第一篇Issue求狠拍，写了5个小时

maraschino1985UID: 2846549

写作一直是苦手，写中文我都是得想半天挤出个句子来。
读了研更觉得如此，被条条框框的理论压迫得脑神经反映不出正常句子该怎么表达了。

第一篇ISSUE写的是180 "Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated."

本身moral legislation就是在国外吵得沸沸腾腾一直没定论的，我又被研究僧时培训出来的“论证要面面俱到”给害得构思了2个小时再动手。
自从大二考完CET6开始就没写过作文，写作时语法都忘得一干二净。

希望文章不会太有辱大虾之眼……

Issue180

"Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal
system because moral behavior cannot be legislated."

partly agree:法律很重要，但不是万灵药。不能解决所有问题是因为历史局限性。有的道德是可以被立法的，只要它维护的是所有自由民主法制的核心。
A  法律很重要，没有法律就没有安全稳定的生活。随着历史发展，法律会慢慢演进，而问题也能得以解决。
B 道德无法被立法是有依据的。不能放任道德立法侵害个人的自由。
C 即使道德立法被质疑，但它仍是有利用价值的。因为道德立法可以开辟和鼓励好的道德典型。

The speaker claims that according to recent situation, the laws are
inefficacious in settling wholly social problems. I agree that the legal
system is not panacea, but I also insist that historical limitations are the
crux of solving social problems rather than the speaker's assertion that
moral behavior simply not be legislated. And in my view, some moral
behaviors can be legislated, insofar as the situation that legislators in a
democratic society guard fundamental moral standards intrinsic to a liberal
democratic regime by law. Therefore, with the amelioration of the laws and
legal system, problems will be resolved in the future stage by stage.

Laws provide rules, reflecting the traditional morality, by confining and
regulating individual behavior. Without laws, the "flowers of crime", like
theft, murder, corruption, delinquency, and so on, will bloom in modern
society. Since then there would be no justice, protection and stability
left. However, just because laws and the legal system are highlighted in
democratic society, doesn't mean that laws are complete. From the era of
King Hammurabi to democratic society nowadays, albeit unable to figure out
increasing moral problems, the legal system adheres to a long developing
trip.Take internet fraud for example, there were no applicable laws to
constrain them when internet makes its debut. But we now witness the culprit
punished by law.Thus,so far as the legal system is flexible and gradually
improved, we can settle down plentiful problems in the future, which is
tough nowadays but would be uncomplicated after decades.

The assertion that moral legislation cannot be set up is reasonable, since
we have learnt history's lessons well enough,such as the failed 18th
amendment to the United States Constitution, to be watchful for the
legislating morality violating freedom of choice about our personal lives.
An admonition so-called "you can't legislate morality" depends on a belief
in the moral sanctity of the soul. It is the moral insistence upon the
freedom and dignity of the human spirit that invigorates our deepest faith
of liberty, human rights and personal autonomy. And those beliefs restrict
ambitions of state and social power from impinging upon personal freedom by
legislating morality. In this way, it is unwise to coercively legislating
morality.  

However,the morality, always comprehended in the Kantian Ethics of actions
motivated by good wills, has its historical limitations. And so does the
legal system mentioned before. There are different moral standards in
different historical periods, influenced by the development of technology,
social status, economy, politics and other factors. Certain morality in
traditional society was not even and tolerant from our perspective today.In
ancient China, if a wife disputed verbally with her husband or disobeyed her
husband's willing, she would get punished because disobedience was
considered as an immoral behavior at that time, whereas currently we respect
every single person's right to express objection, conquering erstwhile
historical limitation. And informed by historical experiences, we none the
less refuse to acknowledge the equal rights for homosexual marriages,doctor
-assisted suicide and the medicinal use of marijuana. So solving some recent
problems is outside the confines of historical moral and minds, not simply
of the legal system.

Ever though we are anxious about the disadvantages of moral legislation, it
is inadvisable to reject the ways in any situations that laws can encourage
better moral characters, nor to dissuade from using the laws to improve
behavior, even when it is unable to change discriminative attitudes and
conducts.For instance, in the 1960s many Americans maintained that the legal
strategy of the civil rights movement was not going to change white people's
attitudes toward African Americans by the reason of profoundly controversial
race relations. Martin Luther King, Jr. admitted that the ultimate solution
to "the race problem" was beyond the boundary of laws.But he also confess
that the legal agenda of the civil rights movement was not meaningless. For
example, the law could make the white man stop lynching the black man even
though the law could not make the white man love the black man.In brief,
morality laws should be properly and carefully enacted considering their
impact upon social moral perceptions and behavior.

To summarize,neither legislating morality nor the legal system can perfectly
handle the problems entirely so far as the unsolved problem of historical
limitations exists.However, legislators in a democratic society should not
hesitate to defend the fundamental moral standards by using the power of
laws. On the other hand, they should also avoid overreaching or even
offending people's rights of freedom. Eventually,laws and the legal system
acquire promotion step by step as time goes on.

JonathanmmUID: 2738719

或许是我才疏学浅，阅毕楼主的文章不禁想到了G里的词汇，epideictic，用词还好，句式那是相当的杂糅，不过，看得出是楼主苦心孤诣之作，鉴于众多高手一再认为的AW的核心是insightful的观点而非外壳，试将楼主文章译为汉语，助大家学习。

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
言论者声称从最近的情形看来法律是难以解决所有的社会问题的。对于法律系统不能包治百病这一点我表示赞同，但是我也坚持认
为历史的局限性是解决社会问题的症结所在而非言论者声称的道德行为无法被立法那样简单武断。在我看来，某些道德行为是可以
被立法的，它至少可以在这样的情况下存在：一个民主社会里的立法者捍卫着开明民主且法制的政治制度内与生俱来的根本性的道
德标准。籍此社会问题未来会在法律法制的改善中逐步解决。

法律制定规则，借助对个体行为的限制与约束从而反映传统道德的内涵。法律的缺失，必将导致罪恶之花的枝繁叶茂，盗窃、凶杀
、腐化、失职将会充斥于整个现代社会，如此则正义消失、防卫远去、稳定衰亡。但是，正是由于法律法制在民主社会里一直被强
调，它并非意味着法律已经完备。从创造了最早的法典的汉谟拉比王一直到现今社会，尽管不能解决日益增多的道德问题，但法制
的逐渐发展已经留下了漫长的足迹。试看而今的网络诈骗，互联网的诞生使得他们登上了历史的舞台而在最初这样的罪行却无法可
循，然而我们却目睹了他们最终被绳之以法。由此可见，法制可以灵活的逐步完善，很多当前棘手的问题会在若干年后随着法制的
完善而被妥善解决。

道德无法被立法这样的论断是有一定道理的，历史已经给过我们很多深刻的启示，比如美国宪法的第18修正案的未获批准，即
体现了立法者在道德立法是否会侵犯个人生活自由选择这一问题上的高度警惕。灵魂的道德神圣所产生的信条会衍生出一个所谓的
“你不能为道德立法”的警告。正是人类心灵的自由尊严之上的道德坚守在始终如一的鼓舞着我们内心最深处的自由信念与人权自
治。这些信念约束着国家与社会力量借助道德立法对人身自由进行粗暴干涉的企图。如此可见，强制的道德立法并非明智之举。
然而，道德，如康德伦理学里一再描绘的善意促成行动那样，是有其历史局限性的，法制亦是如此。不同的历史时期存在着不同的
道德准则，其随着科技发展、社会形态、政治经济以及其他因素的变化而变化，一些传统社会里的道德在现代人的眼中甚至是难以
容忍的，如在古代的中国，身为妻子的如果和丈夫拌嘴并且违背丈夫意愿的话将会受到惩罚，原因就在于这一行为在中国古代信奉
的道德准则“君为臣纲父为子纲夫为妻纲”看来是不道德的，然而如今我们已经征服了历史的限制尊重每个人表达异议的权利。受
历史经验的指导，我们仍然拒绝承认同性婚姻的平等权利、医生协助的安乐死以及大麻的医用。从一些近来问题的解决可以看出他
们已经超出了旧时道德思维以及并非简单的法制的限制。

即使我们对于道德立法的弊端心存疑虑，但在任何情形下都摒弃下面的观点是明智的：法律能鼓励道德高尚者，使用法律去改善行
为，哪怕他并不能改变歧视性的态度与行为。例如，上世纪60年代美国人民普遍的认为仅从一些深奥的且有争议的种族关系上出
发对民权的立法措施并不能改变白人对非洲裔美国人的态度，马丁·路德·金也承认解决种族问题的终极方法已经超出了法律的界限
，但他仍然承认民权运动的法制议程并非毫无意义。比如，法律虽然不能使得一个白人爱上一个黑人但至少可以阻止黑人被白人私
刑处死，不再使得伊利诺伊州斯普林菲尔德1908年那样的大规模种族骚乱再次发生。简言之，道德法律应在考虑他们会对社会道
德观念与行为产生何种冲击与影响下被恰当而认真的制定。

总而言之，只要还有因为历史局限性而存在的未解决问题的存在，为道德立法以及法律体制就都不能完美的解决所有的问题。然而
，民主社会里的立法者应当借助法律的力量果断的捍卫根本性的道德准则。另一方面，他们也要避免矫枉过正，避免不自量力或者
对人民自由权的侵犯。最终，法律与法制将会与时俱进地逐步前行。

maraschino1985UID: 2846549

辛苦楼上帮我翻出来了。。。

看了GRE6分范文和北美范文，我就有点往句式杂糅刻意为之。。其实以前我写作文都是短句式。

所以写这篇文章花时间太久，又是想提纲又是查词语用法。还免不了词句错误。

简单来说我的中文提纲就是：

partly agree:法律很重要，但不是万灵药。不能解决所有问题是因为历史局限性。有的道德是可以被立法的，只要它维护的是所有自由民主法制的核心。
A  法律很重要，没有法律就没有安全稳定的生活。随着历史发展，法律会慢慢演进，而问题也能得以解决。
B 道德无法被立法是有依据的。不能放任道德立法侵害个人的自由。
C 即使道德立法被质疑，但它仍是有利用价值的。因为道德立法可以开辟和鼓励好的道德典型。


问大虾，我是不是应该抛掉这些词藻。。。在写作的时候用各种华丽词汇很打断思维，以逻辑分析取胜会不会更好？

maraschino1985UID: 2846549

我改动了下作文

即使我们对于道德立法的弊端心存疑虑，但在任何情形下都摒弃下面的观点是明智的：法律能鼓励道德高尚者，使用法律去改善行
为，哪怕他并不能改变歧视性的态度与行为。

这段应该是“观点是不明智的”

我把inadvisable写错成advisable

JonathanmmUID: 2738719

个人拙见

法制的确解决不了所有的问题，因为他只能解决最低限度的道德问题，捍卫人类稳定生活的底线，道德是解决法制解决不了的问题的补充，对所有道德行为立法因为人类个体的差异而无法实现，这一点言论者说的不错。但是有一点并不正确，即道德并非不能被立法，最低限度的道德可以立法，人类社会发展的方向是更加美好，但底线是稳定。

maraschino1985UID: 2846549

谢谢楼上 我的意思也是维护社会基础的道德可以被立法。

底线稳定这点我会考虑以后加进文中。

再次感谢，请问有没需要改的病句病词

JonathanmmUID: 2738719

就问一问第二段两个问题吧。
1.albeit是连词，unable to figure out increasing moral problems是省略了主谓吗？
2.adheres to何不用has been proceeding，trip用way？

maraschino1985UID: 2846549

谢谢LS

1、第二段albeit后应加从句,adj.,n. 我用错了
应改成 albeit no solutions for some current moral problems

2、adhere to 我在这里是想表示“坚持”的意思。改adhere to a long developing journey会否通顺？
has been proceeding a long developing way 更直白，也便于我记住。

谢谢

maraschino1985UID: 2846549

再发一篇。。

如果7L方便的话能否再指点下

ISSUE 207"Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are."


I strongly agree that rituals and ceremonies take an essential role in human culture history, which especially have a basic function in congealing heritages into a distinct culture. However, in this assertion, the speaker neglect other significant factors, such as arts, in retaining an intense sense of identity.

Various kinds of rituals have always been constituent elements of culture history, no matter in the past or the present. They include not only the adoring ceremonies oraganized by religions and cults, as sacraments of Catholic, but also the social rites involving Halloween parties, sports events, marriages and funerals, and so forth.

Not counting the sacred dimension of worship and esteem, rituals operate effectivly to construct and consolidate the shared moral, value, and beliefs of a society. Take Greek as an example, Greeks did not own their uniform ethnic designation in the early tribal era. But in 5th century B.C, the Greek completed the transition to the cultural community, Olympus Gods for their common belief system. Plentiful ceremonies to adore gods like Zeus, Athena, Dionysus come dowm, including the Olympic Games. The original purpose of the Olympic Games, a world-famous symbol of understanding, friendship, solidarity and Olympic spirit of fair competition today, was for honoring Zeus by ancient Greeks. And it rejected aliens to participate. But as long as someone be allowed to attend this competiton, it means an admission to the identity of Greek. Besides, Ancient rituals like this, did not only reflect and reinforce the sense of cultural identity, but also assist molding modern rites, vote procedure today for instance. Ostracism is one of the previous rituals of vote procedure, settled under the Athenian democracy in which any citizen could be exciled from Athens for ten years by Athenians' vote, though crude but undeniably the primal conformation of vote procedure. The Ostracism was contrived to defuse confrontations that threatened the order of the State, which every Athenians voted the exiles they wish to discipline by pieces of potteries. And till now, Greek ballot for their favorite candidate for President after several eras, which benefits from the spirit of the Ostracism. In brief, it is a truth universally acknowledged that rituals and ceremonies aid in distinguishing their culture from others in the past, recent and even in the future.

Furthermore, I would like to analyze the functions of rituals and ceremonies so as to unclose the magic of the rites and interpret briefly how they effect the cultural identity.

Firstly, rituals and ceremonies provide distinction and prestiage to social members, like a ceremonial bestowal of knightwood describes a debut of new knight. Knight the honor was so particular as only the descendants of knights eligible for this reward, though other young men could indeed become knights, which was nearly impossible. As long as these young men were permitted to be knights, their social status would be respectful permanently. Therefore,  ceremonies not only officialize social status, but also demonstrate distinctiveness. On the contrary, the lack of these ceremonies bring social members lost and even others' criticism.

Secondly, the reason for rituals and ceremonies is that as social members accomplish a unique goal, they deserve to high treasure and attentions. The more luxury and complicated the rituals and ceremonies are, the more respect social members pay. Like coronation of the king, which reveal the church's acception, emphasize the divine right of kings ordaining by God. In short, once the ceremony is held, it often means that some of the results or consequences set out a course.

Thus the significance of rituals and ceremonies for cultural identity cannot be overlooked since the rites have these particular phychological and social functions.

However, rituals and ceremonies are not the sole way of preserving cultural identity. Beyond that, art is the other mean to define a culture and establish its identity. Art, such as poems, paintings, music, etc., has been served as a vehicle for representation of ethos, emotions, religious events, epic heros, and so on. Liberty Leading the People, for example, in which Delacroix painted for commemorating the July Revolution of 1830, figured French people the freedom fighters.  Whenever and wherever French people recall this painting, they will perceive not only the sense of ethnic identity, but also the feeling of national pride, which making them have a diminished sense of whom they are. Concisely, the weightiness of art in preserving cultural identity cannot be neglected even though rituals and ceremonies also benefits the ethnic identity.

In sum, in order to constitue and maintain the cultural identity, adherence to both elements,rites and arts, is the key to acknowledge who they are and where they go.

JonathanmmUID: 2738719

实话说，你的Issue180还是目前我在论坛看的有限的几篇文章里最好的，在我之上，所以给你全文译出来了。
你的论据好好找寻一下更有力更恰当的，开篇也别那么平庸，个人以为可以问鼎6分。

后面这篇我先保存下来，明天上班时看看，也学习学习。

maraschino1985UID: 2846549

汗，LS太言重了。。

我刚开始练笔，是不限时的，而且是边写边翻看各种词语用法才得以写出。。目前还只能大半天写一篇，半天构思各种例子和pros and cons,晚上吃好饭来写issue。。。

要是我考试时也有这种水平我就要哈哈大笑了。。。。
不过还是谢谢LS给的鼓励 =w= 有糖吃总归还是开心的 哈哈

论据我经常想了很多 但是发现写上太超字数，而且我写的太罗嗦了。。

开篇和结尾如何点题和升华是我最烦的。。。
而且经常是一写到中间段落的时候思路老被句式打断，然后论证就缺乏层次了。。。sigh

谢谢指点，还望LS继续提意见


今天改了一个坛友的Issue,发现有时候很难掌握的概念容易犯雷同阐释的毛病。比如我issue207
原本的提纲是
A 将人们与以前的阶层、身份区别开来，表明接纳，使人们有群体感
B 仪式的重视程度越大，人们越感到神圣、受重视、珍惜
结果写着写着走样了

_________________________________________________________________

【2010备考日志】maraschino1985  

积累每日的作文，求狠拍和互拍

maraschino1985UID: 2846549

issue 70
"In any profession--business, politics, education, government--those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."


How to be a qualified leader in the age of information explosion to assist the enterprise surivives or even succeeds? It is a great challenge, which is a truth universally acknowledge, for any person to grab the trend of information and guide the enterprise to prosperity. So chose an appropriate bellwether, who is inspirational, creative, experienced, and so forth, should be really conscientious, rather than elect the new-blood without evaluation based on fact.

However, the speaker's assertion that after certain years the senior bellwethers should abdicate and the new leadership will assure the success of a enterprise, is reasonalbe, insofar as these situations mentioned behind.

First is that the senior bellwethers tend to abuse their power. There exist the possibility that the senior bellwethers misusing their privilege as they have no fear of losing their power. Take Joseph Stalin, the autocrat of the Soviet Union, as an example. During the Great Terror of the 1930s, Stalin disposed his enemies by the name of "enemies of the people", resulting in the execution of thousands and the the exile of millions to the gulag system of slave labour camps. Furthermore, once senior bellwethers exert power long enough, they will probably form a cabal for conspiracies, which may ruin the enterprises' profits. In sum, if an abusive senior bellwether abdicates earlier, there will be less damages to the enterprise and its members. Secondly, if the senior bellwethers have physical, mental or phychological incapability in leading and inspiring the enterprise to conquer new battlefield. The era of exploding information leave the senior bellwethers thousands of information to deal with each day, which requires efficient long-time working under enormous pressure. The longer bellwethers' terms extend, the more pressure they burden, the less benefits their physical, mental and phycological situation. Thus if the pressure weigh the senior bellwethers down, even drain their crativity and enthusiasm for work, indeed they should step down.

Except the situations mentioned before, expeling an senior bellwether from the leading state just because he have been in charge for five years? That is ridiculous. Since when the longevity of leadership becomes rational excuse for demanding to someone's abdicate? Actually, not every senior leaders who takes in charge over five years should be removed, as long as he obtains wealth of experience in the pofessional area, or as long as the area necessitates stable strategies provided by stable leadership.

To some extent, which kind of leadership an enterprise or a field needs depends on many considerations, such as the nature of business, the stage of development, the political policy, and so forth. A five years may be long enough for a freshman to graduate from college, but not enough for vibrating a certain industry or a developing enterprise. Some industries need steady leadership for stable policies and financial support in their developing or vibrating stage, such as heavy or light industry. China Business Weekly once interviewed a Chinese government minister in charge of textile industry, and he said that the stable leadership plays the crucial role in taxtile development, which guarantees the steady policies textile companies hightlight. Furthermore, some certain professional fields cannot prosper with bellwethers obtaining little experience or insignificant social network, for instance, law firms or public relations companies. Usually, the senior bellwethers always own more experiences than the new ones about how to accumulate immense fortune and how to operate enterprises normally. Especially when enterprises fall in a quandary or face unpredictable conditions, they will conduct enterprises out of dilemma by absorbing the assistance of erstwhile experiences or social connections. In brief, without full-scale evaluation about the enterprises and the concrete person, I mean the senior bellwether, deposing a leader with rich experience and rich resources would potentially harms the enterprises.

So far, an apparent bifurcation comes, one senior bellwether with abundant experience and resources, and one new bellwether bringing new fresh, blood and ideas. Abandon any side would not be perfect, which means that using the experience and social network of the olds to fetch up the news' absense, and combining with the inspiration of the news' is the final good choice. Admittedly, don't forget the labor unions or supervision organs, which will support preventing abuse of power, and also the concils will assist bellwethers with business.

There is an aphorism said," Noblesse Oblige", which means with wealth, power and prestige come responsibilities. Neither should the senior nor the new bellwethers forget this. Whoever incompetent for being a leader should step down, but not by the reason of his five-years tenure. Eventually a leader will step down in any profession, but how and when to alter him will be determinant factors that influence the future of enterprise. As always the different situations, the different solutions.

JonathanmmUID: 2738719

先说ISSUE 207

一、壳
1.typos
不一一列举，word2007自己查看，注意competition，acceptance，heroes，psychological（该词在后面的issue 70频繁的重现）

2.personal opinions

a basic function in (integrating/assimilating) heritages into a distinct culture

like <the accolade in the> ceremonial bestowal of knighthood describes a (initiation/threshold) of new knight.
——Kingdom of heaven starred by Orlando Bloom?

emphasize the divine right of kings (ordained) by God.

vehicle (representing) ethos, emotions, religious

national pride, which making them have a (distinguishing?distinctive?) sense of whom they are.

(adhering to/ adherence of)both elements,rites and arts,is the key to

二、核

写的不错，你是完全赞同观点的，并且补充了其不完整的地方，下面吹毛求疵一下：

开篇开始补充的时候这么说other significant factors, such as arts……说明你认为arts只是随便举得一个典型例子，但二者仍然不是全部帮助界定文化的。（从后面的Art, such as poems, paintings, music看前面似乎表达的应该是mass意，such as art）/中后期However, rituals and ceremonies are not the sole way of preserving cultural identity. Beyond that, art is the other mean to define a culture……说明你仍然认为艺术是一个典型例子。/结尾In sum, in order……，adherence to both elements,rites and arts, is
the 【key】 to acknowledge who they are and where they go.由此看现在认为这both elements已经是全部帮助界定文化的了。文化的全部载体应该除了仪式与艺术还有很多。看webster的culture释义：
[culture]
5
a:the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations  
b : the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group;  also   : the characteristic features of everyday existence (as diversions or a way of life) shared by people in a place or time  *popular culture*  <southern culture>  
c : the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution or organization  <a corporate culture focused on the bottom line>  
d : the set of values, conventions, or social practices associated with a particular field, activity, or societal characteristic  <studying the effect of computers on print culture>  <changing the culture of materialism will take time —Peggy O'Mara>

总体说来其载体可以是知识、信仰、行为、物质、观点等，即只要是人类特有的东西都是文化，例如：

知识：比如中国的先秦诸子百家争鸣儒墨道法魏晋玄学金钟罩铁布衫九阴真经葵花宝典。这些不在仪式和艺术里。
信仰：比如我们共同的信仰：在马…列…主义引导下，高举毛…思想，邓…理论伟大旗帜，戴三块表，追求河蟹，为推翻腐朽堕落的资本主义社会，实现消灭阶级消灭压迫的共产主义社会而奋斗终身。这些也不在仪式和艺术里。
行为：比如看到一个老太太步履蹒跚的过马路，中国人：尊老爱幼，帮；美国人：自己的事情自己做，不帮。再看到一个老太太摔倒在地痛苦呻吟，美国人：救死扶伤，帮；中国人：这可是徐老太和四万块钱啊，不帮。比如以前大家看到专家的言论都奉若神明而现在成了养专家不如养蛤蟆，比如以前营养宝宝的奶粉，以前维护市容的城管，以往促进发展的拆迁，现在大家的眼光都discerning,clairvoyant and perceptive了，而这些行为的改变也不在仪式和艺术里。
物质：比如一个相貌平庸言谈无趣非处的有房有车的中年男子去相亲，美国年轻女人：不嫁，车房我自己轻松也能挣。中国年轻女人：嫁，总不能让子孙接力贷吧。
观点：一个地方远观外表光鲜，近看实际是宽衣解带藏污纳垢之处，问是哪里，答：厕所。错，演艺圈。一个东西你从小就听说长大还时常在你耳边可你从来没见过，问是什么，答：鬼。错，共产主义。
…………
…………

另，这题目持肯定观点比较好写，但你知道美洲大陆的那些人喜欢新奇的东西，这题目持完全否定观点是否就不能写？

——————————————————————————————————————————

再说ISSUE 70

一、壳
1.typos
不一一列举，word2007自己查看，注意expelling。

2.personal opinions（仅仅列出原文）

should be really <conscientious>, rather

wealth of experience in the <pofessional area>,

but not enough for <vibrating> a certain industry

will be <determinant> factors

二、核

这篇写的中规中矩，可能是这样开展题目比较好论证也好举例，但是试看当下世界，政治体制差异巨大，有封建主义的家族执政，有名为民主实则专政的xx主义一党专政，有真正民主的三权分立联合执政，从国家教科文卫的水平看也好，从战争创伤后恢复的速度和能力看也好，从广大人民对当权者的普遍态度以及人民群众的普遍生活水平看也好，其高低立现。一般而言，长期领导必然导致权利的滥用，这不是There exist the possibility的问题，而是必然性的问题，纵观古今无一例外，其根源过深，可能要追溯的人性本善本恶的
话题，由此产生的情况必然是，遇到贤明的领导者则一切皆好，遇到昏聩领导者则前功尽弃，这实则是一种概率的问题，从漫长的历史检验中实际上我们已经看到了结果，其最终结果必然灭亡，随后轮回，除非政治体制产生了进步，否则继续轮回，而灭亡只是时间的问题。智慧与优秀的民族会诞生天才的人物奠定真正稳定与民主的政治体制基础，比如托马斯.杰斐逊，比如本杰明.富兰克林，这样的体制是经得起历史的考验的而且以人类的智慧也完全可以预测其发展的方向，但是在这样的体制里我们看到的确是4年一次的宪法确定的无人可以僭越的领袖选举。
实际上，强制性的更换领袖是合理的，即使他领导的很好。
1.不强制性的结果是博弈，再小概率的毁灭也可导致全盘皆输，比如苏联亡党亡国。
2.强制性的结果是稳定，再好的领导人也有其life span，地球少了任何天才都可以继续转动，但其决定性的优点在于，再昏聩的领导人也只能在短暂的任期内胡作非为甚至提前结束，比如尼克松克林顿。
而从历史的漫长性来看，相比国家房展的稳定而言，一项时间跨度大的政策福利是否被完整的执行并非那么重要。

maraschino1985UID: 2846549

恩 很杯具的就是我的word下了几个版本都不能改错。很内牛，只能靠自己的印象改错字错句，辛苦LS
考试时这么多错词句就惨了

ISSUE207 除了艺术之外看来还要再多说一些其余的例子。我原以为只要点到而止。
我是坚信rituals统治一切的，从符号学人类学等等领域来说都如此，可惜水平有限写不了。所以说反话太唯心了，有点困难
但是如果硬要扯rituals没有操控认同感的话，你打算如何落笔？

Issue 70 这篇我在两天内断断续续的写，写得比第一篇还痛苦
人性恶论agree 需要靠制度、机构监督，看来我最后写的那点还要再多加点
好领袖是概率事件，我也承认强制换领导也有合理性。
但是这合理性没好的制度保障更容易成为民粹主义，比当年的陶片放逐更瘆人。
我还是宁愿相信2次大战后大家都长了记性，再来一个希特勒的可能性不大，首先欧盟美国中俄会轰了他。
欧盟里互相牵制得多，美国出希特勒除非先把本国乱糟糟的意见压下去，俄罗斯有过个斯大林，吃香的普京也下台了，继续上任也暂没看出苗头，而且还有中日美牵制。中国嘛，哈哈
而不换领导也容易导致权力滥用什么什么的，所以归根结底还是好监督机制和机构是王道。
即使你是领导，上面还有个董事会。。。

maraschino1985UID: 2846549

所以你认为是合理的，而我还是partly agree

但是你这个思路估计老美会很喜欢。。但终归不是我的- -

不过我觉得自己文章里加上说其实重要的是制度，不是领导能力会不错，就在最后一段当升华好了。。

其实比起4年制，我觉得更值得赞的是三权分立和弹劾机制，表明了领导的老大哥是群众。
Constituencies are watching you.

但是现代选举也有弊端，比如石油大亨捐助选举，总统是某些行业的傀儡；再比如波斯曼在娱乐至死里批的现代人只顾着看表面热闹也不会去细听思考政策是如何了，有的选民还是跟陶片放逐里的人一样。这也是难避免的。总归世界上没有完美答案，所以才要把权力分散。

一开始就挤在一起抢阳光，不如播种的时候就分开点。

今天又写得跑题加思绪枯竭了，又很困- - 连着几天失眠真难熬