[同主题写作] 0510G同主题写作第十二期－－Issue157 [复制链接]

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发表于 2005-8-2 14:09:42 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

【题目】：

Issue 157：There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer’s expectations or desires.

【翻译】：

纯粹客观的观察是不存在的。所有的观察都是主观的；观察总是被观察者的预期或者愿望所左右的。

【关键词释义】：

虽然说题目字面含义很简单，但是为了更好的分析题目，对于“观察”，“主观”，“客观”这几个名词还是需要更深刻的理解的。下面看看MW中对几个词的解释：

Objective  adj.
1.b : of, relating to, or being an object, phenomenon, or condition in the realm of sensible experience independent of individual thought and perceptible by all observers: having reality independent of the mind

客观的标准是：1.强调的是不掺杂个人的想法（independent of individual thought）。2.被广泛认同（perceptible by all observers）

Subjective  adj.
3 a : characteristic of or belonging to reality as perceived rather than as independent of mind : PHENOMENAL

主观的标准是：是感觉到的（perceived）而且是存在个人的思考的（rather than as independent of mind）

Observation  noun.
2 a : an act of recognizing and noting a fact or occurrence often involving measurement with instruments *weather observations*  b : a record or description so obtained
3 : a judgment on or inference from what one has observed;  broadly : REMARK, STATEMENT

而通过上面的解释，我们可以了解到，所谓“观察”，本身就是可以主观可以客观的。在释义“2”中，观察是指倾向于客观的对于事件的量度和记录，而在释义“3”中，是倾向于主观的对于事件的判断和思考。实际上，这已经告诉了我们，observation至少可以分成两种，一种是客观的量度或记录，一种是主观的判断和推理。那么，在什么领域什么方面是属于释义“2”的observation，什么情况下是属于释义“3”的observation，这个就给了我们很多的发挥余地了。比如，分领域展开，你可以说，在日常生活中，很多的观察是主观的，我们需要去思考。在艺术方面，观察是主观的，因为艺术的本质就是表达艺术家的主观感受和思想。在政治方面，在法律方面，都可以是主观的，因为，在这个领域中的人最需要的就是make judgment和inference。相反，在科学领域，科研的过程中，观察是客观的。

【题目分析】：

这个题目是很好写的1＋1，因为，前句和后句关联不大，就是说，你对于前句赞同或反对不会对后句造成什么影响。

先看前句：

There is no such thing as purely objective observation.－纯粹客观的观察是不存在的。
这是个类似于真理的陈述，选择去赞同它比较容易写，首先，通过解释objective，得知客观是不能掺杂个人的思考的。你可以说，观察这个动作的发出者是人，是人的话就会有自己的思考，在他进行观察这个动作的时候就会加入自己的想法，那么显然就不会有纯粹客观的观察。反对的话，可能需要下的功夫就多些，先是应该对objective改变范围，比如说，得出的结果没有偏离事实就是objective，那么科学方面的观察就可以算是纯粹客观了。

然后，为什么我说你赞同或反对前句都不影响后句呢。我们接着看后句：

All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer’s expectations or desires.
这个陈述，分号后面解释已经给了分号前面的结论很好的理由，因为观察总是被观察者的预期或愿望所支配，所以，所有的观察都是主观的。实际上，这句和上句相似，都是独立的陈述，都可以单独构成完整的题目了。当然，我们写作的时候还是一定要注意对于这两点的论述之间的衔接，赞同的，可以说，虽然我承认没有纯粹的客观观察，但是不等于没有客观观察，而全是主观观察。反对的，可以说，纯粹的客观是存在的，所以，声称所有观察都是主观的是错误的。

然后，对于这个句子的因果的分析。首先，因果是否成立，这就又涉及到了一个先决的条件――对于objective和subjective的限定的问题（可以参考MW的解释）。比如说，你将客观限定为没有掺杂个人思想，那么，the observer’s expectations or desires和subjective之间就有因果的联系了。反之则反是。当然，还是按照一般的理解（如MW的）来定义比较好。那么，我们下面要考虑的问题就是，the observer’s expectations or desires和subjective之间有因果关系，而，如果想成功的建立起这么一个因果还需要一个条件，那就是，observation要由the observer’s expectations or desires来左右。那么，这个条件是否成立呢？不一定。这就又回到了前面说过的分领域展开的问题了。你可以说，在某些情况下，是个人的想法支配着观察，当然，在某些情况下，个人的思考是次要的，比如，科学研究。

【写法】：

第一点，大方面的写法――1＋1，当然要记住，把两个1很好的衔接起来。

第二点，具体的写法――分领域展开，这是我想到的比较容易的写法。也比较容易形成层次，逻辑地联系起段落。

上面的都是抛砖引玉启发，其他的内容就看大家自己的发挥了。

我曾经写过一篇157，拿出来献丑：

Ever since we opened our eyes we started observing the world around us, and through observation we made judgment, decision, and conclusion.  Then, is observation objective or subjective?  There is no easy conclusion to this question.  I concede that in situations such as everyday life and art fields the observation is subjective, yet in other realms like scientific domain are not.  We have to see the both sides of the coin when judging an observation to be subjective or objective; otherwise, our observation of observations in itself would be too subjective.

Generally speaking, almost all the observations have something to do with desires, values, expectations, and other personal ideas of the observer, for it is essential nature of human beings to analyze and meditate what he or she observes in his or her own way of thinking.  As a matter of fact, the behavior of observing in common life is oriented by our spiritual and psychological forces which would bring the outcome of observation subjective colors. It accounts for why the observations of the same incident vary from individual to individual.  When beholding a car accident, for instance, different people have different views: someone will have his own idea about who is responsible for the accident, yet view of others would contradict his judgment; some will feel worried and sympathetic about the one injured in the accident, while some consider only the brands and prices of the cars destroyed.  All these views are based on different observations which are guided by distinctive personal ideas of everyone.  The evidence as well as other similar cases in our everyday life demonstrates that no matter we acknowledge or not, subjective factors such as our desires, values, ideas, expectations and so forth play significant roles in our observation and thereby affect our observation to be more or less subjective.

Aside from it, in the realms of arts including literature, painting, music and the like, it is necessary and justifiable for the observer to employ their subjective expectations and desires unboundedly into the observation of the world and their works as well.  Art serve to reveal the inner impulses and spirits of the artists and convey them through artistic works.  On the contrary, objectivity is of no use in this realm.  In Impression: Sunrise, the famous painting of great impressionist Claude Monet we can see no objective reflection of real world but subjective interpretation of the scene; the same subjective interpretations appear as dominant forces in Guernica, the masterpiece of cubist Pablo Picasso and Persistence of Memory, work of surrealist Salvador Dali.  Hence, we see that only by using subjective view to observe the mundane world and then interpret observations into works could the essential nature and aim of art as well as the imagination and inspirations of artists be achieved and preserved.

Although I agree that subjective factors contribute greatly to our observation and make it subjective, there are other situations we should take into consideration.  In the domain of science, the world built on the foundation of objective, accurate, and complicated data collected through observations and researches, the observations have much less to do with individual desires and expectations.  It is the spirit and essence of science require the observer in any fields of this realm to be objective for the subjective desires and expectations would mislead the observation and even destroy the whole research.  Assume that a scientist in a certain research observes according to his own desires and expectations, as a result, the data recorded by him would be inaccurate and unconvincing even distorted because it is likely that only the data accord with his ideas are collected while others are not.  Moreover, the advanced technologies and sophisticated schedules which scientific observers use in the researches help them to perform the objective observation.  As the case of research in human genome, nearly every step was planed beforehand, and industrial methods and machines were employed in the research, thus the probability of the scientists who are involved in and observe the research to be subjective is eliminated.

In the final analysis, whether the observation is objective or subjective rely largely on the situation of the observers and the circumstances of the objects being observed.  Observations in everyday life and art fields are subjective for the guidance of personal desires and expectations; while observations in science world are objective due to the assistance of technology.  Therefore, an overall consideration is necessary when judging the nature of observation; and no imprudent conclusions should be made before careful reflection all the conditions.

最后提醒大家一下：请不要在这里贴自己的习作，请将习作发表在坛子里面，然后将链接贴进来。除了习作链接之外，更欢迎大家把对于题目的想法拿出来讨论，积极参与者会得到奖励哦！

昨天论坛一直在调整，所以这次的同主题晚了一些，请大家谅解。

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[同主题写作] 0510G同主题写作第十二期－－Issue157 [复制链接]

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