【研究报告】关于一本老外编写的写作指导书目录【For 新手】

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该书籍为《Writing Skills for the Gre and Gmat Tests》（Peterson's Writing Skills for the GRE & GMAT Test, From Amazon)。
本研究旨在寻求中、外老师在GRE写作方面的理解的一致性。由于资料的不可获取性，本人只选择了全球销售量较大的一本书的目录作为研究对象，对其扩展目录进行较为认真的分析，结果表明：在GRE写作的理解上，具体包括写作的方法、思路和细节要求上，中外的老师和网友的看法都是一致的，因此大家好好复习，充分利用寄托网站前人的材料，踏踏实实，一定能够取得很好的成绩。 客观的选择你手头的材料，充分利用寄托的资源。

声明：本文仅为寄托网友交流娱乐，归属寄托天下，转载请注明为寄托天下。

重点部分以红笔进行标记，网友可选择性进行阅读。

首先来看它的Introduction部分

(Get Ready for GRE or GMAT Analytical Writing)

[HERE YOU'LL FIND the entire introductory part of Writing Skills for the GRE and GMAT Tests. This page contains hyperlinks to the supplementary materials and resources referred to in the printed version. Clicking on a link opens an additional browser window.]

All GMAT test takers and, beginning in October 2002, all GRE test takers must compose two essays as part of their testing experience. The two essay tasks, while quite distinct from each other, are essentially the same on the GRE as on the GMAT:

Present Your Perspective on an Issue (GRE) or Analysis of an Issue (GMAT): In this essay you adopt a position on a given issue of broad intellectual interest, and support that position with reasons and/or examples (45-minute time limit on the GRE; 30-minute limit on the GMAT).

Analyze an Argument (GRE) or Analysis of an Argument (GMAT): In this essay you analyze a paragraph-length argument, pointing out and discussing problems with its line of reasoning, adequacy and use of evidence, and internal logic (30-minute time limit on both exams).

这里表明了issue写作要重视给出自己的立场，argument都是有错误的，必须攻击，而不是那些富有创意的网友问的，issue不给出立场，argument呢是否可以写成支持型。今天说过了，以后不想予以赘述。

During your GRE or GMAT (both of which are now administered only by computer) the computerized testing system will randomly select your essay questions from its large database "pool" of official questions. Educational Testing Service (the test maker) has revealed its complete pool of essay questions for each of the two exams.

这里指出考试作文从题库中选择的。

Graduate admissions officials are relying increasingly on GRE and GMAT essay scores to predict graduate-level academic performance and, in turn, to make admissions choices among similarly qualified applicants. The moral is clear: You'd better take the essay portion of your exam seriously! Fortunately, you've come to the right place, so to speak. This book will give you the competitive edge you need to gain admission to your first-choice graduate program or B-school.

这个是他的广告词，据说要读他的书就可以拿好成绩，来，大家一起B4他，事实上，从后面的分析知道，中外对AW的写作理解是一致的。当然，我们要引起注意的一个事情就是，作文的分数在申请过程相对比较重要。

Essay-phobic? You're Not Alone!

Okay, you've committed yourself to taking the GRE (or GMAT). Perhaps you've already bought one of those big, thick test-prep books to help you get ready for your exam. But if you're like most test takers, you've put off any earnest attempt to prepare for the two essays, focusing instead on the exam's multiple-choice sections. Why do so many test takers neglect Analytical Writing when it comes to GRE and GMAT prep? Probably for one or more of the following reasons:

The task is intimidating because there's no room for guesswork. During the exam's multiple-choice sections you can score points by making lucky, random guesses and by making so-called "educated" guesses (by eliminating some answer choices). But it's impossible to fake your way through the essay sections.
Scoring the essays is so subjective. It's difficult to know what the readers will reward you for and where you stand in relation to other test takers or so you think.
Writing essays is such hard work. Organizing and composing an essay inherently requires far more activity, both mentally and physically, than analyzing and answering a multiple-choice question.
There are so many possible essay questions, but so little time to get ready for them. Since ETS has pre-disclosed all of the questions, you might feel you're at a competitive disadvantage unless you're ready for each and every one of them. And given a pool that contains hundreds of questions, who has the time, let alone the brain power, to get ready for every single one? Not you. "So why bother even trying," you think.
Take heart: Nearly all your peers experience similar insecurities about the GRE (or GMAT) writing tasks. What's more, by picking up this book you've taken an important first step toward overcoming yours!

这是老外对新手的心里的分析，由于考察的主观性较强、写作本身是个很累人的工作，再加上题库量很大，导致了新手的恐惧心里。紧接着老外进一步指出所有的考试者都是这样的，因此不必担心。后面对他的书做了广告，不用管他。

来看下GRE写作过程会遇到的一些专有名词，放松一下
Some Testing Terminology You Should Know

Throughout this book I refer to various acronyms and other terms that the test makers use and that you should know. This first one is for GRE as well as GMAT test takers:
ETS (Educational Testing Service). This is the non-profit organization that creates the GRE and GMAT, administers the exams, and reports exam scores to the graduate schools. ETS also conducts ongoing research projects aimed at improving its tests.
这个不可信的说，每人交了那么多dollar都去谁的腰包了？

GRE Terminology

GRE General Test or GRE (Graduate Record Exam). Sitting for this exam is a prerequisite for admission to many college and university graduate (Masters and Ph.D.) programs. The GRE is designed to measure a broad range of verbal, quantitative, and analytical writing abilities. The exam is offered only by computer now (except in some remote locations outside the U.S.).

NOTE: Do not confuse the GRE General Test with the GRE subject tests. Each subject test is designed to gauge the test taker's knowledge of one particular academic field. GRE subject tests are administered separately from the GRE General Test.

Analytical Writing section. This is the section of the GRE that includes the two writing tasks. This test section is new on the GRE as of October 2002.

GRE Writing Assessment. This is a stand-alone test that is identical to the Analytical Writing section of the new GRE. ETS began administering the GRE Writing Assessment in the fall of 1999, and will continue to do so through December 2002. On January 1, 2003, ETS will discontinue the stand-alone GRE Writing Assessment.

Present Your Perspective on an Issue. This is the name of one of the two writing tasks on the Analytical Writing section of the GRE. Throughout this book I refer to it by the single word "Issue" (using an uppercase "I").

Analyze an Argument. This is the name of the other writing task on the Analytical Writing section of the GRE. Throughout this book I refer to it by the single word "Argument" (using an uppercase "A").

GMAT Terminology------

During your GRE (or GMAT) the computerized testing system will randomly select your Issue and Argument questions from a large database, or "pool." (You won't know ahead of time which particular questions the testing system will present to you.) ETS has pre-disclosed its complete pool of essay questions for each of the two exams. To get the greatest possible benefit from this book, especially from the sample essays in Parts 5-8, you should obtain your official list. They're available online, and the GMAT list is also available in print. (For details, see below.)

The Pool of GRE Essay Questions

The official list (pool) of GRE Analytical Writing questions currently consists of nearly 250 Issue topics and nearly 250 Arguments. Here are two different ways to obtain the complete list:

View the list, free of charge and without registration, at the official GRE website (www.gre.org). Follow the link to the description of the GRE General Test, then locate the description of the Analytical Writing section. There you'll find separate links to the list of Issues and list of Arguments.

Link directly to the Issue and Argument lists from my GRE Analytical Writing website.
The Pool of GMAT Essay Questions

The official list (pool) of GMAT essay questions (for the admissions year 2001-02) consists of 125 Issues and 125 Arguments. Here are three different ways to obtain the list:

Download the list, free of charge and without registration, from the GMAC's official GMAT website (www.mba.com). The list is available only as a .PDF (portable document format) file, not as an HTML file (Web page). A single file contains all 125 Arguments and 125 Issues. The file is 38 pages in length; you'll find the Arguments on pages 1-25, and the Issues on pages 26-38.

NOTE: To view the .PDF file you'll need Adobe's Acrobat Reader software. In all likelihood, Acrobat Reader is already installed on your computer. If it isn't, you'll find instructions for downloading and installing it when you come across the .PDF file at the official GMAT website.

Download the .PDF file described above via my GMAT Analytical Writing website.

ETS publishes the GMAT essay questions in a printed publication: The Official Guide for GMAT Review ($19.95). The questions are not published in the official GMAT Information Bulletin (free from ETS).

What You'll Learn from this Book
This book is designed as a stand-alone resource for GRE and GMAT essay preparation.―――
全是广告不用理会。

来看老外对高分issue的理解：
How to Compose a High-Scoring Issue Essay

Steps to the Issue Writing Task
I. Developing a Position on the IssueII. Qualifying an Issue statementIII. Strong agreement or disagreementIV. Supporting Your Position and Refuting OthersV. Using rhetorical techniques to persuade the readerVI. Your supporting examplesVII. Brainstorming for essay ideasVIII. Organizing Your Ideas (Your Essay's Structure)

Your essay's length
Rhetorical emphasis and your essay's structure
Templates for your essay's structure
DOs and DON'Ts for Your Issue Essay
Adopting a perspective or position
Supporting your position and countering others
Organization
If You Have More Time
Take notes on the Issue statements in your official pool
Consult my other two Analytical Writing books
Dig even further for ideas and examples
Online Resources for Issue Topics
Keep your perspective
Reinforcement Exercises
Outlining (3 exercises)
Writing introductory paragraphs (5 exercises)
Recognizing an essay's structure (8 exercises)
Analytical writing (5 exercises)
Composing a full-length Issue essay (1 essay)
Reinforcement Exercises samples and Comments

PART 3
来看老外对高分argument的理解：
How to Compose a High-Scoring Argument Essay

8 Steps to the Argument Writing Task
Organizing Your Ideas (Your Essay's Structure)
Number of words
Number of paragraphs
An Argument's line of reasoning, and your essay's structure
Optional elements and your essay's structure
Applying structural principles to a sample Argument
Recognizing and Handling Flaws in GRE and GMAT Arguments

他们对错误分类基本上和我们的七宗罪及其类似的说。所以在指出错误上，完全还可以利用手头的资料即可，关于开头结尾的写法，可以参考imong的建议，进一步的证据正在总结中，稍后分享，但基本可以肯定，开头的复述与否并不会影响文章的分值。
Confusing a cause-and-effect relationship with a mere correlation or temporal sequence
Drawing a weak analogy between two things
Relying on potentially unrepresentative statistical samples
Relying on tainted results from a survey or poll
Assuming that a certain condition is necessary and/or sufficient for a certain outcome
Assuming that characteristics of a group apply to each group member (or vice-versa)
Assuming that all things remain unchanged over time
Other reasoning problems with GRE and GMAT Arguments

Organization
If You Have More Time
Take notes on the Arguments in your official pool
Consult my other two Analytical Writing books
Practice, practice, practice!
Reinforcement Exercises
False cause (2 exercises)
Weak Analogies (2 exercises)
Unreliable statistics (2 exercises)
Necessary and sufficient conditions (2 exercises)
Group-member problems (2 exercises)
Time-shift problems (2 exercises)
Reinforcement Exercises桽amples and Comments

PART 4
Writing Style and Mechanics

Your Overall Tone and Voice
Developing a Persuasive Writing Style
Rhetorical words and phrases functional category
Avoid empty rhetoric
Using irony as a rhetorical device
Using punctuation for rhetorical emphasis
Connecting Your Ideas Together
References to Yourself and to the Statement or Argument
Self-references
References to the statement or Argument
References to the source of the statement or Argument
Pronoun references to an Argument's proponent
Shorthand references to an Argument's source and evidence
Quoting the statement or Argument

以下使我们腰注意的问题，句式、句法和语法。在《GRE写作综述》里我也一再强调检查的时候注意这些细节的小错误。平时的练习更要注意，养成好的习惯。

Your Sentences写作句式、句法问题Sentence length and variety
Part of a sentence out of balance with another part
Awkward use of the passive and active "voices"
Confusing or vague pronoun references
Improper placement of modifiers
Improper splitting of a grammatical unit
Dangling modifier errors
Stringing together too many adjectives
Using too few (or too many) commas
Wordy and awkward phrases
Redundant words and phrases
Your Facility with the English Language
Demonstrating a solid vocabulary
Using the language of Critical Reasoning
Your diction and use of idioms
Your Grammar语法错误，大家最好提前注意下
Error in choice of adjective for comparisons
Improper use of reflexive pronouns
Error in pronoun-antecedent agreement
Error in subject-verb agreement
Improper mixing of gerunds, nominatives, and infinitives
Faulty parallelism (lists)
Faulty parallelism (correlatives)
Error in verb tense
Error in using the subjunctive mood
DOs and DON'Ts for Writing Style and Mechanics
PARTS 5-8
Sample Essays for Official Issues and Arguments
Updates for sequence of official questions
PART 5: Sample Essays for 20 Official GRE Issues
PART 6: Sample Essays for 20 Official GRE Arguments
PART 7: Sample Essays for 20 Official GMAT Issues
PART 8: Sample Essays for 20 Official GMAT Arguments

[ 本帖最后由 iq28 于 2007-10-5 01:44 编辑 ]

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