【甚解小组】【TASK 1】原文抄抄抄

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相关issue：
77. It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all aspects of people’s lives. 尽管很不幸，但是这却是真实存在的事实，政治决策和活动影响着人们生活的方方面面。

232. It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public. 对于政治领导者来说，向人民大众隐瞒信息通常是必要的，甚至有益的。

59. Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of general public. 主要的决策权应该全部交给政治家和其他的政府专家，他们更加见多识广且比一般的老百姓具有更好的判断能力和洞察力。


P.S.这是篇评论性的文章，主要针对奥先生上周五在Schenectady的一家工厂发表的演说的一个总结.以及对奥先生下半任期内所要面对的事物进行一个预估。文风有点issue的味道。

doraliuUID：2842061

顶，抄抄抄果然有意思~~~^_^

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Immigrants are Likely US Entrepreneurs

Washington

26 Jun 2011

Immigrants make up10-percent of the U.S. population, but 25-percent of the entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley who started high-tech companies during the past two decades. Immigrants, ingeneral, are more likely than native-born citizens to start their own businesses. Perhaps it is becausemore immigrants than native-born Americans are between 25 and 44-years of age,the prime age category(种类) forlaunching a business. Perhaps it is because more immigrants live in urban centers where there is greater access to customers and markets.

Yolanda Zambrano emigrated(移居海外) from Colombia 10-years ago and today is the owner of a thriving multi-million-dollar travel business. Shebelieves the presence of large U.S. immigrant communities stimulates many immigrant entrepreneurs."The Latino community is growing so much, and the Latino's, they like personal service,"shesays. "That is why my agency is not being affected too much by the Internet and all the technology, becausepeople like service face to face. I would never be in the place that I amwithout them."

Ilya Talman, who emigrated from the Soviet Union in the 1970's believes the very characteristics that lead people to move to a new country make them especially suited to be entrepreneurs. "You have to be much more entrepreneurial than the average person to get up and go. You are leaving your country," hesays. "You are leaving your customs, your language."

In addition, Mr. Talman says, many immigrants feel a link between political and economic freedom. "Capitalism（资本主义） kind of implied to me, freedom," he says. "Istill remember crossing the border from what was western Ukraine, out of the Soviet Union. We were on the train, and this feeling I had was - I escaped. The excitement of freedom, entrepreneurial freedom, freedom of thought - was intoxicating（使人兴奋的）." But, he says, it is important to remember the freedom to succeed is accompanied by the freedom to fail."After a year and a half in business, I was not very cheerfully contemplating（沉思） the notion of having to work another 10 [to] 15-years just to pay off the debts, because we were losing money every month," he says. "Sothe first five-years in that instant rags-to-riches story I had no income what so ever."

Today he is doing fine, the owner of a multi-million dollar firm that computerizes employment agencies' records. Therecent high-tech downturn is hurting his profits, but Mr. Talman says that as both an immigrant and an entrepreneur heknows that risk is a constant.

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category  
cat·e·go·ry / `kætəgəri / noun [count]
a group of people or things that have similar qualities:

The winners in each of the seven categories were then chosen.
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emigrate  
em·i·grate / `emɪ,greɪt / verb [intransitive]
to leave your country in order to live in another country:

We're thinking of emigrating to New Zealand.
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capitalism  
cap·i·tal·ism / `kæpɪtl,ɪzəm / noun [uncount] **
an economic system in which property, businesses, and industry are owned by individual people and not by the government:
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intoxicating  
in·tox·i·cat·ing / ɪn`tɑksɪ,keɪtɪŋ / adjective
1 FORMAL capable of making you drunk:

an intoxicating drink

2 giving you a lot of happiness or excitement:

the intoxicating scent of orange blossom
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contemplate  
con·tem·plate / `kɑntəm,pleɪt / verb **
1 [transitive] to consider doing something in the future:

I'm contemplating retirement next year.

2 [intransitive or transitive] to think very carefully about something for a long time:

I haven't got time to sit around contemplating the meaning of life.

3 [transitive] MAINLY LITERARY to look at something or someone for a long time:

He stood contemplating his image in the mirror.

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外来移民为什么更可能在USA办企业？大多数选择移民的人都是精英，更能适应社会的节奏，融入社会，他们更善于学习。移民年富力强，正值壮年。大多数移民选择的都是城市，机会更多。其次，除了USA的社会背景之外，外来移民还含有原生地的文化因素，这是USA citizen所不能比拟的。

132. The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies. 公司的经营者们唯一的责任就是在法律规定范围之内为他们的公司赚取尽可能多的钱。

236. People’s attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surrounding than by any internal characteristic. 人们的态度更多的是由临时的情况或者环境决定，而非人们自身的特点。

185. As societies all over the world have more and more access to new information, the effects on life-long learning can only be positive. 全世界各个社会获得崭新信息的手段越来越多，这对于人们一生的学习来说是有益无害的。

52. One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities. 人们可以通过
研究一个社会的主要城市来了解它最重要的特点。

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一篇关于Martin Luther King的阅读，其中提到了just law 与unjust law, 这篇Issue个人觉得灰常纠结。


issue17. "There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."


从神贴中挖来滴~~~灰常有启发，不然对这方面老是一头雾水呀....


Jun. 27th


Nearly every writer on the philosophy of civil rights activist(激进分子) Martin Luther King, Jr., makes a connection between King and Henry David Thoreau, usually via（通过，经过） Thoreau’s famous essay, “Civil Disobedience” (1849). In his book Stride Toward Freedom (1958), King himself stated that Thoreau’s essay was his first intellectual contact with the theory of passive resistance（抵抗） to governmental laws that are perceived as morally unjust. However, this emphasis on Thoreau’s influence on King is unfortunate: first, King would not have agreed with many other aspects of Thoreau’s philosophy, including Thoreau’s ultimate（终极的，极限的） acceptance of violence as a form of protest; second, an overemphasis on the influence of one essay has kept historians from noting other correspondences between King’s philosophy and transcendentalism（超越论）. “Civil Disobedience” was the only example of transcendentalist writing with which King was familiar, and in many other transcendentalist writings, including works by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, King would have found ideas more nearly akin to his own.

The kind of civil disobedience（违反） King had in mind was, in fact, quite different from Thoreau’s view of civil disobedience. Thoreau, like most other transcendentalists, was primarily interested in reform of the individual, whereas King was primarily interested in reform of society. As a protest against the Mexican War, Thoreau refused to pay taxes, but he did not hope by his action to force a change in national policy. While he encouraged others to adopt similar protests, he did not attempt to mount any mass protest action against unjust laws. In contrast to Thoreau, King began to advocate（提倡） the use of mass civil disobedience to effect revolutionary changes within the social system.

However, King’s writings suggest that, without realizing it, he was an incipient（起初的，发端的） transcendentalist. Most transcendentalists subscribed to the concept of “higher law” and included civil disobedience to unjust laws as part of their strategy（策略）. They often invoked the concept of higher law to justify their opposition to slavery and to advocate disobedience to the strengthened Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. In his second major book, King’s discussion of just and unjust lawsand the responsibility of the individual is very similar to the transcendentalists’ discussion of higher law. In reference to how one can advocate breaking some laws and obeying others, King notes that there are two types of laws, just and unjust; he describes a just law as a “code that squares with the moral law” and an unjust law as a “code that is out of harmony with the moral law.” Thus, King’s opposition to the injustice of legalized segregation in the twentieth century is philosophically akin to the transcendentalists’ opposition to the Fugitive Slave Law in the nineteenth century.

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via  
vi·a / `vaɪə,   `viə / preposition ***
1 going through one place on the way to another place:

They flew from New York to New Delhi via Frankfurt.

2 using a particular method or person to send or deliver something:

Blake spoke to the audience live via satellite from San Diego.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ultimate
ul·ti·mate1 / `ʌltɪmət / adjective [only before noun] **
1 happening at the end of a process or activity: EVENTUAL:

The incident affected the ultimate outcome of the war.

2 as good or as bad as possible:

They suffered the ultimate humiliation of defeat by their oldest enemies.

3 if you have something such as ultimate power or responsibility, you have more power or responsibility than anyone else:

The ultimate decision must be made by the Police Commissioner himself.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
advocate   
ad·vo·cate1 / `ædvə,keɪt / verb [transitive] *
to publicly support a particular policy or way of doing things:

There is no point in advocating improved public transportation unless we can pay for it.
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incipient  
in·cip·i·ent / ɪn`sɪpiənt / adjective FORMAL
just beginning to appear or develop:

the incipient signs of economic recovery
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strategy  
strat·e·gy / `strætədʒi / noun ***
1 [count] a plan or method for achieving something, especially over a long period of time:

The countries hope to devise a common strategy to provide aid.

周九UID：2769406

just law and unjust law 让人很纠结哇，很纠结~

咖啡盐UID：2973669

对啊对啊~~~终于挖到一篇神贴中有提及这个问题，就接过来了~~

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Keeping Track of the Kids
Jun. 28th


[size=1.5em]This is an era in which many devices are watching us. We carry about wireless phones that tell our service providers exactly where we are. Surveillance cameras blink down from corners and storefronts. Advertisers follow us effortlessly around the Internet. Still, plans in Contra Costa County, Calif., to tag preschoolers with radio frequency(频率) identification chips to keep track of their whereabouts at school seem to go too far.

[size=1.5em]The concern that school officials would use the ID chips to keep tabs on children’s behavior — and tag them perhaps as hyperactive(亢奋的) or excessively passive — seems overwrought. County officials point out that the tags will save money and allow teachers to devote less time to attendance paperwork and more time to their students. And the chips, which will be randomly assigned to different children every day, according to a county representative, will not carry personal information that could be intercepted by others.

[size=1.5em]We just worry that we are all becoming a little too blasé about our scrutinized lives. Americans’ enthusiasm for technological solutions typically has been balanced by a mistrust of technology taking over our lives. The demons of “I, Robot” and “2001: A Space Odyssey” always lurked(潜伏) somewhere beneath the surface of our dreams of high-tech futures.

[size=1.5em]Part of the reason we now accept the continual observation of our lives is that we are at best only vaguely aware it is happening. Surveys have found that most Americans believe, incorrectly, that many common techniques used by corporations to keep track of their online activity are illegal. Though it may seem innocuous(无害的) to attach a chip to our preschoolers’ clothes, do we really want to raise a generation of kids that are accustomed to being tracked, like cattle or warehouse inventory?

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frequency  
fre·quen·cy / `frikwənsi / noun ***
[uncount] the number of times that something happens during a period of time:

frequency of: Changes in sea temperature will increase the frequency of hurricanes.
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hyperactive  
hy·per·ac·tive / ,haɪpər`æktɪv / adjective
very active and finding it difficult to concentrate or relax
a. MEDICAL used about parts of your body that are too active in a way that is not normal
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lurk  
lurk / lɜrk / verb [intransitive]
1 to wait, sometimes hiding, in order to frighten, annoy, or attack someone:

Why is that woman lurking around?

2 if something lurks, it is likely to threaten, harm, or upset you:

That night, danger seemed to lurk behind every tree.
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innocuous  
in·noc·u·ous / ɪ`nɑkjuəs / adjective
not likely to offend or upset anyone:

an innocuous remark/suggestion

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本章出自NY Times的一篇editorial。篇幅不长，和issue差不多，文章以是否要如何掌握孩子踪迹为切入点，谈了下，现代科技对人隐私进行监控的好坏。个人觉得无论从够还是立意来看，都很值得issue的借鉴。

157. The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes. 对于一门学科的研究会改变我们对世界的看法。在学习这门学科之后，我们看到的世界一如既往，但是我们本身的角度和眼光已然不同。

68. Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics. 技术不仅仅影响而且实际上是决定了社会传统和道德规范。

109. Technology is a necessary but not always a positive force in modern life. 技术对于现代生活是不可或缺的，但并非总是一种积极的作用。

danteksjUID：2977437

刚发现马丁路德金的那篇是昨天做的阅读原文~

咖啡盐UID：2973669

na ni? 你在做阅读？霸气呀~~~

danteksjUID：2977437

哈 工科笔考分更要命啊