[分享] 每日一评！5.29！想拿高分吗？就这么简单！

tomatoeggsUID：82073

Issue93
"The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."


I fundamentally agree with the speaker's first contention, for unless we embrace the concept of "individual responsibility" our notions of moral accountability and human equality, both crucial to the survival of any democratic society, will whither. However, I strongly disagree with the second contention--that our individual actions are determined largely by external forces. Although this claim is not entirely without support, it runs contrary to common sense and everyday human experience.
第一段十分直接地指出原文前半段观点的正确性：个人对社会的责任在于道德和平等层面上的，这两点对于一个民主的社会至关重要；同时也指出后半段观点的致命错误：一个人大部分的行为如何能够为外部力量决定呢？这是与我们的常理和常识相违背的。确实，内因决定外因，后半段确实犯了意识形态的低级错误，这一点很简单。
一些好词好句：embrace the concept of…
                       However, I strongly disagree with the second contention—that
                       Although this claim is not entirely without support, it runs contrary to common sense and everyday human experience.


The primary reason that individual responsibility is a necessary fiction is that a society where individuals are not held accountable for their actions and choices is a lawless one, devoid of any order whatsoever. Admittedly, under some circumstances a society of laws should carve out exceptions to the rule of individual responsibility--for example, for the hopeless psychotic who has no control over his or her thoughts or actions. Yet to extend forgiveness much further would be to endanger the social order upon which any civil and democratic society depends. A correlative argument for individual responsibility involves the fact that lawless, or anarchist, states give way to despotic rule by strong individuals who seize power. History informs us that monarchs and dictators often justify their authority by claiming that they are preordained to assume it--and that as a result they are not morally responsible for their oppressive actions. Thus, any person abhorring despotism must embrace the concept of individual responsibility.
在这一段里， 作者指出除了那些患有精神病的疯子必须无条件服从外力，或历史上的独裁者能够肆无忌惮地宣称有理由为他们的专政辩解以外，其他的一切行为都受到法律的约束。而在最后一句里用反推法推出任何厌恶独裁的人都讲认可个人责任的。这一段的理由很容易找。
好词好句：carve out exceptions to the rule of
          Yet to extend forgiveness much further would be to endanger the social order upon which any civil and democratic society depends.
          A correlative argument for…involves the fact that…
         

As for the speaker's second claim, it flies in the face of our everyday experiences in making choices and decisions. Although people often claim that life's circumstances have "forced" them to take certain actions, we all have an infinite number of choices; it's just that many of our choices are unappealing, even self-defeating. Thus, the complete absence of free WIU would seem to be possible only in the case of severe psychosis, coma, or death.
我觉得这一段的理由比较站不住脚。因为，日常生活中，外力所引致的行为选择不一定就是毫无吸引力，甚至是有违初衷的。

Admittedly, the speaker's second contention finds support from "strict determinist" philosophers, who maintain that every event, including human actions and choices, is physically necessary, given the laws of nature. Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics lend some credence to this position, by suggesting that these determining physical forces include our own individual genetic makeup. But, the notion of scientific determinism opens the door for genetic engineering, which might threaten equality in socioeconomic opportunity, and even precipitate the development of a "master race." Besides, since neither free will nor determinism has been proven to be the correct position, 注意这前半句的结构the former is to be preferred by any humanist and in any democratic society.
作者虽然就原文后半段观点作出某种程度的让步，比如说在“自然法则”里，就存在着严格的决定论，但是作者进一步指出“科学决定论主义”的存在，但人定胜天的可能正在“基因工程”中得到充分体现。并且作者再次强调一个民主的社会是偏向与意志自由的。


In sum, without the notion of individual responsibility a civilized, democratic society would soon devolve into an anarchist state, vulnerable to despotic rule. Yet, this notion is more than a mere fiction. The idea that our actions spring primarily from our free will accords with common sense and everyday experience. I concede that science might eventually vindicate the speaker and show that our actions are largely determined by forces beyond our conscious control. Until that time, however, I'll trust my intuition that we humans should be, and in fact are, responsible for our own choices and actions.
总结：没有太多的难句，难词，但作者基本上是竭力通过事实说理完成了这篇不算太过抽象的文章了，不像issue92那样晦涩难懂。从说理的充分性和遣词造方面，这篇文章都是不错的，考试时能达到这种境界就可以了。

treesUID：82785

题目太诱人了，仔细学习中：）

feier521UID：109747

我觉得正文第三行will whither 是不是老外拼写错误阿 ？
而应改是 will wither， 斑竹意下如何？

zhernuUID：132918

is it written by a english native speaker?

tomatoeggsUID：82073

最初由 zhernu 发表
[B]is it written by a english native speaker? [/B]

I think so.

tomatoeggsUID：82073

最初由 feier521 发表
[B]我觉得正文第三行will whither 是不是老外拼写错误阿 ？
而应改是 will wither， 斑竹意下如何？ [/B]

you are right.

song123456UID：133578

A correlative argument for individual responsibility involves the fact that lawless, or anarchist,
states give way to despotic rule by strong individuals who seize power.

peachboyUID：111946

汝不可因惰而随心所睡！汝不可移志而半途而废！汝不可因苦而哭天抹泪！汝不可求闲而叫苦喊累！汝不可因难而节节后退！汝不可因败而万念俱灰！坚持到底！！！

－－－－可谓精彩、精辟、精到！是对像我这样在黑暗中苦苦摸索和奋斗的g友们的金玉良言啊，吾深受鼓舞啊，谢谢！