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Argu53.Thirteen years ago, researchers studied a group of 25 infants who showed signs of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice. They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn, a time when their mothers' production of melatonin-a hormone known to affect some brain functions-would naturally increase in response to decreased daylight. In a follow-up study conducted earlier this year, more than half of these children-now teenagers-who had shown signs of distress identified themselves as shy. Clearly, increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later life.

【翻译】13年前，研究者研究了一组在受到不熟悉的刺激比如不寻常的气味和未知声音的录音时表现出轻微紧张的25名婴儿。他们发现这些婴儿比其他婴儿更可能在早秋怀孕，而早秋是他们的母亲分泌的melatonin--一种已知会影响一些大脑能的荷尔蒙--因日照的减少而增加的季节。在今年早些时候所作的跟踪调查中，这些表现出紧张迹象的儿童--现在已经是十几岁--有一半以上认为自己害羞。显然，出生前melatonin的增加导致婴儿期的羞涩并且这种羞涩将延续至生命更晚的阶段。

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提纲：

1.实验数据不足，无说服力；而且mild distress 不一定代表害羞，可能是兴奋或恐惧。

2.没有证据表明melatomin 的increase 是导致shyness的原因；而且可能其他的hormones也可能导致shyness.

3.结论武断，害羞的延续不一定是melatomin 含量高，可能受后天环境因素的影响：生活环境、父母影响、教育。

In this argument, the author concludes that shyness is caused by increased levels of melatonin before birth during infancy and can continue into later life. To support this conclusion, the arguer pointes out the following facts that 25 infants who showed distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli
were more likely than other infants to have been conceived when their mothers’ production of melatomin increase. In addition, the arguer reasoned that more than half of these 25 children think they are shy when they grew up. However, close scrutiny of each of these evidences reveals that this argument is flawed in several major aspects.

To begin with, the arguer appears to be weakened by using questionable study. Firstly, the cited statistics are not sufficient to represent all infants. It is unreasonable to draw any conclusions about the infants in the state based on statistics about only 25 infants. Secondly, there is no evidence that illustrates wild distress equal to shyness. Even they have mild distress, the distress may be due to the exciting, scare or happyness to the unfamilar stimuli. Hence, before coming to any conclusion, the arguer should provide more information about the study.

Besides, the arguer fails to give information to prove that shyness is caused by the increase of melatonin. Firstly, the causal relationship between the increased melatonin of the mother and shyness of the infant cann’t be proved if there is no clear evidence about the exact effects of shyness by the melatonin’s increase. Even melatonin can effect brain functions, it doesn’t guartee the effect to the shyness of infants. It is possible that the shyness can also occure when the melatonin doesn’t increase. Secondly, it is highly likely that other elements in the bodies of mother would contribute to the shyness of infants. The researches to wipe out the effect of other elements on shyness is absent in these states. Hence, the author cann’t make any convicing conclusion without excluding other alternative elements’ influence on shyness.

What’s more, the fact that the half of the 25 infants who showed shyness caused by the increase of melatonin before birth now still identify themselves as shy is not a sound evidenct to draw the conclusion that the continous of shyness of the children is caused by the melatonin of their mothers in the time of convceiving. The author assumes without considering the influence of the growth environment on the character. Maybe the shyness is caused by the education, the families’s character or the culture backgroud. All these factors may affect character. Without taking these factors into account, the arguer cann’t convince his couclusion.

In sum, the conclusion lacks credibility in that the evidences cited in the argument do not lend strong support ti what the arguer claims. To make the argument more convincing, the argure should have to provide more persuaive information.

中心点UID: 2746022

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