1006G【clover】备考日志by桔子susan---活在行动中，不要活在情绪中

桔子susanUID: 2754084

在此声明，由于以前的学习心得都写在感想日志中，就不再新开一个精华总结贴，此帖成为精华总结与感想日志的综合体，桔子的学习心得与精华总结都会发到这个帖子上


2009年5月某一天，开始背单词，开始准备0910G。然而或许是决定得太仓促，准备不足，决心不够，一个多月后就放弃了。
由于自己的GPA较低，对未来的规划不明确，在以后的半年内不断的纠结要不要出国，要不要考GRE.
2009年12月某一天，想明白了，自己纠结了这么久，却没有做好任何一件事情，又有什么用呢？还不如放手一搏，即使申请不成功，即使最后决定不出国，也不会因为现在的不努力而后悔。
于是我又开始捧起红宝书，开始准备1006G。现在学校的考试都已结束，这是我全力以赴的时候。
在此开一帖，监督自己，也申请加入clover四叶草小组，大家共同努力。

寄托ID：桔子susan

具体的机考时间和地点：3月17日 广州

评估下目前自己所处的水平，列出是否满足申请要求里面的几条内容:
1.intro已读过，issue和argu的题库正在研究中。
2.对于语法，不会出现低级错误，即可以写出流畅的句子；对于单词拼写，不会总是有混淆，不会总是因为词汇量太低而不知如何是好。(满足）
3.有毅力，有热情，积极向上，愿意奉献，充分信任（一定行）
4.每周至少有4-5天可以上寄托，上QQ参加会议，并且讨论题目，更新作业和自己的备考日志。(可以）
5.红宝间断着背了不到两遍（还需努力）。

自己以后可以为AW和笔试付出多少：全力以赴，保证每天有4小时，寒假全天候准备。

In the past,what invariably happens was that I made countless plans,but there were rare instances when I carried them out.
Nowadays,I realize that indulging in meaningless thought will never bring me more closer to my dream.What I could do is having patience,diligence,and above all the determination to overcome difficulties.
To prepare for the GRE test,I must be at least as industrious as a bee.Like water dropping through the rock,I should cherish the hope that one day I will be amply rewarded.     
It is the time for me to put my plans into practice.

桔子susanUID: 2754084

占楼，作为总结用
小组作业大贴
我的ECO ANALYSIS
[url=https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1056225-1-1.html]自己的argu/issue习作贴
自己的ECO DEBATE
我的ISSUE&ARGU OUTLINE


【Fundamental Course of Writtng】【SU & SY SO】
追星剑特训
raccoon-arguement就应该这样写
【无夏心经】之手把手教你“如何写自由AW”
有关ARGUMENT中的无背景SURVEY要不要批
[抛砖引玉 每日一例]GRE作文素材
[见微知著 每日五词]教你使用高级词汇
[触类旁通 每日一评]GRE作文修改

桔子susanUID: 2754084

我的进度比较慢，要努力了，今天早上背了一个list的单词，接下来是重新回顾一下intro，列列自己的缺点，整理一下思路。
INTRO回顾
Test-Taking Strategies for the Analytical Writing Section
It is important to budget your time. Within the 45-minute time limit for the Issue task, you will need to
allow sufficient time to choose one of the two topics, think about the issue you've chosen, plan a response,and compose your essay. Within the 30-minute time limit for the Argument task, you will need to allow sufficient time to analyze the argument, plan a critique, and compose your response. Although GRE readers understand the time constraints under which you write and will consider your response a "first draft," you still want it to be the best possible example of your writing that you can produce under thetesting circumstances.（我现在是完全达不到这个要求，一是写得太少，我想这就要求自己多熟悉题库，多列列提纲，整理出自己的模版。二是打字的速度偏慢，是不是要抽个时间专门练练打字呢?）
Save a few minutes at the end of each timed task to check for obvious errors. Although an occasional
spelling or grammatical error will not affect your score, severe and persistent errors will detract from the overall effectiveness of your writing and thus lower your score.(现在的水平还是有很多错误，看到板上有一个单词拼写错误的总结贴，我也要总结出来)Present Your Perspective on an Issue Task
再次读到这一部份，我想issue的写作主要要从以下几点攻破：
1.对题目的理解，只有正确理解了题目，才能从合适的方面去阐述自己的观点（现在看来从审题20问入手比较好）
2.要有自己的观点，当然要能说清楚证明自己的观点，就像当中所说的：The readers' commentaries discuss specific aspects of analysis and writing, such as the use of examples, development and support, organization, language fluency, and word.(这就需要多多练习了)
Analyze an Argument Task
自己对argu的写作还不太熟悉，只是看了一部份题目，并没有认认真真写过一篇。看来要分析题目，找出逻辑错误，还需要大量练习。

好吧，早上重新认真看过一遍INTRO后越来越意识到自己的准备还十分不足，进度也挺慢的，真的要好好努力练习了。现在去运动运动，伸伸胳膊，回来再完成自己的计划。

桔子susanUID: 2754084

又背了一个list的单词，认真看了fundamental course of writing前5讲（汗，因为自己还处于写作前期的水平，今天就看到这里），体会如下：
第一讲：其实不是第一次看审题20问了，真的对把握题目，找寻思路有很大的帮助，废话就不多说了，过一阵找一篇issue来试试

第二讲：Coping with Writing Anxiety，很多方法自己在以前的考试中也试过，其中的有一点提醒了我：Use a calming word or mental image to focus on while relaxing. If you choose a word, be careful not to use an imperative. Don't command yourself to "Calm down!" or "Relax!" 有时候确实会对自己说一些命令性的词语，效果很不好（突然异想天开，最近晚上睡不着的时候，也是越强迫自己睡觉就越睡不着，呵呵，偏题了）

第三讲：嗯，对我现在的状况很适用，要多做做brainstorm,，多交流交流。

第四讲：start to write。现在的我就处于这个水平吧，还没有正式写过一篇文章（要加油了哦）。这几天再多熟悉一下题库，多列列提纲，2月份就开始写第一篇文章吧(希望不会太晚)

第五讲：这一篇东东比较多，前前后后看了三遍，抽几点来说说。
Planning
planning visually
Use a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering…To try branching(这是一个做brainstorm的好玩一点的方法，哪天烦了，找一支自己喜欢的笔，在纸上图图画画，调解一下心情) 其余的方法正在实践中
Drafting
creating a scrapfile
As you start an assignment, make two separate files, one for the assignment itself and the other for scraps of writing that you will be collecting.（和我想的一样）
adding notes也是一个好方法
Organizing
mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences，use the cut-and-paste feature to move paragraphs. You may see a better organizing principle than the principle you had been using（这个方法挺新鲜的，不过只有练习时可以试试有没有用）
staying on topic in every paragraph
Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.（防止偏题，越扯越远）
Revising
starting at the beginning of the file
It helps you get back into the flow of thought, and it permits you to review what you've written so that you can revise as you read forward.（适当的回顾是很好的）

这里要说一点废话，要时刻记着存盘，刚刚在写到这里时，电脑就出问题了，然后...... 就重新来过（杯具啊）
using page or print view to check paragraphs
Switch to the page or print view so that you can see the whole view of each page on screen.（高中老师就说过，作文的排版看起来舒服一点，分数也可能会高一点）
highlighting sentence length
Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety?（写作后期值得一试）

好了，今天的感想写到这里，来一个总结：
前五讲都强调了brainstorm的重要性（包括各种做brainstorm的方法），其实告诉我们，要开始start to write，要克服写作过程中的困难，就要积累好各种材料，要多读多写多交流。嗯，这几条要在行动中体现出来，还要好好努力呀！

桔子susanUID: 2754084

今早背了一个list的单词，琢磨了一下Fundamental course of writing  第6讲，效率比较低，第六讲就涉及到正式的写作了，主题句对于整篇文章的作用就不用说了，这份资料真的很赞，由于还没有正式写过文章，只有这么多感想，等到写过一些后，我还要来回顾

Fundamental course of writing  第6讲
A thesis statement declares what you believe and what you intend to prove. （主题句说明你的观点和要论证的论点）A good thesis statement makes the difference between a thoughtful research project and a simple retelling of facts.（事实和论据不是主题句！）
A thesis statement is a sentence (or sentences) that expresses the main ideas of your paper and answers the question or questions posed by your paper. It offers your readers a quick and easy to follow summary of what the paper will be discussing and what you as a writer are setting out to tell them. The kind of thesis that your paper will have will depend on the purpose of your writing.
The thesis statement is typically located at the end of your opening paragraph. (The opening paragraph serves to set the context for the thesis.) 注意，这里明确的指出了，主题句（thesis statement）必须出现在开头段（opening paragraph）的最后！
Remember, your reader will be looking for your thesis. Make it clear, strong, and easy to find.使主题句清晰！

An argumentative thesis statement will tell your audience:
•        your claim or assertion （你的观点）
•        the reasons/evidence that support this claim （主张这个观点的原因）
•        the order in which you will be presenting your reasons and evidence
总结一下：
主题句的dos and don’ts
Dos:
表明立场，具体，并且中心明确，表明自己的观点和结论，出现在开头段的末尾，同时提示读者作者的行文思路．
Don’ts:
不要说废话，说空话，说大话，不要出现第一人称，不要含糊不清．
即：1. A strong thesis takes some sort of stand.明确表明立场！
    2. A strong thesis justifies discussion.留给大家质疑和讨论的余地．
    3. A strong thesis expresses one main idea.表达一个主要观点
    4. A strong thesis statement is specific.具体而不抽象

银落UID: 2632560

地下室支持~。。
好好加油。。~

桔子susanUID: 2754084

学习完毕，上寄托，发现加入小组了:loveliness:，嗯，要更加努力了。
继上午学习之后，下午又背了一个list的单词，然后在不断熟悉题库之中（好吧，我承认我慢了）
现在给自己布置一下晚上的任务：
eco analysis(刚刚看了看银落版版的分析，同一篇文章，自己做的还不够全面。晚上加油，要比昨天有进步）
然后回顾今天所背的单词

去吃晚饭咯~~

cyctUID: 2728144

过来支持一下，我也申请了

桔子susanUID: 2754084

今天早早起床，任务很多，加油！早上又背了一个LIST的单词，下面是Fundamental course of writing time
段落TS与逻辑顺序标志词－－第七讲
段落TS揭示了这段的主要观点，有着承上启下的作用，让读者知道接下来要说什么。
TS形式
1．利用复合句联系上下文。（顺带记一下impose upon 强加，欺骗）
2．疑问句使文章向前推进一步
3．过渡句
4．转折，一个观点，yet，相反的观点
Signposts
使读者知道论证方向的改变

桔子susanUID: 2754084

段落的逻辑问题 第8讲l
1.
支持论据１：Climactic Order (Order of Importance)
Still other principles of organization based on emphasis include
general-to-specific order,
specific-to general order,
most-familiar-to-least-familiar,
simplest-to-most-complex,
order of frequency,
order of familiarity, and so on.

对应连接词：
more importantly; best of all; still worse; a more effective approach; even more expensive; even more painful than passing a kidney stone; the least wasteful; occasionally, frequently, regularly

l
支持论据２：
In a historically-oriented paperyou can follow an ascending or climactic order, looking at smaller factors or arguments first, then moving up to the more crucial factors. 与1有一点相似
支持论据３Each part will comprise one Roman numeral of your outline and one paragraph of the body of your paper ascending from least to most important

l
支持论据４：
Logical Order: The Key to Coherent Paragraphs and Essays
It is very important to present information to readers in a logical order.
Order your examples in a paragraph, for instance, from least to most important. Be sure to use appropriate transitions (first, then, finally) in order to guide your reader.
Another way to organize is by cause and effect: if A caused B, discuss A first, then B.
Still another way is to organize by problem then solution. State the problem first, then give your proposed solution.
Remember: Out of order paragraphs and essays are hard to read and understand.

通过对这些论据的总结，我有以下结论：
１．
并不是所有的文章都是要按照ascending orders的，其实别的顺序都可以接受，包括descending的。主要是按照合理的顺序，说清楚意思就好。
２．
实际的文章写作，没有这么单纯的顺序，Issue题目中，许多复杂的问题远不能拿这些逻辑顺序概括。实际上，我们把这种复杂的顺序叫做the flow of mind，根据论证的思路排序
３．补充一种顺序：IMRaD: Introduction- Materials and Methods -
Results – Discussion


二、如何处理复杂顺序：
1. 三“W”法：Answering Questions:
The Parts of an Essay
It's helpful to think of the different essay sections as answering a series of questions your reader might ask when encountering your thesis.
2.文章地图法：Mapping an Essay
*
State your thesis in a sentence or two, then write another sentence saying why it's important to make that claim.
*
Begin your next sentence like this: "To be convinced by my claim, the first thing a reader needs to know is . . ." Then say why that's the first thing a reader needs to know, and name one or two items of evidence you think will make the case. This will start you off on answering the "what" question. (Alternately, you may find that the first thing your reader needs to know is some background information.)
*
Begin each of the following sentences like this: "The next thing my reader needs to know is . . ."
Once again, say why, and name some evidence. Continue until you've mapped out your essay.

桔子susanUID: 2754084

段落内部的关系－第九讲

一、段落的基本概念：
１．段落的作用：An informative paragraph should tell your readers all they need to know about a single idea, in a logical sequence, without wasting their time with irrelevant detail.
这里注意段落基本的三要素：
l
一个独立的观点－和Thesis密切相关
l
一个合理的逻辑顺序
l
没有无关细节

实际上段落的长短是没有一个绝对的标准的，就像上面那句话一样，长短适度，根据话题和论述的需要。
n
但是，过短的段落说明你信息不足，论证不充分，观点的选择比较肤浅，论述的范围比较窄。
n
过长的段落说明你信息冗余，或者不相关细节过多，讨论过宽。

一、段落的组成结构：
１．The topic sentence:
有两个作用：首先它实际上是你本段话题的Thesis,起到和全文的Thesis一样的作用。其次，它是全文的Thesis的进一步的推广和具体化；一般来说，TS总是在文章的开头的第一或者第二句话，很少可以见到在文章的最后出现，并且最好不要这样使用！
２．Supporting evidence/analysis:
由论据和论证组成，为了合理的论证观点TS.必须在论据和论证之间找到一个平衡！
３．The conclusion(observation):
结论句总是在文章的最后一句或者倒数第二句！结论句除了总结上文的论述，还要在此总结上做好向下一个分论点的过度。

让读者知道你下一步要写什么三部曲：
（1）USE ORIENTING WORDS AND PHRASES：
Here are a few orienting words and phrases you can use to introduce familiar concepts and to make your readers comfortable by touching base with things they already know:


of course
as you know
until now
obviously
normally
previously
everyone is familiar with
remember that
（2）LET THE NEW AMPLIFY THE OLD
（3）ADD EXPLANATORY WORDS AND PHRASES：

二、段内句子连接：
注意三个原则：
l
Unity-所有句子讲同一个主题
l
Coherence－句子之间相互关联，共同构成有机整体
l
Connection－适当的连接句子
（一）利用逻辑连接词连接段落：
（二）利用重复：
（三）利用强调词：

如何论证――第十讲
这一讲的重点在于论据与论点一定要相切合，要成为一个整体而不是单独的罗列。对于论据要去分析它是如何论证论点的

桔子susanUID: 2754084

Strategies for Writing a Conclusion第十一讲

Conclusions are often the most difficult part of an essay to write,（注意结论的重要性！）

A conclusion should

• stress the importance of the thesis statement, （重现主题句）
• give the essay a sense of completeness, and （完善全文）
• leave a final impression on the reader.（给读者一个深刻的印象）

Suggestions

1.Answer the question "So What?"
（强调文章的重要性）

Show your readers why this paper was important. Show them that your paper was meaningful and useful.

不能只做成简简单单的陈述~要让读者真有体会这是一篇effective writing!（对自己的conclusion提问）

• Synthesize,（综合全面的观点） don't summarize
  • Don't simply repeat things that were in your paper. They have read it. Show them how the points you made and the support and examples you used were not random, but fit together.

嗯，这一点好，conclusion不仅是重复，而是使文章的观点和论证结构成为一体，再次呈现给读者。这一点我就做得不好，要多体会体会。

• Redirect your readers

Give your reader something to think about, perhaps a way to use your paper in the "real" world. If your introduction went from general to specific, make your conclusion go from specific to general. Think globally. （结尾最后从具体再回到一般）

• Create a new meaning
  • You don't have to give new information to create a new meaning. By demonstrating how your ideas work together, you can create a new picture. Often the sum of the paper is worth more than its parts.
    升华观点
• Point to broader implications.

Strategies

Echoing the introduction: （呼应开头）Echoing your introduction can be a good strategy if it is meant to bring the reader full-circle. If you begin by describing a scenario, you can end with the same scenario as proof that your essay was helpful in creating a new understanding.（这里应该不是简单的重复，应该使开头的观点有一个升华）

Challenging the reader:（挑战读者的思维） By issuing a challenge to your readers, you are helping them to redirect the information in the paper, and they may apply it to their own lives.

Looking to the future:（展望未来） Looking to the future can emphasize the importance of your paper or redirect the readers' thought process. It may help them apply the new information to their lives or see things more globally.

Posing questions:（提出问题） Posing questions, either to your readers or in general, may help your readers gain a new perspective on the topic, which they may not have held before reading your conclusion. It may also bring your main ideas together to create a new meaning.

Strategies to Avoid（太重要了！！！）·
Beginning with an unnecessary, overused phrase such as "in conclusion," "in summary," or "in closing." Although these phrases can work in speeches, they come across as wooden and trite in writing.（很重要！）
Stating the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion.
Introducing a new idea or subtopic in your conclusion.
Ending with a rephrased thesis statement without any substantive changes.
Making sentimental, emotional appeals (out of character with the rest of an analytical paper).
Including evidence (quotations, statistics, etc.) that should be in the body of the paper.

桔子susanUID: 2754084

来一个小结，今天上午学了好多呀。其实这一部份所学的都是文章的逻辑结构。如何提出主题句，每一段的分论点如何写，句子与句子的连接，段落与段落的连接，以及conclusion如何升华主题...
写作向来就是我的弱项，今天的学习还要在今后的写作中不断实践，不断磨合才会有所收获吧。写作碰到瓶颈，想不通时就回来看看吧。

桔子susanUID: 2754084

中午困了，本来准备小睡1个小时，结果。。。睡过了头。
下午只背了一个list的单词，然后看了一会argu的题库，晚上看ECO

桔子susanUID: 2754084

今天早上广州的天气很差，灰蒙蒙的，8点多了天还像6点那样黑。貌似感冒了，吃了感冒药，头脑反而更加昏昏沉沉的。
中午好好的睡了一觉，醒来，灰霾已经散去，天亮了，人也精神了很多。好吧，今天到现在为止只背了2个list的单词，看了fundamental course of writing的12讲。

1.29

Conciseness: Methods of Eliminating Wordiness 第十二讲

1. Eliminate unnecessary determiners and modifiers

Here's a list of some words and phrases that can often be pruned away to make sentencesclearer:

2.Change phrases into single words

Using phrases to convey meaning that could be presented in a single word contributes to wordiness. Convert phrases into single words when possible.

3. Change unnecessary that, who, and which clauses into phrases

4. Avoid overusing expletives at the beginning of sentences

5. Use active rather than passive verbs

6. Avoid overusing noun forms of verbs

7. Reword unnecessary infinitive phrases
8. Replace circumlocutions with direct expressions

Here are some other common circumlocutions that can be compressed into just one word:

the reason for for the reason that owing/due to the fact that in light of the fact that considering the fact that on the grounds that this is why	=because, since, why
on the occasion of in a situation in which under circumstances in which	=when
as regards in reference to with regard to concerning the matter of where ________ is concerned	=about
it is crucial that it is necessary that there is a need/necessity for it is important that cannot be avoided	=must, should
is able to has the opportunity to has the capacity for has the ability to	=can
it is possible that there is a chance that it could happen that the possibility exists for	=may, might, could

这个表好
9. Omit words that explain the obvious or provide excessive detail
10. Omit repetitive wording
这一讲学习的是如何精简句子。因为自身的思考不深入，老是喜欢用一些复杂的表达来凑字数，结果适得其反。Intro中也提过过多的长句也会影响分数。我想GRE的文章还是更看重逻辑与论证吧。不过，都是简单句也是不行的。还是要思想语言两把抓。

晚上继续努力