【Flyer杀G】小组-7.10作业 issue88

wagner1985UID: 2838595

88. "Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."




       The assertion, which regarding the technologies as then decisive role in the formation of social custom and ethics, overestimates the importance of social customs and ethics. If the assertion is well-grounded, then three implications should be positively proven: 1) The birth of technologies must be earlier than the formation of social customs and ethics 2) The progress in the technologies in every time would necessarily incur the variation in social customs and ethics. 3) The social customs and ethics have no obvious impact on the development of technologies. However, the triple claims were refuted directly or indirectly.
      If the technologies is determinant of the social customs and ethics, then we could explain the coming up of the social customs and ethics in our humans based on these factors. However, before our human society maintains any technology (at the time our human did not learn how to use any instrument), some of social customs and ethics actually have already existed. When our ancestors living in the caves, they have learned how live together and help each other with altruism way, which have been proven by the anthropological and archeological evidence. Even in some human-like animals, say capuchins, through experiments, two scientists in Emory University, have also some innate ethical rules and related behavior pattern. If a capuchin feels the distribution of food is not equal, it will throw its ration away to protest that. So, the ethics and social customs may derive from the inborn emotion and biological instincts, which is irrelevant with the adventure and development of technology.
      And the progress in the technologies did not certainly bring the variation of the ethical. After the World War Ⅱ, the automobile companies in Japan have learnt and improved a lot of technologies from the Western countries, which greatly improved efficiency, but did not clearly change the ethics and social customs in the society. The loyalty, feelings of responsibility, spirit of teamwork and diligence, which is the essential characteristics in Nippon culture, is still emphasized by the majority in the country. On the contrary, well organized management in the Japanese factory, combined with the spirit of Japanese ethical rules and diligent Japanese workers, is always envied by the westerners. So if one country successfully copies the technology from others, their social customs and ethics may not definitely transform along with importing but help people master that with more fluency.
      What's more, revealed by some sociological theories, social customs and ethics in one society could in turn affect the technologies not only in innovation but also in the spread and application of new technology, instead of passively be impacted by the technology. According to the research of David S.Landes about Economy History all over the world, the different customs and ethics in different society really differ in how to deal with the new technologists and its inventors, which partly explain the development of technology in different cultures.
      Thus, to some extent, the mental factors also largely influence the technology. In sum, the technology may influence the social customs and ethics, but may not be as crucial as a determinant, because the technology did not pre-exist the formation of human ethics and other social behaviors. And sometimes, the transformation of technology did not change the ethics and social customs. The ethics and customs could in turn affect the technology.

candygegeUID: 2792059

The assertion, which regarding the technologies as then decisive role in the formation of social custom and ethics, overestimates the importance of social customs and ethics. If the assertion is well-grounded, then three implications should be positively proven: 1) The birth of technologies must be earlier than the formation of social customs and ethics. 2) The progress in the technologies in every time would necessarily incur the variation in social customs and ethics. 3) The social customs and ethics have no obvious impact on the development of technologies. However, the triple claims were refuted directly or indirectly.
      If the technologies is determinant of the social customs and ethics, then we could explain the coming up of the social customs and ethics in our(去掉) humans based on these factors. However, before our human society maintains any technology (at the time our human did not learn how to use any instrument), some of social customs and ethics actually have already existed.
（人之所以为人的关键一点就是人会使用并制造工具，所以人类的发展几乎是与技术同时开始的。研究发现：最早的人中已经会使用工具，甚至火。http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2010/5/232809.shtm那么，你这里提到的观点就有问题啊。。）
When our ancestors living in the caves, they have learned how live together and help each other with altruism way, which have been proven by the anthropological and archeological evidence. Even in some human-like animals, say capuchins, through experiments, two scientists in Emory University, have also some innate ethical rules and related behavior pattern. If a capuchin feels the distribution of food is not equal, it will throw its ration away to protest that. So, the ethics and social customs may derive from the inborn emotion and biological instincts, which is irrelevant with the adventure and development of technology.
      And the progress in the technologies did not certainly bring the variation of the ethical. After the World War Ⅱ, the automobile companies in Japan have learnt and improved a lot of technologies from the Western countries, which greatly improved efficiency, but did not clearly change the ethics and social customs in the society.
（这个例子不太好，一是生僻，二是难以有共鸣，不生动具体，首先，日本先前的文化是怎么样的，引进了什么技术，怎么没有改变？）
The loyalty, feelings of responsibility, spirit of teamwork and diligence, which is the essential characteristics in Nippon culture, is still emphasized by the majority in the country. On the contrary, well organized management in the Japanese factory, combined with the spirit of Japanese ethical rules and diligent Japanese workers, is always envied by the westerners. So if one country successfully copies the technology from others, their social customs and ethics may not definitely transform along with importing but help people master that with more fluency.
      What's more, revealed by some sociological theories, social customs and ethics in one society could in turn affect the technologies not only in innovation but also in the spread and application of new technology, instead of passively be impacted by the technology. According to the research of David S.Landes about Economy History all over the world, the different customs and ethics in different society really differ in how to deal with the new technologists and its inventors, which partly explain the development of technology in different cultures. Thus, to some extent, the mental factors also largely influence the technology.
   In sum, the technology may influence the social customs and ethics, but may not be as crucial as a determinant, because the technology did not pre-exist the formation of human ethics and other social behaviors. And sometimes, the transformation of technology did not change the ethics and social customs. The ethics and customs could in turn affect the technology.
总结
文章整体结构比较清晰。首段确定了全文的基调，从三个方面进行阐述，但是在具体阐述的时候，前两点都有不足之处。最后一段在总结的时候，感觉不是很顺畅，可否不要简单的概括，用一个长句升华一下？
另外， 我个人认为在ISSUE中引用研究结果作为佐证，是一个比较有风险的事情，不知道是不是argu做多了的缘故，总是感觉研究结果的不可信性。相信rater会有一样的感觉。除非你能够把引用写的非常清楚。