【TPO阅读作业】【小组2】—ljyjulia（TPO9第二篇总结题谁能帮我看看ORZ）

ljyjuliaUID: 2520346

                    Paragraph 1: Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms. Educators T. Wildman and J. Niles (1987) describe a scheme for developing reflective practice in experienced teachers. This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.
1. The word justified in the passage is closest in meaning to
¨ supported
¨ shaped
¨ stimulated
¨ suggested
2. According to paragraph 1, it was believed that reflection could help teachers
细节题 “This was justified by the views that ……”考点2解释说明处必考；
定位could help teachers
¨ understand intellectual principles of teaching
¨ strengthen their intellectual connection to their work “connection类似involved”
¨ use scientific fact to improve discipline and teaching
¨ adopt a more disciplined approach to teaching

Paragraph 2: Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish-a subject on which there is little guidance in the literature. They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years. They were concerned that many would be "drawn to these new, refreshing conceptions of teaching only to find that the void between the abstractions and the realities of teacher reflection is too great to bridge. Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy." The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent, manner.
3. The word flourish in the passage is closest in meaning

¨ continue

¨ occur

¨ succeed

¨ apply

4. All of the following are mentioned about the experimental strategy described in paragraph 2 EXCEPT:

Except题，先定位experimental strategy

¨ It was designed so that teachers would eventually reflect without help from others

¨ It was used by a group of teachers over a period of years.

¨ It involved having teachers take part in discussions of classroom events

¨ It involved having teachers record in writing their reflections about teaching

5. According to paragraph 2, Wildman and Niles worried that the teachers they were working with might feel that
细节题，考点4 缺陷叙述处必考
“they were concerned”, unfortunately” disadvantage” 读到这些都要毛骨悚然得停下来精读。
定位They were concerned that
¨ the number of teachers involved in their program was too large
¨ the concepts of teacher reflection were so abstract that they could not be applied
¨ the ideas involved in reflection were actually not new and refreshing
¨ several years would be needed to acquire the habit of reflecting on their teaching
Paragraph 3: Wildman and Niles observed that systematic reflection on teaching required a sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being "utilitarian...and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection."（实用主义者，没有系统性的反馈~） Teachers rarely have the time or opportunities to view their own or the teaching of others in an objective manner. [] Further observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate events rather than review the contributory factors in a considered manner by, in effect, standing outside the situation.
6. The word objective in the passage is closest in meaning to
¨ unbiased
¨ positive
¨ systematic
¨ thorough
细节题 考点五：解释说明处必考 或者 缺陷叙述处必考
“Rather than“是不是一种缺陷叙述？
7. According to paragraph 3, what did the teachers working with Wildman and Niles often fail to do when they attempted to practice reflection?
读题干首先在文中找有说老师没做到的句子。Rather than就是一种否定。
¨ Correctly calculate the amount of time needed for reflection （文中是“have the time and opportunities to view their own or the teaching of others in an objective manner”，张冠李戴的混淆选项。）
¨ Provide sufficiently detailed descriptions of the methods they used to help them reflect （未提及，错误选项）
√ Examine thoughtfully the possible causes of events in their classrooms (是最后一句的改写。正确。The observation revealed the tendency of the teacher to evaluate event rather than the contributory factors in a considered manner ……)（注意rather than就是一种否定。）
¨ Establish realistic goals for themselves in practicing reflection （未提及，错误选项）
thoughtfully

深思熟虑
考虑周到

contributory
being one of the causes of a particular result:

Smoking is a contributory factor in lung cancer.
Wildman and Niles observed that……required a sound ability to……，They describe the initial understanding in the teachers 像这类第一句先说实验事实情况，第二句再说明实际情况，第二句肯定是在解释说明。本文后面两句也都是进一步解释说明。Teachers rarely have the time or opportunities to view……，Further observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate……

Paragraph 4: Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central. This process took time and patience and effective trainers. The researchers estimate that the initial training of the same teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection.

8. How is paragraph 4 related to other aspects of the discussion of reflection in the passage?
结构题？主旨题？
¨ It describes and comments on steps taken to overcome problems identified earlier in the passage
¨ It challenges the earlier claim that teachers rarely have the time to think about their own or others' teaching
¨ It identifies advantages gained by teachers who followed the training program described earlier in the passage
¨ It explains the process used to define the principles discussed later in the passage
Paragraph 5: Wildman and Niles identify three principles that facilitate reflective practice in a teaching situation. The first is support from administrators in an education system, enabling teachers to understand the requirements of reflective practice and how it relates to teaching students. The second is the availability of sufficient time and space. The teachers in the program described how they found it difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order to give themselves the time they needed to develop their reflective skills. The third is the development of a collaborative environment with support from other teachers. Support and encouragement were also required to help teachers in the program
cope with aspects of their professional life with which they were not comfortable. Wildman and Niles make a summary comment: "Perhaps the most important thing we learned is the idea of the teacher-as-reflective-practitioner will not happen simply because it is a good or even compelling idea."
9. The word compelling（强制性得，令人信服得） in the passage is closest in meaning to
¨ commonly held
¨ persuasive
¨ original
¨ practical

Paragraph 6: The work of Wildman and Niles suggests the importance of recognizing some of the difficulties of instituting reflective practice. Others have noted this, making a similar point about the teaching profession's cultural inhibitions about reflective practice. Zeichner and Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher as a (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher as a technician, putting into practice the ideas of others. More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation. （出现比较级必考。后面必精度）Becoming a reflective practitioner requires extra work (Jaworski, 1993) and has only vaguely defined goals with, perhaps, little initially perceivable reward and the threat of vulnerability. Few have directly questioned what might lead a teacher to want to become reflective. Apparently, the most obvious reason（因果处必考）
for teachers to work toward reflective practice is that teacher educators think it is a good thing. There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect-for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.
细节题 考点二 因果处必考 出现比较级后面必有解释需精读
10. According to paragraph 6, teachers may be discouraged from reflecting because
¨ it is not generally supported by teacher educators （未提及）
√ the benefits of reflection may not be apparent immediately （这道题从原文找最后一句话“There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect “,这句话说明很多激励的因素还没开发。但是好像有没有很直接跟”be discouraged from ……”联系上。）
¨ it is impossible to teach and reflect on one's teaching at the same time
¨ they have often failed in their attempts to become reflective practitioners （未提及）
Externally
外表上得
外形上得
11. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
句子简化题
¨ The practice of being reflective is no longer simply a habit among teachers but something that is externally motivated
¨ Most teachers need to explore ways to form the habit of reflection even when no external motivation exists
¨ Many aspects of the motivation to reflect have not been studied, including the comparative benefits of externally motivated and habitual reflection among teachers
¨ There has not been enough exploration of why teachers practice reflection as a habit with or without external motivation
Paragraph 4 Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central. ■This process took time and patience and effective trainers. ■The researchers estimate that the initial training of the same teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection.
Paragraph 5 ■Wildman and Niles identify three principles that facilitate reflective practice in a teaching situation. ■The first is support from administrators in an education system, enabling teachers to understand the requirements of reflective practice and how it relates to teaching students. The second is the availability of sufficient time and space. The teachers in the program described how they found it
difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order to give themselves the time they needed to develop their reflective skills. The third is the development of a collaborative environment with support from other teachers. Support and encouragement were also required to help teachers in the program cope with aspects of their professional life with which they were not comfortable. Wildman and Niles make a summary comment: "Perhaps the most important thing we learned is the idea of the teacher-as-reflective-practitioner will not happen simply because it is a good or even compelling idea."
12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
However, changing teachers’ thinking about reflection will not succeed unless there is support for reflection in the teaching environment.
Where could the sentence best fit?
¨ 1
¨ 2
¨ 3
¨ 4
13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
To review passage, Click View Text
Wildman and Niles have conducted research on reflection in teaching
● 1（2）
● 3
● 4（6）
Answer Choices
¨ Through their work with Virginia teachers, Wildman and Niles proved conclusively that reflection, though difficult, benefits both teachers and students. 第一段说的是对老师的意义，没说过学生，无中生有.
¨ Wildman and Niles found that considerable training and practice are required to understand classroom events and develop the skills involved in reflection. 第四段
第四段原文：Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central. This process took time and patience and effective trainers. The researchers estimate that the initial training of the same teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection.
¨ Wildman and Niles identified three principles that teachers can use to help themselves cope with problems that may arise as a result of reflection. 第五段
¨ Wildman and Niles concluded that teachers need sufficient resources as well as the cooperation and encouragement of others to practice reflection. 只是第五段中的2,3小点，不足以作为总结概括点。总结句要有高度的抽象性，概括性。
¨ There are numerous（不客观） obstacles to implementing reflection in schools and insufficient understanding of why teachers might want to reflect. （不过这个我感觉跟最后一段也搭边，为啥不对呢？）
¨ Whether teachers can overcome the difficulties involved in reflection may depend on the nature and intensity of their motivation to reflect. ————看下文分析，文中强调了the matter of motivation，是他们面临关于这个实验的一个重大困难，而且many unexplored matters about the motivation有待开发（最后一句），故这个总结是对得。
在总结段落大意时充分说明“比较级处必有考点“”因果关系必有考点“很在理~不过还有待验证哈！


最后一段：The work of Wildman and Niles suggests the importance of recognizing some of the difficulties of instituting reflective practice.（先是提出有困难） Others have noted this, making a similar point about （1）the teaching profession's cultural inhibitions about reflective practice.第一个困难是教学职业文化阻碍 Zeichner and Liston (1987) point out（解释说明的提示词） the inconsistency between the role of the teacher as a (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher as a technician, putting into practice the ideas of others. （2）More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation. （第二个困难是动机问题）（有比较级必是考点，前面第十题考到了，这里总结题也考到了，说明是文章的most important idea）Becoming a reflective practitioner requires extra work (Jaworski, 1993) and has only vaguely defined goals with, perhaps, little initially perceivable reward and the threat of vulnerability. Few have directly questioned what might lead a teacher to want to become reflective. (什么使老师更具反思性呢？)Apparently, the most obvious reason for teachers to work toward reflective practice is that teacher educators think it is a good thing. There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect-for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.

ljyjuliaUID: 2520346

文章结构分析
第一段
Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection（原文第一句）
教师被认为受益于反思实践，后文以T. Wildman 和J. Niles(1987)描述了一个在资深教师中开展反思实践的方案为例说明反思实践的好处。
第二段
Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish（第一句）They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years.（说明做了什么样的实验）They were concerned that……The teachers were taken through……对实验内容的解释说明和描述~~
第三段
Wildman and Niles observed that systematic reflection on teaching required a sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner.（原文第一句）
Wildman 和Niles 观察到系统教学反思需要一种以客观的方式来理解教室里发生事件的能力。
后文陈述了试验中老师存在的问题
第四段
Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central. This process took time and patience and effective trainers
帮助这组教师修订他们关于课堂事件的认识变成了关键问题。这个过程需要时间和耐心以及有效的受训者。
根据实验W和N内容做出一些进一步结论
第五段
Wildman and Niles identify three principles that facilitate reflective practice in a teaching situation
Wildman 和Niles 确定了促进在教学环境中实现反思行为的3个原则。
第六段
The work of Wildman and Niles suggests the importance of recognizing some of the difficulties of instituting reflective practice.
W和N提议了反思练习的困难
总的来说第一段总体介绍反思练习及其意义
        第二段和第三段介绍实验现象
        第四段到第六段是科学家W和N根据实验情况做得一些实验结论和建议
文章既然是关于实验的，那么重点内容自然是根据实验现象所得出的结论和建议，故集中在第4到6段，所以总结题要在第4到第5段中找。

本文题型总结
细节题  4道  运用了主题后的解释说明部分处为考点，缺陷处所在是考点，因果处必有考点，比较级最高级等特殊语言处需要注意几个考点
词汇题  4道
结构主旨题，Except, 句子简化题，插入语，总结题各一道

icedotUID: 2892953

13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
* z8 E) o- v4 M! M/ YTo review passage, Click View Text
# Q7 W1 g8 [5 F" \9 hWildman and Niles have conducted research on reflection in teaching
' ?9 h% }, N) O) F, a● 1（2）
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● 4（6）
' R8 Z/ y+ U) L8 i' xAnswer Choices
/ K, Z$ |& ]- g3 `& [  o¨ Through their work with Virginia teachers, Wildman and Niles proved conclusively that reflection, though difficult, benefits both teachers and students. 第一段说的是对老师的意义，没说过学生，无中生有.' D& g/ B) S2 Z0 `/ [( W
¨ Wildman and Niles found that considerable training and practice are required to understand classroom events and develop the skills involved in reflection. 第四段
+ D& Z( Z6 E& K# m第四段原文：Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central. This process took time and patience and effective trainers. The researchers estimate that the initial training of the same teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection.8 o! _; H0 o2 f2 `& u4 P  y
¨ Wildman and Niles identified three principles that teachers can use to help themselves cope with problems that may arise as a result of reflection. 第五段
& D' Z8 }% t; T# e, E  F¨ Wildman and Niles concluded that teachers need sufficient resources as well as the cooperation and encouragement of others to practice reflection. 只是第五段中的2,3小点，不足以作为总结概括点。总结句要有高度的抽象性，概括性。0 n& K+ W3 I9 m* w1 f
¨ There are numerous（不客观） obstacles to implementing reflection in schools and insufficient understanding of why teachers might want to reflect. （不过这个我感觉跟最后一段也搭边，为啥不对呢？）8 ^) u3 q) |% U8 K
¨ Whether teachers can overcome the difficulties involved in reflection may depend on the nature and intensity of their motivation to reflect. ————看下文分析，文中强调了the matter of motivation，是他们面临关于这个实验的一个重大困难，而且many unexplored matters about the motivation有待开发（最后一句），故这个总结是对得。
* U5 J+ O  U' {/ ~3 B在总结段落大意时充分说明“比较级处必有考点“”因果关系必有考点“很在理~不过还有待验证哈！
) p- M( S* a. Y3

这一题的正确答案是2、3、6么？