argument188 永不言弃小组第四次作业by 花生 1号

花生peanutUID: 2487804

188. A new report suggests that men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and that doctors should consider these differences when prescribing pain medications. When researchers administered the same dosage of kappa opioids-a painkiller-to 28 men and 20 women who were having their wisdom teeth extracted, the women reported feeling much less pain than the men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women. This research suggests that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication. In addition, researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women.
一项新报告表明，男性和女性对于疼痛的感受是有显著差异的，医生在开止痛药方的时候应该考虑到这种差异。当研究者把相同剂量的kappa opioids--一种止痛药--分发给智齿刚刚被拔除的28名男子和20名女子的时候，女性报告的她们感受的痛楚要比男性小的多，而且止痛的时间女性更长。这一研究说明当需要止痛药时，应该给女性服用kappa opioids，而应该给男性服用其他的止痛药。而且，研究人员应该重新评估所有药品对于男性以及女性的效用。
分析：
men and women experience pain very differently from one another
论断：只要止痛药需要就要给女的开K，而男的应该开别的药。另外研究者应该对所有药对于男女不同的效果重新评估。因为一份新的报告显示，男女对痛的经历非常不同，医生应该考虑给他们开不同的止痛药。研究中给在拨智齿的28个男人和20个女人开同样剂量的K，女的比男的少说痛，而且药效女的也明显长一些。 ·前提，K对女的有效，对男的没效。拨牙一项不能代表所有的情况。 ·前提，男女对疼痛的经历不同，没有直接证据证明。而·论据，问题多。首先，人太少，没有代表性。其次，也许不是性别带来的不同，而是其他体质上的问题。没有说是否每一个女人都比每一个男人少说痛。第三，心理影响。报告的痛有心理作用，而医学关心的止痛是生理问题。不排除女的意志力坚强，所以少说痛。 ·就算男女对K的经历不一样，没有理由存在需要对所有的药都重新评估。
提纲：
1．调查人员少，没用代表性。
2. 心理影响，报告的痛有心理作用，而医学关心的止痛是生理问题。报告的痛楚和实际的不一定一致。
3. 不一定时性别的差别，可能是体质，意志，年龄的差别。没有说是否每一个女人都比每个男人少说痛。
4．不能推广到所有止痛药。除了K药，可能对于女性有更好的药。而且也没有证据说K药对男性没止痛作用或不好。
5．就算男女对K的经历不一样，也没有必要把所有药品都重新评估。


TOPIC: ARGUMENT188 - A new report suggests that men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and that doctors should consider these differences when prescribing pain medications. When researchers administered the same dosage of kappa opioids-a painkiller-to 28 men and 20 women who were having their wisdom teeth extracted, the women reported feeling much less pain than the men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women. This research suggests that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication. In addition, researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women.
WORDS: 594


DATE: 2009-2-8 11:04:31

In this argument, the arguer concludes that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication. In addition, the arguer recommends that researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women. To substantiate this conclusion, the arguer cites that men and women experience pain very differently from one another according to a new report. What is more, the arguer points out that the women felt much less pain than the men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women during the study. At the first glance, the arguer's reasoning seems to be appealing, while a careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is.

Firstly, the number of participants, 28 and 20, might not constitute a sufficiently sample to draw the conclusion that women are sensitive to kappa opioids than men. In order to establish a strong correlation between women's sensitiveness to kappa opioids and men's, the study's sample must be sufficient in size and representative of women and men in general. Lacking
evidence of a sufficiently representative sample, the arguer cannot justifiably rely on the study to draw any conclusion whatsoever.

Secondly, even if the respondents are the representative of entire population of participants. The arguer provides no evidence that respondences themselves are reliable. Obviously, researchers concern about the physiological effect, in other words, the true reaction of sensitiveness to pain. However, it is entirely possible that the respondences of women and men in the study are inaccurate. Perhaps, because of their psychological effects, respondent who in fact felt much pain during the study gave researchers the opposite answer. Thus, the results in the report may not reflect the truth.

Thirdly, the arguer also overlooks possibility that one or more factors other than gender were instead responsible for the sensitiveness to pain. For instance, perhaps women are younger than men in the study, or perhaps the physical conditions are different between women and men. In addition, the different ability of bearing pain would be another main factor. What is more, the arguer provides no testimony that each women felt much less pain than each men. So the factors above, if so, would seriously weaken the arguer's claim that
women are less sensitive to pain than men, that is to say kappa opioids is more effective to women.

Furthermore, even if I were to concede that kappa opioids is more effective to women, this single sample is insufficient to draw any general conclusion that
all painkillers have much effect on
women, but not on men. The function and effectiveness of painkillers vary widely from one to another. It is quite possible that other painkillers are not so effective to women, but by contrast, men are more effective to them. Without additional sample from other painkillers, I cannot accept the arguer's recommendation that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required.

Last but not least, even though women have different sensitiveness to kappa opioids than men, it is not necessary to reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women.

To sum up, this argument is not as convincing as it stands. In order to make it more persuasive, the arguer would better survey other painkillers' effects to women and men. Also, to evaluate the argument, we need more specific information about participants in the study, such as age, physical conditions, and so forth. Additionally, the arguer must provide the results of other experiments, not just in the teeth-extracted study.