn't表示"禁止"，

6表示推测的用法
can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：
1）情态动词+动词原形。
表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.
这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3）情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next December.
明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you.
你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can, may。
7情态动词+ have +过去分词
1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2)must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。
--- Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
---She must have gone by bus.
3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth
本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）
ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineedn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.
10 would rather表示"宁愿"
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
典型例题
---- Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which would you rather do?

11—— will和would
注意：
1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。
Would you like to go with me?
2）Will you…?Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
Would you like some cake?
3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down?
12 ——情态动词的回答方式
问句肯定回答否定回答
Need you…?Yes, I must.No,I needn't
Must you…?/don't have to.
典型例题
1）---Could I borrow your dictionary?
---Yes, of course, you_can___.
2）---Shall I tell John about it?
---No, you _needn't__. I've told him already.
3）---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---__I won't____.

13带to 的情态动词
带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：
Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it.
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。

14比较need和dare
这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
1) 实义动词： need（需要, 要求）
need + n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词： need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。
Need you go yet?
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.
3) need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动：
need doing = need to be done

豆腐店的86UID: 2512956

今天接受了新东方的批课~~
后来聊了很久~~
收获很多·~~
免费给学校学生讲课·~· 锻炼的三个层次的能力，带动性，说服力，煽动性~
不论以后从事什么职业 良好的public speaking的能力是必要的！

回到正题，作业！

----------------------

冠词

定冠词的用法
①用于上文已提到过的人或事物
②特指谈话时双方都熟悉的某（些）人或某（些）事物
③用在世界上独一无二的事物前
④用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only修饰的名词前
⑤用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前
⑥用在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉、群岛等的名称前
⑦用在姓氏复数前，表示“某某一家人”或“某某夫妇”。
注意.   “the+姓氏复数”作主语，谓语动词用复数。     
The Greens are watching TV at the moment. 格林一家人现在正在看电视。     
⑧the后加某些形容词，表示一类人或事物
⑨用在乐器前面。
⑩用在“the＋形容词比较级＋the＋形容词比较级”结构中，表示“越来……越……”。
(11)当名词被一短语或从句所修饰时，该名词前用冠词。
(12)用在表示方向的名词前
(13)用在单数可数名词前表示一类人或物
(14)the常用于一些固定搭配中

零冠词的用法
在星期，月份，季节，节日前。例如：on Sunday，in March，in spring，on Women’s Day
在学科名称，三餐饭和球类运动名称前
by bus\by car\ by bike\ by train\by air\by plane\ by sea\by ship，但take a bus，in a boat，on the bike前需用冠词
用与不用冠词的差异
in hospital住院/in the hospital在医院里
go to sea出海/go to the sea去海边
on earth究竟/on the earth在地球上，在世上
in front of在……(外部的)前面/in the front of在……(内部的)前面
take place发生/take the place(of)代替
at table进餐/at the table在桌子旁
by sea乘船/by the sea在海边
in future从今以后，将来/in the future未来
go to school(church…)上学(做礼拜…)/go to the school(church…)到学校(教堂…)去
on horseback骑着马/on the horseback在马背上
two of us我们当中的两人/the two of us我们两人(共计两人)
out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能的，办不到的
next year明年/the next year 第二年
a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人)/a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人)

数词
算式表达法：
5+6：five plus six(or five and six)
7-6：seven minus six
2×3：two multiplied by three(or two times three)
8/4：eight divided by four
与数词相关的主谓一致原则
1)当名词词组中心词为表示时间、路程、金钱或重量等复数名词时，往往根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看做一个整体，谓语采用单数形式。如：
Twenty dollars is not enough.
Two months has passed before we realized.
但是如果“数词”单用，表示人或物，谓语动词一般用复数。如：
Three were killed and ten were missing in that accident.
2)如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数+of-词组”，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of-词组中名词或代词的单、复数形式：如果of-词组中名词或代词是单数或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式；如果of-词组中名词或代词是复数，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：
Two thirds of the earth is covered with water.
Two thirds of the people present are against the plan.
3)如果主语是many a，more than one+单数名词构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：
Many a student in this class has hoped a long break.
4)a+单数名词+or two做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。one or two+复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
A word or two is missed in the sentence.
One or two words are missed in the sentence.



注意零冠词的用法，常常在混乱的时候弄不清要不要加the! 特此提醒自己！

豆腐店的86UID: 2512956

感觉这样的速度 几乎无法追上进度·~~ 周末又是一堆课！ 挤时间 追进度！！

豆腐店的86UID: 2512956

刚完成第六次作业，爽啊，第一次每个题目都问了20个问题
不过 要多加练习，不然审题时间太长·~~
确实是好方法，队打开思路非常有帮助！
饭前看了虚拟语气·~
口语中我经常用，都是简单句，用到写作中，就不是那么顺手了·~~
---------------------------------------------------
可大致分为三类：
1、对现在事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + were /did等过去式…, …would /could /should /might + do

2、对过去事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + had done…, …would /could / should /might + have done

3、对将来事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do; 意思类似汉语中的“万一”
If + were+ 不定式…, …would+ do;
          Should+ 动词原形

倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
例句：Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him.=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
wish的用法
I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一样高。　　　
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。　　
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)

比较if only与only if：
only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
例句：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
　　　If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　当时闹钟响了，就好了。
　　　If only he comes early.　　　　　　　但愿他早点回来。

as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构。
例句：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

注意1：部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气，形式为should do, 其中should常被省略。
此类动词有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request, command等表示命令、建议、要求等.
例句： We all insist that we (should) not rest until we finish the work..
The professor suggests that the students (should) collect enough materials before they work on this project.

注意2：在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟，来表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事情
这类习语有：as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only, for fear that, unless, in case, lest等
例句： But for your help, I would not have arrived here in time.
(如果没有你的帮助，我就不能准时到达)
Without your help, I would not arrive here in time.

注意3：在下列形容词引导的that从句中必须要用虚拟语气(should) do，但是由于 should经常被省略，所以实际上用的就是动词原形。
这类形容词有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/ advisable等 + that
例句：It is necessary that he (should) realize his situation.

注意4：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，
即在从句中be用were代替。
例句：If I were you, I would go to look for him. （如果我是你，就会去找他。）
　　　If he were here, everything would be all right. （如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。）

注意5：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
例句：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

豆腐店的86UID: 2512956

热烈庆祝辩论赛小组出线~~~
哈哈哈
明天就是新的开始·~ 学习安排等·~· 茫茫多~~

倒装句部分，其实并不难，只是自己用的太少，感觉文学里面用的风多，在做AW的时候，应该只能适当使用，是表达方式丰富一下
----------------------------------------
如果句子谓语提前，则句子为倒装语序（inverted order）分为
完全倒装（full inversion）整个谓语提前
Down tell half a dozen apples
忽然掉下来五六个苹果。
There comes the bus
公车来了。
部分倒装（partial inversion）只有部分谓语提前
How are you doing?
状语从句中的倒装语序
1、有些有If引导的条件状语从句（主要包含有were, had, should 的从句），可以把IF省略，把上述动词放到主语前面去：
Weren’t it for their assitance, we wouldn’t be able to do so well.
Had we got there earlier, we would have caught the train.
Should Mary call, say that I'll be back in an hour.

2、有些让步状语从句中也有倒装的情况，（主要把标语或部分谓语提前）：
Clever though he was, he couldn’t conceal his eagerness for praise.
Talented as he is, he is not yet ready to turn professional.

副词或状语引导的倒装句
1、有些否定意义的副词，若放在句首，句子常用倒装。
Never would he know what she had suffered.

2, 有个别其他副词放在句首时，有时也会有这个现象：
Bitterly did he repent that decision. 他深深地悔恨那个决定。
Gladly would I give my life to save the child.

3, 有些短语，（特别是介词短语）移到句首时也可能引导倒装语序：
On no account must we give up this attempt.
Under no circumstances could we agree to such a principle.
一般这类的都是一些否定含义的短语，类似的还有：In vain, not until, at no point
还有表示唯一的，如：only in this way
So…that结构： So bright was the moon that the flowers were bright as by day.

谓语前移的情况
1、<状语前置>有些句子没有宾语且主语又比较长。又是可把状语提前，而把主语放在谓语后面去。
Before him lay miles of undulating moorland: 他前面是一片高低起伏的荒原
After the banquet came a firework display in the garden. 宴会后花园里燃放了烟火。
From the distance came occasional shots. 从远处传来零星的枪声。
In the distance could be seen the purple mountains. 远处可以看见紫色的群山。
2、为了描绘更生动，有些与介词同行的副词可以移到句首，把主语放在谓语后面。
Up went the arrow into the air. 嗖的一声箭射上了天。
She rang the bell. In came a girl she had not seen before. 她按铃，进来一个她从未见过的姑娘。

分词和表语移到句首
1、进行时态中的分词有时可移到句首，来对这个动作加以强调。
Watching the performances were mostly foreign tourists.

2, 已过去分词做表语的句子，过去分词有时也可以提前，把主语放到后面去。
Seated on the ground are a group of young people.
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, lead and zinc.

3, 作表语的介词短语有时也可以提前。
Around the lake are a huge number of farms.
Near the sourthen end of the village was a large pear orchard.

4, 其他表语也可提前
Worst of all is the humiliations he suffered. 最不堪的是他经受的许多屈辱。
Higher up were forests of white birches. 在往上去是一片白桦林。

豆腐店的86UID: 2512956

从句确实需要好好学~~
一直以来都是凭语感做题的~~
估计一下也改不了，语法错误也只能在习作中发现，改进了
HOWEVER
从句结构和规律还是要好好学习的

------------------------------------
从句
名词性从句
1. 主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有：
*It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that...
*It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that...
*It is clear\important\likely\possible that...
*It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that...
2. what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语。
What we lack is experience.
3. what, who, when, why, whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。
How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.

宾语从句
1. 宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是）已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。
He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.
This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.

2. 宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。
He has made it clear that he would not change his mind.

3. 在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。
He didn't think that the money was well spent.
表语从句
表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that, what, when, why, whether, how等引导外，还可由because, as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because.
Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America.

同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether, who, when, where, what, why, how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.
I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.
有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。
The news came that their team had won the championship.
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
　　　 a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is necessary that…　　有必要……
　　　　　It is important that…　　重要的是……
　　　　　It is obvious that…　　很明显……　　
　　　 b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is believed that…　　　　　人们相信……
　　　　　It is known to all that…　　　从所周知……
　　　　　It has been decided that…　　已决定……
　　　 c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常识
　　　　　It is a surprise that…　　 令人惊奇的是……
　　　　　It is a fact that…　　　　 事实是……
　　　 d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
　　　　　It appears that…　　　　　　似乎……
　　　　　It happens that…　　　　　　碰巧……
　　　　　It occurred to me that…　　 我突然想起……

形容词性从句（即定语从句）
限制性定语从句
修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that等。who, whom, whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于of which；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。
The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations.
Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.
1)当先行词是all, anything, everything, something, nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first, last, any, few, much, some, no, only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。
2)关系代词的省略
在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。
This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things (which\that) we have to put up with.
3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。
Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.
No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day.
非限制性定语从句
既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。
Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.
*“介词+which\whom\whose”引导的定语从句
“介词+which\whom\whose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。
This is the computer on which he spent all his savings
It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.

as引导的定语从句
as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。
as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。
These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语)

副词性从句（即状语从句）
时间状语从句：引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有
1）when, whenever, while, as, after, before, since, till, until, once等。
We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.
2)as soon as, hardly(scarcely)...when, no sooner...than, each(every) time, the moment, immediately(that)等。
As soon as I sent an e-mail message, I received positive responses.

地点状语从句：引导地点状语从句的连词是where, wherever.
Wherever she went, she took her little daughter with her.
Where I live there are plenty of trees.　　我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.   不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

原因状语从句：引导原因状语从句的从属连词有
because, as, since, now(that),seeing that, considering that, in that等。
Considering that he is a freshman, we must say he is doing well.
比较：because, since, as和for
1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。
　 I didn't go, because I was afraid.
　 Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
　 He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
　 He must be ill, for he is absent today.

结果状语从句：引导结果状语从句的连词有so...that, such...that, so that, that, so等。
Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.
比较： so和 such
　such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
　so foolish　　　　　　　such a fool　　　　　　　　　
　so many people　　　　　such a lot of people　
（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）
　 so…that与 such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。

目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, lest等，从句常使用may, might, can, could, would等情态动词。
We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.
例如：
　　 You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
　　 He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
　　 Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。
As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not.　
　 Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
　 If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.

让步状语从句
连词和词组有though, although, whether, even though, even if, no matter what(when, how...),whatever(whenever, wherever, however....)等。though, even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词（副词、动词、名词）+as+主语+谓语”。
No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.
Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though he is young)
Child as he is,he can speak English fluently.(=though he is a child)
1）though, although
当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用
　Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
　伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。

2)　as, though 引导的倒装句
　 as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
　　Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
　= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意： a.　句首名词不能带任何冠词。
　　　　b.　句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
　　 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
　 = Though he tries hard, he never seems…
　虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。

3)　even if, even though.　即使
　　We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.

4) whether…or-　 不管……都
　　 Whether you believe it or not, it is true.

5)　"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
　　 No matter what happened, he would not mind.
　　 Whatever happened, he would not mind.
　 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
　（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
　（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
　　　
　（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
　（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.　囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
错题:
__now that___ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.

My favorite room is the tidy study with a fireplace, _where____ we can watch TV and enjoy the nice scenery outside.

豆腐店的86UID: 2512956

突然发现之前的帖子全部不见了~~
还好我记得我做到那里了~~
辛苦版主们帮忙找回来啦~~~

豆腐店的86UID: 2512956

名词
其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：
　
如：　two Marys
the Henrys
monkey---monkeys　 holiday---holidays
　比较：
层楼：storey ---storeys　 story---stories
2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
　　a. 加s，如： photo---photos
piano---pianos
　　　　　　　　
radio---radios　
　zoo---zoos；
　　b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes　tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
　　a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs　roof---roofs
　　　　　　　　 safe---safes　 gulf---gulfs；
　　b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves　　
　　　knife---knives　leaf---leaves　wolf---wolves
　　　wife---wives　life---lives　thief---thieves；
　　c. 均可,如：　handkerchief:
　　　　　　　 handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
3 名词复数的不规则变化
本帖最后由 草木也知愁 于 2009-6-7 14:33 编辑

2、名词用法讲解

名词可以分为
专有名词（Proper Nouns）
和
普通名词 (Common Nouns）。
专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。
普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。
普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun，cup，desk，student。
　 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：class，team，family。
　 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：rice，water，cotton，air。
　 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：love，work，life。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns）；
物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。


2 其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：
　
如：　two Marys
the Henrys
monkey---monkeys　 holiday---holidays
　比较：
层楼：storey ---storeys　 story---stories
2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
　　a. 加s，如： photo---photos
piano---pianos
　　　　　　　　
radio---radios　
　zoo---zoos；
　　b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes　tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
　　a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs　roof---roofs
　　　　　　　　 safe---safes　 gulf---gulfs；
　　b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves　　
　　　knife---knives　leaf---leaves　wolf---wolves
　　　wife---wives　life---lives　thief---thieves；
　　c. 均可,如：　handkerchief:
　　　　　　　 handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
3 名词复数的不规则变化
1）child---children
　foot---feet　
tooth---teeth
　　mouse---mice　　
man---men　 woman---women　
注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。
　如： an Englishman, two Englishmen.但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2）单复同形　如：
　　deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese
　　li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin　
但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
如:
a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。
　
如： people　police　cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说 a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。
　　　如： The Chinese are industries and brave.　中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
　　 a. maths, politics, physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
　　 b. news 是不可数名词。
　　 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
　　　The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
　　 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
　　　"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.
　　　<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)　trousers,　clothes
　
若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);　suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers

6）
另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼

5 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
　1) 用复数作定语。
　　
如：sports meeting 运动会
　　　　 students reading-room 学生阅览室　
　　　　 talks table 谈判桌　
　　　　 the foreign languages department 外语系
2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
　
如：men workers　　women teachers
gentlemen officials
3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。
　
如：goods train (货车)
　　　 arms produce　武器生产
　　　 customs papers 海关文件
　　　 clothes brush衣刷
4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。
　如：two-dozen eggs　两打/（二十四个鸡蛋)　
　
　 a ten-mile walk 十里路　
　　 two-hundred trees 两百棵树
　
　 a five-year plan.　一个五年计划
　　
个别的有用复数作定语的，如： a seven-years child
6 不同国家的人的单复数
名称　      　总称(谓语用复数）　一个人　　两个人


                     the                    a/an　　　　two
中国人　　the Chinese　　  a Chinese　 two Chinese
瑞士人　　the Swiss            a Swiss　　   two Swiss
日本人　　the Japanese　　a Japanese　 two Japanese
法国人　　the French　    a Frenchman　 two Frenchmen
英国人　　the English　　an Englishman　 two Englishmen
德国人　　the Germans　　a Germans　　two Germans
澳大利亚人Australians　　  an Australian　two Australians
俄国人　　the Russians　　a Russian　　  two Russians
意大利人　the Italians　　 an Italian　       two Italians
希腊人　　the Greek    　　a Greek　　    two Greeks
美国人　　the Americans　an American　  two Americans
印度人　　the Indians　　  an Indian　　 two Indians
加拿大人　the Canadians　a Canadian　 two Canadians
瑞典人　　the Swedish　　a Swede　  　two Swedes　　

3、名词用法难点

一、 关于特殊名词的具体考点如下：、
　　1．容易误用为复数的不可数名词：(这些名词一般不能用作复数，谓语动词用单数)
　　advice 建议，忠告 living 生活，生计
　　equipment 装备，设备 progress 前进，发展
　　furniture 家具，设备 scenery 风景，景色
　　information 通知；信息 machinery 机器，机械
　　knowledge 知识，学问 traffic 交通流量
　　baggage / luggage 行李，皮箱 trouble 烦恼，麻烦
　　cash 现金 thunder 雷声，轰隆声
　　apparatus 仪器 weather 天气，处境
　　clothing 衣服 work 工作，劳动
　　paper 纸，钞票 luck 运气，幸运
　　technology 工艺，技术 jewelry 珠宝
　　2． 复数形式的名词用于单数概念，其谓语动词用单数。(这些名词一般为表示学科或疾病的名词)
　　economics 经济学 measles 麻疹
　　physics 物理学 mumps 腮腺炎
　　mathematics 数学 rickets 软骨病，佝偻病
　　dynamics 动力学 news 新闻
　　The United States 美国 The New York Times 纽约时报

6．动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句做主语时+单数谓语
　　 Early to bed and early to rise makes one healthy, wealthy and wise.
　　( 指“早睡早起”一件事)
　　To work hard is necessary
　 What I said and did is of no concern to you.
　 Reading three classical novels and making some social investigations are assignments for the students during the holiday. ( 注意： 指不同性质的两件事，谓语用复数 )
　　7． many a, more than one + 单数可数名词，尽管表示复数意义， 谓语仍用单数。
　　Many a student has made such a mistake.
　 More than one stranger agrees with me.
　　[注意]
　　在“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
　　More persons than one have been involved. 卷入其中的远不止一人。
　　8． 由 every …and every …; each … and each…; no … and no…; many a …and many a … 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词用单数。
　　Every man and every woman working here is getting along well with me.
　　No difficulty and no hardship has discouraged him.
　　9. 由 all of, most of, half of , a lot of, part of 等加名词构成的主语，谓语动词的数取决于该名词的单复数。
　　 All of us are going to see the game.
　　All of his time was spent on gambling
　　 Three-fourths of the people are illiterate.
　　 同例： plenty of…， one fourth of…， none of…， some of …， majority of …， … percent of …， the rest of …， reminder of …。
　　10. a number of ( a total of , an average of ) +复数名词，谓语动词用复数。
　　the number of ( the total of, the average of ) + 复数名词， 谓语动词用单数。
　　A total of ten thousand dollars were donated last month.
　　The total of dollars donated last month was 100,000 dollars.
　　同例： a / the variety of；a / the group of
　　11. 定语从句的谓语动词注意与先行词保持一致，但注意the only one of… 的用法。
　　 One of those men likes to drive fast.
　　 One of those men who like to drive fast is her son.
　　 He is the only one of those men who likes to drive fast.
　　12. 由some，any, no，every 构成的复合词如somebody, nothing, nobody, anything, everybody等代词作主语，谓语动词用单数；由each, every one, no one, either, neither, another, the other作主语时，谓语动词用单数；由either, neither, each, every修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：
　　More than one example is necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly.
　　Neither is satisfactory.
　　Is either of the singers reading now?
　　13. the + adj / v-ed 表示一类人时， 用复数谓语动词; 表示抽象概念时， 谓语动词用单数。
　　The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
　　病人得到了医治，失踪的也找回来了。
　　同例： the poor / dumb / innocent / guilty / unemployed / aged / oppressed / exploited…
　　We can do the difficult first. The impossible takes a little longer.
　　我们先从难题开始，不会的可能花的时间长一些。
　　The best is yet to come. 好戏还在后头。
　　14. a pair of + 由两部分物体构成的名词(如：shoes, scissors, glasses, jeans, pants, trousers)作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
　　My new pair of pants is being altered. 我的一条短裤正在修改。
　　15. 当主语被one ( a ) and a half 修饰时，谓语动词用数。
　　One and a half apples is left on the plate.
　　16. 当主语由 a series of…， a portion of …， a species of …， a kind of …， a sequence of …， a chain of…， a piece of … 加名词(单数或复数)构成时， 谓语用单数。
　　A series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by Mr. Li.
　　A large portion of her poems was published after her death.