本帖最后由 草木也知愁 于 2009-3-23 07:56 编辑 【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲
汇总贴 要被打了。。。这么久还没有开始正题，一直在做前期的东西。。。 今天冒风险再做一个前期的闷骚介绍 这个问题大家都会遇到的 用电脑写作 所有人开始都不适应 或多或少会产生抵触心理 所以 我就唠唠叨叨贴这个啦~ 看看保证你有收获 里面有些不是针对考试的，但是对大家以后的生活学习很有用的东西，也要好好看啦 Writing With Computers Using word processing software on a computer is an efficient way to write. You can delete, revise, and cut and paste with great ease and speed, without having to retype, and you will find your drafts easier to read as you revise. Even if you cannot type well (and many successful computer users can't), a computer can be both a convenience and an aid throughout the writing process. But remember to save your files often and make a backup copy of the file, even when you've carefully saved it. Disks can fail and not open, and files can be deleted or lost. 呵呵，注意文件的整理和保存 Word processing software can aid your efforts in all aspects of the writing process: Planning freewriting If freewriting or brainstorming is a useful invention strategy for you, do either invention strategy on a computer using word processing software. You can then cut and paste parts of those planning notes into a draft as needed. Some writers find that they can freewrite more easily by turning down the computer screen, so they cannot see what they type. You may also want to create separate files for different topics discovered while freewriting. 难道是随机产生一些单词来发散思维？ writing an e-mail message As you think about your assignment or topic, try writing an e-mail message to a friend, to someone in your class, or to a Writing Lab tutor . Use that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. Encourage the person who receives the e-mail to ask you questions that help you clarify your ideas. making an outline Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters. Later, as you go back and fill in the subheadings and sub points, you will be able to see the larger structure of the paper. Some word processing programs either outline for you or permit you to indicate the outline headings in a way that allows you to go back and forth between a screen showing only the headings and screens showing the detailed material within sections. planning visually Use a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles). Use lines to connect these ideas to the main idea or to other sub-ideas. To try branching, another visual planning strategy, put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas underneath the main idea with related points for each sub-idea branching off. 通过画图来使思路清晰 keeping a journal If keeping a journal helps you, start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing. Include a plan for how you will proceed through the assignment, and if there are stages or steps to complete, write a "to do" list. Include phrases and ideas that occur to you and that may fit into the paper later with some cutting and pasting from one file to another. You may want to insert page breaks for different sections or thoughts. 记日记，记录自己在构思时的脑海中的想法并为以后的写作设定计划 Drafting creating a scrapfile As you start an assignment, make two separate files, one for the assignment itself and the other for scraps of writing that you will be collecting. As you write (or plan) use the scrap file to cut and paste anything that doesn't seem to fit in as you write. This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments. You may also want a separate file for keywords, words that come to mind and that can be used when needed or phrases that may come in handy as section headings in your paper. 分门别类地积累各种写作素材，或者可以有重点地收集一些关键词和短语等。 splitting screens If you are using a Macintosh or Windows, you can have multiple files visible on your screen at the same time. Consider this strategy if it helps you to look at one bit of information while trying to create another. One box on the screen can display your outline or visual planning while another can display your draft. Or, you can keep your scrap file visible while writing a draft. Remember that you can cut, copy, and paste between files. adding notes As you gather material from your reading (or want to save comments to yourself about something you've written), develop a method to store this kind of material that you may or may not use. For example, put parentheses around material that might not stay in a later draft, or use bold lettering, or make use of a word processing feature that permits you to store material as notes. Be sure to delete this material when you are sure you no longer want it. Organizing mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences Make a new copy of your file. Then, in the new file, use the cut-and-paste feature to move paragraphs. You may see a better organizing principle than the principle you had been using. Do the same with sentences within paragraphs. 打乱文章原本的结构，来进行结构调整 checking your outline Look again at the bold-lettered headings of the outline you made during planning (or create one now), and reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized. staying on topic in every paragraph Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic. 时刻记住自己段落的中心句，整个段落围绕中心局展开。 Revising starting at the beginning of the file Each time you open a file, you are at the beginning of the draft. Start there when you are drafting and revising and read until you come to a section where you will be working. That rereading has several advantages for you. It helps you get back into the flow of thought, and it permits you to review what you've written so that you can revise as you read forward. But be careful not to get caught up in endless revising of the beginning of the paper, especially if like some writers, you find that you need to write the whole paper before you can write the introduction. renaming a file Each time you open your file, save it as a different file so that you always know which is the most recent version you've worked on. If your first draft is Draft I, the next time you open that file, save it as Draft II. saving copies of material to cut and paste When you are moving large blocks of text, highlight what you are going to move and make a copy for your clipboard剪贴板 before moving. if you lose the portion you are moving, you still have a copy available. printing out hard copies to read It may help you to look at a printed copy of your paper as you revise, so you can see the paper's development and organization. resisting the neat appearance of a printout If you print out a draft of your paper, resist the temptation to hand in that draft because it looks neat and seems to have a finished appearance. using page or print view to check paragraphs Switch to the page or print view so that you can see the whole view of each page on screen. Do the paragraphs look to be about the same length? Does one look noticeably shorter than the others? Does it need more development? Is there a paragraph that seems to be disproportionately不匀称地 long? 调整视图形式对文章做总体回顾 highlighting sentence length Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety?
Editing and Proofreading校对 using online tools A number of online tools exist, such as spell checkers, grammar checkers and style analyzers, but grammar and style checkers are not effective. Distinguishing between appropriate advice and inappropriate advice is difficult and a style checker relies on rules you may not be familiar with. Some word processing programs include a thesaurus
同义词字典which is useful for looking up synonyms for words you've been using too much or for finding more specific words than the ones you have used. changing the appearance of key features of your writing Change active verbs to bold letters, put passive constructions in italic斜体s, use larger fonts for descriptive words, underline your thesis statement, and so on. By changing the appearance of these features, you may see that you have too many passives or that you don't have many descriptive words. 为自己文章中各种不同的结构和手法做标记，观察需要改进的地方。 editing on hard copy It may be easier for you to print out a draft and mark it for editing changes. If you do, put marks in the margins to indicate lines where changes are to be made, so you can easily find them again. | 
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