单独题目：93

apple670UID: 133187

93
“The concept of 'indevidual responsibility'is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making”
"个人职责"的概念根本就是虚构的。尽管社会需要个人来实施社会本身的行为，但是人们的行为很大程度上是被迫的而并非个人意愿

这个题目是不是讲自己做的事情自己做不了住？要由社会来决定？不对好象
各位大虾帮我CC吧，这一题怎么都理解不了，还是昏了头了？55555……

blooming_leeUID: 135884

“个人责任”是不现实的。尽管社会要求个人对自己的行为负责，但人们的行为很大程度上是被迫的，而非出于自愿。

screwUID: 135321

blooming_lee 的理解和我一样，虽然个人被要求为自己的行为负责，但在很多的情况下，个人的行为是会受到环境影响的,even determined by the circumstance，如生计问题迫使人做出不法的举动等等

apple670UID: 133187

楼上的两位有没有写什么提纲给我看看
还是不太明白哦：（

blooming_leeUID: 135884

观点：
个人行为的确受环境影响，但个人仍然要对自己的行为负责。因为任何人任何时候，无论环境多糟糕，他的行为都是经过他“选择”的，故应该对自己的行为负责。
1，面对贫穷的选择
贫穷不是犯罪的借口；贫穷也可以成就坚韧的个性，塑造伟人。
2，面对挑战的选择
挑战面前，你可以选择逃走；而留下的就是英雄。
3，面对诱惑的选择
诱惑无处不在；你可以选择屈服，也可以将她看成一种磨练。

只要你做出了“选择”，你就要对自己的行为负责；
各种“选择”的确是你自己决定的；
so，就不要试图推卸责任吧。

blooming_leeUID: 135884

screw写过，好象和我的观点相反，你可以找找以前的贴子。

screwUID: 135321

blooming_lee的分析很漂亮 :)

yelinannanUID: 141405

93."The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."

  Even if the trend of thought of "living for your own" becomes more and more popular among the new generation, no one can ever behavior entirely on their own. The actions of people are more or less determined by some external ingredients. Actually, it is a primary method of setting up a strengthened friction called "individual responsibility" in our brains that the society carries out (actualize, implement) its restriction on individuals' thoughts and corresponding behaviors.

  Modern civilization keeps people in line through building up a set of legal system. Education and mass media instill people that illegal behaviors must be punished and legal ones are allowed and additionally society tends to admire some examples it likes and to debase some others it does not. Examples. By this means, a friction regarding manners of behavior forms in individuals' brains, and that is, in some sense, one's responsibility to the society.

  Besides the responsibility for the whole society, some inner human emotions are also described as the responsible sense. Love of family, individual honor, keeping one’s word, for instance, can be all generalized to the responsibility. No matter where this sense derives from, innate or acquired, this sense reinforces the relationship among people and teaches them to be concerned about others. This creates harmonious social environment.

  In a word, individual responsibility whether as an external force coming from society or a internal motivation from human nature is a necessary conception in human brains to guide their individual behaviors.


不完全是提纲，稍微谢丰满了一点。这是个老题，挺搞脑子的，谢谢大家提点意见

needleUID: 158900

Issue93  "The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."

先说一下对这道题的翻译的一点意见：
1.“个人职责” 的概念根本就是虚构的。尽管社会需要个人来实施社会本身的行为，但人们的行为很大程度上是被迫的而并非个人意愿。
      ——这个是从晚舟的帖子里下载下来的孙远版本(我认为不太对)

2.“个人责任”的概念是一种很必要的虚构。尽管社会必须让个人对他们自己的行为负责，但是人们的行为很大程度上不是自己能够左右的。
       ——这个是新东方教材上的版本

3.“个人责任”这个概念是一个必要的拟制（更舒服的说法是：拟制“个人责任”这个概念是必要的）。尽管社会要求个人为各自的行为负责，人们的行为还是在很大程度上是被迫而非自愿的。
      ——这个是我自己翻译的         

fiction: 2 a : an assumption of a possibility as a fact irrespective of the question of its truth *a legal fiction*--------from MW

fiction在这里应当是一个拟制（制定）一个概念的意思。孙远版本错误的翻译了第一句话，意思完全反了，而且对第二句中的themselves指代对象的理解也有问题。新东方版本的翻译我基本认同，但是fiction翻译为“虚构”，让人看不懂第一句话。不知道我自己翻译的对不对。

大致的提纲如下：
1.同意individual responsibility是必须的，而被外力所决定并非largely
2.写为什么individual responsibility是必需的
3.写例外，被forced的情况
4.转折，写不是largely
5.总结。  

写的时候无从下笔，翻阅了一些前人的文章，查了好多字典，还是写了一个半小时还多，居然只写了500字....还没有我的A写的长。很受打击。限贴上来大家帮忙看看吧！
                                                                     needle头晕眼花中

Here the author's assertion is constituted of two parts, the one of which is about whether  "individual responsibility" is a necessary fiction, and the other is to justify how people's behavior is determined, by forces or by their own will.  In my opinion, I agree with the former and somewhat, keep reservation about the latter.

Above all, the emergence of the concept of "individual responsibility" stands for a correct awareness of responsibility in people's minds.  Only there where people are all accountable for their own actions can provide a wholesome environment for them, and reach the point to be a democratic society.  On contrast, the societies without individual responsibility are nothing but anarchy.  No law would be founded because laws as both confinements and protections firstly come from responsible people's spontaneous requests of the society order.  Everybody would follow their own inclinations without concerning about the direct or latent impacts on others, as described in a Japanese science novel "The Train In Galaxy 999". In this book, the author fables a country on a star in the deep Galaxy, named "Freedom Kingdom". Namely, one can do everything he/she likes. It is regarded the best place in the world for its infinite freedom at the first glance, however, actually it is just a Tophet full of sins.

Of course, people sometimes have to do what they do not want. Living in a complex environment, which consists of byzantine relationships among persons, it is over strict to require one be responsible for all his/her actions.  Soldiers in German during the Second World War perhaps are a good example for this case.  Some significant generals defended for themselves on the court by representing their decimations of Jews just as a deference of the mandates.  Admitting there were some liars, but their words are worth taking into account.  What is more, as for daily experience, when being pointed at one's head with a pistol by somebody unknown, one has no other choices beyond death and doing what he/she dislikes.

However, it still does not lend strong support to the author's point that people's behavior is largely determined by forces, which is an arbitrary allegation.  In common, one is able to do anything legal relying on his/her free will.  After the supper, to go out for a walk or to stay at home watching TV has nothing to do with any outside forces, and one certainly can be responsible for his own actions(except those who lose the ability to control themselves).  Not most people, and not most time, are under abnormal situations as illustrated above, thus, to overestimate the effect of forces in determining people's behavior is both incorrect and hasty.

In sum, individuals living in societies are not separated one by one, but are embraced in an intricate net, which needs them to keep their individual responsibilities in order to construct a stable society frame. People will take their responsibilities not only by compulsion but also voluntarily because they have rights to determine what they want to do mostly.（503）

yifengUID: 159612

呵呵，先占个位子，马上修改。
Here the author's assertion is constituted of two parts, the one of which is about whether "individual responsibility" is a necessary fiction, and the other is to justify how people's behavior is determined, by forces or by their own will. In my opinion, I agree with the former and somewhat,(and) keep reservation about the latter.

Above all, the emergence of the concept of "individual responsibility" stands for a correct awareness of responsibility in people's minds. Only there where people are all accountable for their own actions can provide a wholesome environment for them, and reach the point to be a democratic society. On contrast, the societies without individual responsibility are nothing but anarchy. No law would be founded because laws as both confinements and protections firstly come from responsible people's spontaneous requests of the society order(requests,order 是不是重复了？读不太懂). Everybody would follow their own inclinations without concerning about the direct or latent impacts on others, （which）as described in a Japanese science novel "The Train In Galaxy 999". In this book, the author fables a country on a star in the deep Galaxy, named "Freedom Kingdom". Namely, one can do everything he/she likes. It is regarded the best place in the world for its infinite freedom at the first glance, however, actually it is just a Tophet full of sins.有总结句更好吧？

Of course, people sometimes have to do what they do not want. Living in a complex environment, which consists of byzantine （用来修饰关系不太合适吧）relationships among persons, it is over strict to require one be responsible for all his/her actions. Soldiers in German during the Second World War perhaps are a good example for this case. Some significant generals defended for themselves on the court by representing their decimations of Jews just as a deference of the mandates. Admitting there were some liars, but their words are worth taking into account. （？）What is more, as for daily experience, when being pointed at one's head with a pistol by somebody unknown, one has no other（else） choices beyond death and doing what he/she dislikes.如果我写的话，会写人们由于家庭和社会的责任不得不做自己不喜欢的事，不过，你写的也很好。就是太少了些，不太深入。你觉得呢？

However, it still does not lend strong support to the author's point that people's behavior is largely determined by forces, which is an arbitrary allegation. In common, one is able to do anything legal relying on his/her free will. After the supper, to go out for a walk or to stay at home watching TV has nothing to do with any outside forces, and one certainly can be responsible for his own actions(except those who lose the ability to control themselves). Not most people, and not most time, are under abnormal situations as illustrated above, thus, to overestimate the effect of forces in determining people's behavior is both incorrect and hasty.

In sum, individuals living in societies are not separated one by one, but are embraced in an intricate net, which needs them to keep their individual responsibilities in order to construct a stable society frame. People will take their responsibilities not only by compulsion but also voluntarily because they have rights to determine what they want to do mostly.（503）
还有，我觉得孙远的翻译是对的，原题就是说，个人职责是不存在的，只是一个名词。
大家都来讨论一下吧。

lovebrianUID: 157127

Issue93 "The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making." 这被我认为是bt题目！！ :mad:

先说一下对这道题的翻译的一点意见：
1.“个人职责” 的概念根本就是虚构的。尽管社会需要个人来实施社会本身的行为，但人们的行为很大程度上是被迫的而并非个人意愿。
——这个是从晚舟的帖子里下载下来的孙远版本(我认为不太对)

2.“个人责任”的概念是一种很必要的虚构。尽管社会必须让个人对他们自己的行为负责，但是人们的行为很大程度上不是自己能够左右的。
——这个是新东方教材上的版本

3.“个人责任”这个概念是一个必要的拟制（更舒服的说法是：拟制“个人责任”这个概念是必要的）。尽管社会要求个人为各自的行为负责，人们的行为还是在很大程度上是被迫而非自愿的。
——这个是我自己翻译的这个我支持~~猴哥的翻译是最滥的

fiction: 2 a : an assumption of a possibility as a fact irrespective of the question of its truth *a legal fiction*--------from MW

fiction在这里应当是一个拟制（制定）一个概念的意思。孙远版本错误的翻译了第一句话，意思完全反了，而且对第二句中的themselves指代对象的理解也有问题。新东方版本的翻译我基本认同，但是fiction翻译为“虚构”，让人看不懂第一句话。不知道我自己翻译的对不对。

大致的提纲如下：
1.同意individual responsibility是必须的，而被外力所决定并非largely
2.写为什么individual responsibility是必需的
3.写例外，被forced的情况
4.转折，写不是largely
5.总结。提纲也不错！

写的时候无从下笔，翻阅了一些前人的文章，查了好多字典，还是写了一个半小时还多，居然只写了500字....还没有我的A写的长。很受打击。限贴上来大家帮忙看看吧！
needle头晕眼花中

Here the author's assertion is constituted of two parts, the one of which is about whether "individual responsibility" is a necessary fiction, and the other is to justify how people's behavior is determined, by forces or by their own will. In my opinion, I agree with the former and somewhat, keep reservation about the latter.最好再清晰一点！

Above all, the emergence of the concept of "individual responsibility" stands for a correct awareness of responsibility in people's minds. Only there where people are all accountable for their own actions can provide a wholesome environment for them, and reach the point to be a democratic society. On contrast, the societies without individual responsibility are nothing but anarchy感觉有点武断~~阿狗是要批判地！. No law would be founded because laws as both confinements and protections firstly come from responsible people's spontaneous requests of the society order没有i r这个东西~~然后法律就没了~~这个因果关系~感觉站不住啊. Everybody would follow their own inclinations without concerning concerning=about about the direct or latent impacts on others, as described in a Japanese science novel "The Train In Galaxy 999". In this book, the author fables vi. not vt. a country on a star in the deep Galaxy, named "Freedom Kingdom". Namely, one can do everything he/she likes. It is regarded the best place in the world for its infinite freedom at the first glance, however, actually it is just a Tophet full of sins.来看看问题：ts说这个概念的产生使人们意识到了它的存在，它的存在致使社会安定  那么你就应该讲：概念出现之前，人们没有意识到，之后，就意识到了，意识到之后，社会怎么样了~~~而后面大片在讲没有了i r的概念会怎么样，偏离了你的ts，而且反例（假设的还是）缺乏说服力

Of course, people sometimes have to do what they do not want根据英文的连贯性，应该有相应的人们做了他们想做的~~~从结构上来说该上文提到的~~但上文不是这个，所以开头句ts要改一下！. Living in a complex environment, which consists of byzantine这个词儿都用了！ :eek: relationships among persons, it is over strict to require one be responsible for all his/her actions. Soldiers in German during the Second World War perhaps are a good example for this case例子扯远了~~应当限定在i r的范围内~~况且那个是unjust law~~还是个反对的冬冬. Some significant generals defended for themselves on the court by representing their decimations of Jews just as a deference of the mandates. Admitting there were some liars, but their words are worth taking into account. What is more, as for daily experience, when being pointed at one's head with a pistol by somebody unknown, one has no other choices beyond death and doing what he/she dislikes.直接举个法律强制性的例子就行了~~~例如现在许多国家规定的年轻男子服兵役

However, it still does not lend strong support to the author's point that people's behavior is largely determined by forces, which is an arbitrary allegation阿狗！？. In common, one is able to do anything legal relying on his/her free will. After the supper, to go out for a walk or to stay at home watching TV has nothing to do with any outside forces, and one certainly can be responsible for his own actions(except those who lose the ability to control themselves). Not most people, and not most time, are under abnormal situations as illustrated above, thus, to overestimate the effect of forces in determining people's behavior is both incorrect and hasty.还是要强调在i r范围内阿~~人们自觉遵守~~而不是强制~~~看电视什么的不是i r的阿！

In sum, individuals living in societies are not separated one by one, but are embraced in an intricate net, which needs them to keep their individual responsibilities in order to construct a stable society frame. People will take their responsibilities not only by compulsion but also voluntarily because they have rights to determine what they want to do mostly.（503）

字数写不长，是因为没有很好的例证+分析~~题刚列得很好~~但是文章有些混乱！注意每段只有一个意群~~要为ts服务~~~根本上要支持thesis~~~也就是范围不要改变！

pooh的资料好好研究一下会有收获~~~~

第一篇，还不错！继续努力！！
:cool:

needleUID: 158900

body2 感觉例子不是太贴切，不常见。
body3 的论证感觉还是少了点。其他没什么意见，语言方面很好！^_^
这篇文章的确挺难写的，我写的时候也是苦于没有话说。
另外，关于fiction我的意见和你一样，而且老外写的这篇
issue中也是以“假定或认识”的概念展开的。

Issue93 "The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making." 这被我认为是bt题目！！  

先说一下对这道题的翻译的一点意见：
1.“个人职责” 的概念根本就是虚构的。尽管社会需要个人来实施社会本身的行为，但人们的行为很大程度上是被迫的而并非个人意愿。
——这个是从晚舟的帖子里下载下来的孙远版本(我认为不太对)

2.“个人责任”的概念是一种很必要的虚构。尽管社会必须让个人对他们自己的行为负责，但是人们的行为很大程度上不是自己能够左右的。
——这个是新东方教材上的版本

3.“个人责任”这个概念是一个必要的拟制（更舒服的说法是：拟制“个人责任”这个概念是必要的）。尽管社会要求个人为各自的行为负责，人们的行为还是在很大程度上是被迫而非自愿的。
——这个是我自己翻译的这个我支持~~猴哥的翻译是最滥的

fiction: 2 a : an assumption of a possibility as a fact irrespective of the question of its truth *a legal fiction*--------from MW

fiction在这里应当是一个拟制（制定）一个概念的意思。孙远版本错误的翻译了第一句话，意思完全反了，而且对第二句中的themselves指代对象的理解也有问题。新东方版本的翻译我基本认同，但是fiction翻译为“虚构”，让人看不懂第一句话。不知道我自己翻译的对不对。

大致的提纲如下：
1.同意individual responsibility是必须的，而被外力所决定并非largely
2.写为什么individual responsibility是必需的
3.写例外，被forced的情况
4.转折，写不是largely
5.总结。提纲也不错！

写的时候无从下笔，翻阅了一些前人的文章，查了好多字典，还是写了一个半小时还多，居然只写了500字....还没有我的A写的长。很受打击。限贴上来大家帮忙看看吧！
needle头晕眼花中

Here the author's assertion is constituted of two parts, the one of which is about whether "individual responsibility" is a necessary fiction, and the other is to justify how people's behavior is determined, by forces or by their own will. In my opinion, I agree with the former and somewhat, keep reservation about the latter.（最好再清晰一点！）[努力ing]

Above all, the emergence of the concept of "individual responsibility" stands for a correct awareness of responsibility in people's minds. Only there where people are all accountable for their own actions can provide a wholesome environment for them, and reach the point to be a democratic society. On contrast, the societies without individual responsibility are nothing but anarchy（感觉有点武断~~阿狗是要批判地！）. No law would be founded because laws as both confinements and protections firstly come from responsible people's spontaneous requests of the society order(没有i r这个东西~~然后法律就没了~~这个因果关系~感觉站不住啊. )[because从句给出原因了啊，”因为法律，作为限定和保护，最初是来自于有责任感的人们对于社会秩序的自发要求”。如果没有ir，也就没有有责任感的人，就不会产生法律] Everybody would follow their own inclinations without concerning（ concerning=about ）[是吗？后面加n.的时候是要加上about的，从句好像不用] about the direct or latent impacts on others, as described in a Japanese science novel "The Train In Galaxy 999". In this book, the author fables（ vi. not vt.）[查了WM，作虚构是vt.] a country on a star in the deep Galaxy, named "Freedom Kingdom". Namely, one can do everything he/she likes. It is regarded the best place in the world for its infinite freedom at the first glance, however, actually it is just a Tophet full of sins.（来看看问题：ts说这个概念的产生使人们意识到了它的存在，它的存在致使社会安定 那么你就应该讲：概念出现之前，人们没有意识到，之后，就意识到了，意识到之后，社会怎么样了~~~而后面大片在讲没有了i r的概念会怎么样，偏离了你的ts，而且反例（假设的还是）缺乏说服力）[狒狒同学，TS的意思和你解释的不一样，TS的意思是ir概念的出现代表着人们对于责任的正确认识。所以下面讲的是对责任的认识。Stand for代表。你的提示我想了，没法写，因为那是不对的。概念应该在意识之后，是意识到以后的总结。反例的问题，是不是小说中的例子比较不靠谱？我想了一下，完全没有ir的例子是没有的，那么我应该举一个ir丧失使社会混乱的例子，文革the Great Literature Liberation? ]

Of course, people sometimes have to do what they do not want（根据英文的连贯性，应该有相应的人们做了他们想做的~~~从结构上来说该上文提到的~~但上文不是这个，所以开头句ts要改一下！. ）[这句话是起的没头没脑的，应该有承接句。] Living in a complex environment, which consists of byzantine（这个词儿都用了！  ）[看起来好像不是好事情，我看我还是改成intricate算了。Labyrinthine，这个应该可以]relationships among persons, it is over strict to require one be responsible for all his/her actions. Soldiers in German during the Second World War perhaps are a good example for this case（例子扯远了~~应当限定在i r的范围内~~况且那个是unjust law~~还是个反对的冬冬. ）[:PP] Some significant generals defended for themselves on the court by representing their decimations of Jews just as a deference of the mandates. Admitting there were some liars, but their words are worth taken into account. What is more, as for daily experience, when being pointed at one's head with a pistol by somebody unknown, one has no other choices beyond death and doing what he/she dislikes.（直接举个法律强制性的例子就行了~~~例如现在许多国家规定的年轻男子服兵役）[呀！我可真够笨的。谢谢狒狒提醒。兵役：military service; conscription。服兵役怎么说？征兵可以用enlist, recruit。]

However, it still does not lend strong support to the author's point that people's behavior is largely determined by forces, which is an arbitrary allegation（阿狗！？）. In common, one is able to do anything legal relying on his/her free will. After the supper, to go out for a walk or to stay at home watching TV has nothing to do with any outside forces, and one certainly can be responsible for his own actions(except those who lose the ability to control themselves). Not most people, and not most time, are under abnormal situations as illustrated above, thus, to overestimate the effect of forces in determining people's behavior is both incorrect and hasty.（还是要强调在i r范围内阿~~人们自觉遵守~~而不是强制~~~看电视什么的不是i r的阿！）[555，狒狒同学，我承认我写道这段就已经傻了，不知道人们其实能够自由的干什么了。一想起来什么都不是我们真正能选择的。写到这一段我就感觉我是不是选错立场了，但是选同意作者的立场似乎也不好写啊！大家给点提示吧！我看了精华区里几篇93，一篇一个样，一篇一个理解。]

In sum, individuals living in societies are not separated one by one, but are embraced in an intricate net, which needs them to keep their individual responsibilities in order to construct a stable society frame. People will take their responsibilities not only by compulsion but also voluntarily because they have rights to determine what they want to do mostly.（503）

（字数写不长，是因为没有很好的例证+分析~~题刚列得很好~~但是文章有些混乱！注意每段只有一个意群~~要为ts服务~~~根本上要支持thesis~~~也就是范围不要改变！

pooh的资料好好研究一下会有收获~~~~

第一篇，还不错！继续努力！！
）
[谢谢狒狒详细点评。我再好好想想改过。]

needleUID: 158900

最初由 yifeng 发布
[B]还有，我觉得孙远的翻译是对的，原题就是说，个人职责是不存在的，只是一个名词。
大家都来讨论一下吧。[/B]

那样翻译的话我就根本看不懂题目在说啥了~~~